Este documento discute varios temas relacionados con la organización y la comunicación en las empresas. Explica conceptos como la cultura organizacional, la estructura organizacional, la asignación de tareas, los tipos de departamentalización, la centralización, los grupos y equipos, y los diferentes tipos de comunicación en una organización.
5. Organización, trabajo en equipo
y comunicación
Impactos en la estructura:
•Toma de decisiones
•Costos y eficacia
•Éxito y sustentabilidad
Cultura organizacional - Es el conjunto de valores,
creencias, tradiciones, filosofías, reglas y modelos
de conducta que se comparten en una empresa.
8-5
6. Organización, trabajo en equipo
y comunicación
Cultura organizacional –
•Expresión formal
•Expresión informal
•Expresión formal
•Misión
•Código de ética
•Manuales
•Ceremonias
•Memorándum
8-6
7. Organización, trabajo en equipo
y comunicación
Cultura organizacional –
•Expresión informal
•Código de vestimenta
•Hábitos de trabajo
•Actividades extracurriculares
•Historias
Se asegura que los miembros de una organización:
•Compartan los valores
•Observen las reglas comunes
•Compartan sus formas de solucionar problemas
8-7
8. Organización, trabajo en equipo
y comunicación
Factores de innovación
Cultura corporativa
de apoyo
Apoyo de la alta
administración
Claridad en los
procesos y metas
Talento creativo
Los motores más importantes de la innovación
en las empresas
8-8
9. Organización, trabajo en equipo
y comunicación
Estructura organizacional – La disposición o relación
de los puestos de trabajo en una organización.
Desarrollo de la estructura –
•Los gerentes asignan labores a individuos y grupos
•Coordinación de diversas actividades para lograr
un objetivo
Lo que muestra el organigrama–
•Estructura organizacional
•Cadena de mando (líneas de autoridad)
•Otras relaciones (staff, comités, etc.)
•Líneas de comunicación
8-9
11. Organización, trabajo en equipo
y comunicación
¿Qué requiere el crecimiento organizacional?
•Estructura de los recursos (humanos, físicos,
financieros)
•Contratación de talento y habilidades especializados
•Estructura formal (como fuerza de trabajo
y crecimiento de la especialización)
•Asignación de labores a individuos y departamentos
•Asignación de responsabilidades para alcanzar
los objetivos organizacionales
8-11
12. Asignación de tareas
Especialización - División del trabajo en tareas
específicas pequeñas y asignar a los empleados
que desempeñarán una sola tarea.
•Eficiencia
•Facilidad de capacitación
•Evitar actividades demasiado numerosas
8-12
13. Asignación de tareas
Exceso de especialización
•Los empleados se aburren
•Insatisfacción laboral
•Trabajo de baja calidad
•Aumento de accidentes laborales
•Mayor rotación de personal
Departamentalización
•Agrupar los puestos en unidades de trabajo (departamentos,
unidades, grupos o divisiones)
8-13
14. Asignación de tareas –
Estructura organizacional
Se le llama departamentalización a la acción
de grupar los puestos en unidades de trabajo,
comúnmente llamadas departamentos, unidades,
grupos o divisiones.
•Departamentalización funcional
•Departamentalización por producto
•Departamentalización geográfica
•Departamentalización por clientes
8-14
19. Centralización
Organizaciones centralizadas
•La autoridad se centra en los niveles altos.
Organizaciones descentralizadas
•Se delega la autoridad en la toma
de decisiones a los niveles bajos.
8-19
20. Tramo de control de los gerentes
Tramo de control de los gerentes – Número
de subordinados que dependen de un gerente
determinado.
•Un tramo de control amplio existe cuando
un gerente supervisa de forma directa a un gran
número de empleados.
•Un tramo de control angosto se da cuando
un gerente supervisa directamente a un pequeño
número de empleados.
8-20
21. Formas de estructura organizacional
Estructura de línea
Una tienda de abarrotes, por ejemplo.
8-21
24. Grupos y equipos en las organizaciones
Grupo – Dos o más personas que se comunican
entre sí, comparten una identidad común
y persiguen un mismo objetivo.
Equipo – Grupo pequeño de personas que poseen
habilidades que se complementan, que comparten
objetivos, metas y un enfoque y que deben rendir
cuentas de sus responsabilidades a los demás
miembros del grupo.
8-24
26. Grupos y equipos
Comité – Grupo formal permanente que desempeña
una tarea específica.
Fuerza de tarea – Grupo temporal de empleados
encargados de producir un cambio particular.
Equipos
•Equipos de proyectos
•Equipos de desarrollo de productos
•Equipos de control de calidad (círculos de calidad)
•Equipos de trabajo autodirigidos
8-26
28. La comunicación en las organizaciones
Formal Communication – Representan el flujo
de la comunicación en el interior de la estructura
organizacional, como se indica en los organigramas.
•Comunicación ascendente
•Comunicación descendente
•Comunicación horizontal
•Comunicación diagonal
8-28
29. La comunicación en las organizaciones
Comunicación informal – Están separados de los
canales de comunicación oficiales.
•Cadena de rumores
8-29
Editor's Notes
Chapter 6 examines the expanding world of entrepreneurship and small business. We will investigate the importance of small business in the U.S. economy, specify the advantages of small-business ownership and summarize the disadvantages of small businesses. Let’s examine small business and the incredible economic impact that it has.
People all over the country and world are searching for new artisan cheeses to sample. The business featured on this slide is a mother-son operation called Cato Corner Farm located in Colchester, Connecticut. Visit the company online by clicking on the company on the slide.
While many business students will eventually work for large corporations, many still will choose to start their own companies or find employment in small businesses. Perhaps you will be inspired after studying this chapter and reading this book to pursue a small business opportunity or join a franchise.
What differentiates successful entrepreneurs from those who fail? Successful entrepreneurs have vision and the ability to see emerging trends. They then create a business model that satisfies consumers needs such as Dell Computers, create new markets such as Amazon dot com, or improve existing products such as Starbucks. Visit each of these companies by clicking on their names on this slide.
What differentiates successful entrepreneurs from those who fail? Successful entrepreneurs have vision and the ability to see emerging trends. They then create a business model that satisfies consumers needs such as Dell Computers, create new markets such as Amazon dot com, or improve existing products such as Starbucks. Visit each of these companies by clicking on their names on this slide.
You may ask yourself the question: “what is a small business?” The question is difficult to answer because the term “small” is relative. We define small business as any independently owned and operated business that is not dominant in it competitive area or industry group and employs less than five hundred people. We will consider the elements of this definition in greater detail as we continue our discussion in the next slides.
You may ask yourself the question: “what is a small business?” The question is difficult to answer because the term “small” is relative. We define small business as any independently owned and operated business that is not dominant in it competitive area or industry group and employs less than five hundred people. We will consider the elements of this definition in greater detail as we continue our discussion in the next slides.
Small businesses are vital to the United States economy. As you can see from this table, more than 99 percent of all U.S. firms are classified as small businesses. They employ fifty percent of private workers in the U.S. Small businesses play an important export role. They represent 97 percent of all U.S. exporters of goods and contribute 29 percent of the value of these exports. As you can see from the table on this slide, small businesses contribute substantially to the nation’s economy and the local communities in which they are located.
You may ask yourself the question: “what is a small business?” The question is difficult to answer because the term “small” is relative. We define small business as any independently owned and operated business that is not dominant in it competitive area or industry group and employs less than five hundred people. We will consider the elements of this definition in greater detail as we continue our discussion in the next slides.
You may ask yourself the question: “what is a small business?” The question is difficult to answer because the term “small” is relative. We define small business as any independently owned and operated business that is not dominant in it competitive area or industry group and employs less than five hundred people. We will consider the elements of this definition in greater detail as we continue our discussion in the next slides.
You may ask yourself the question: “what is a small business?” The question is difficult to answer because the term “small” is relative. We define small business as any independently owned and operated business that is not dominant in it competitive area or industry group and employs less than five hundred people. We will consider the elements of this definition in greater detail as we continue our discussion in the next slides.
Are small businesses more often found in a particular industry or are they found across all industries? The answer is that small businesses are found in nearly every industry. However, retailing and wholesaling, services, manufacturing, and high technology are particularly attractive to entrepreneurs. These fields are usually easier to enter and do not require substantial initial financing.
An excellent case example of entrepreneurial success in the retailing area, is Susan Brown’s invention, the “Boppy.” This is a donut shaped pillow with an opening in one side as pictured on this slide. The product is sold online at www dot boppy dot com. Visit the boppy web site by clicking on the link on this slide. Brown’s invention has reached over fifty million dollars in annual sales, is sold in large retailers such as Babies R Us and Pottery Barn Kids. In 2007, it was the number one baby product in the country as rated by American Baby Magazine.
An excellent case example of entrepreneurial success in the retailing area, is Susan Brown’s invention, the “Boppy.” This is a donut shaped pillow with an opening in one side as pictured on this slide. The product is sold online at www dot boppy dot com. Visit the boppy web site by clicking on the link on this slide. Brown’s invention has reached over fifty million dollars in annual sales, is sold in large retailers such as Babies R Us and Pottery Barn Kids. In 2007, it was the number one baby product in the country as rated by American Baby Magazine.
An excellent case example of entrepreneurial success in the retailing area, is Susan Brown’s invention, the “Boppy.” This is a donut shaped pillow with an opening in one side as pictured on this slide. The product is sold online at www dot boppy dot com. Visit the boppy web site by clicking on the link on this slide. Brown’s invention has reached over fifty million dollars in annual sales, is sold in large retailers such as Babies R Us and Pottery Barn Kids. In 2007, it was the number one baby product in the country as rated by American Baby Magazine.
An excellent case example of entrepreneurial success in the retailing area, is Susan Brown’s invention, the “Boppy.” This is a donut shaped pillow with an opening in one side as pictured on this slide. The product is sold online at www dot boppy dot com. Visit the boppy web site by clicking on the link on this slide. Brown’s invention has reached over fifty million dollars in annual sales, is sold in large retailers such as Babies R Us and Pottery Barn Kids. In 2007, it was the number one baby product in the country as rated by American Baby Magazine.
Considerable innovation has occurred in the “high technology” area. As we know, many of these innovations were developed by entrepreneurs. We use the term high technology to describe businesses that depend heavily on advanced scientific and engineering knowledge. Computers, bio-technology, genetic engineering, and robotics are fields where innovation is great. The dot com boom was dominated by small businesses, high technology, and expansive innovation. Did you know that thirty nine percent of high tech jobs are in small business?
As with other forms of business ownership, there are advantages and disadvantages. Let’s begin by considering some of the advantages of small business ownership. First we need to recognize that there are personal advantages and business advantages to small business ownership. In the next few slides, we will discuss the various advantages that accrue to small business owners.
Other disadvantages to small business ownership include managerial inexperience and the inability to cope with growth. Poor management is the cause of many business failures. Some entrepreneurs have brilliant vision, but do not have the necessary skill set to manage the business effectively. Sometimes, success in the small business can ultimately lead to failure. When a small business’ market grows, the owner must give up a part of her direct authority and control. This can be a disadvantage as we have seen that independence is a key trait of successful entrepreneurs.
Other disadvantages to small business ownership include managerial inexperience and the inability to cope with growth. Poor management is the cause of many business failures. Some entrepreneurs have brilliant vision, but do not have the necessary skill set to manage the business effectively. Sometimes, success in the small business can ultimately lead to failure. When a small business’ market grows, the owner must give up a part of her direct authority and control. This can be a disadvantage as we have seen that independence is a key trait of successful entrepreneurs.
Other disadvantages to small business ownership include managerial inexperience and the inability to cope with growth. Poor management is the cause of many business failures. Some entrepreneurs have brilliant vision, but do not have the necessary skill set to manage the business effectively. Sometimes, success in the small business can ultimately lead to failure. When a small business’ market grows, the owner must give up a part of her direct authority and control. This can be a disadvantage as we have seen that independence is a key trait of successful entrepreneurs.
When an entrepreneur develops a small business enterprise, he or she has to be aware of the need to first provide or obtain money, called capital, to get started and sustain the business for a set period of time, based on the business plan. Usually, the new small business person has to decide whether to provide their own personal capital or to obtain capital through various financing options. We will explore this in the next few slides.
A small business owner might raise capital through equity financing which is the selling of personal assets, such as your car or home, or borrow against those assets to obtain funds to operate a business.
The owner can also raise capital through venture capitalists. These are investors that agree to provide funding in exchange for an ownership interest or stock in the new venture. Venture capitalists hope to purchases the stock of a small business at a low price and then sell the sto9ck for a profit after the business has grown successfully.
Sometimes, new businesses borrow more than half of the financial resources they need to start and sustain the business. Banks are the principal institutions that loan money to small businesses.. The federal government has created the Small Business Administration, referred to as the SBA, to offer financial assistance to small businesses that qualify for their services. Visit the SBA website by clicking on the SBA on this slide.
The amount of financing that a bank is willing to provide depends on the bank’s assessment of the viability of the new business venture. Often, the bank requires collateral to be used to guarantee the loan. Banks can also provide a line of credit to a small business. A line of credit is an agreement by which the financial institution promises to loan a predetermined sum of money when the small business needs it.
The amount of financing that a bank is willing to provide depends on the bank’s assessment of the viability of the new business venture. Often, the bank requires collateral to be used to guarantee the loan. Banks can also provide a line of credit to a small business. A line of credit is an agreement by which the financial institution promises to loan a predetermined sum of money when the small business needs it.
