1. <1>

2. 2 times

3. every year

4. 3 days

5. >450,000

7. Comic Market

8. Comiket

9. buy/sell doujinshi

10. media by fans

11. amateurs

12. enthusiasts

15. [Lilian Fourhand video]

16. original

17. original

18. “ rip”

19. “ mix”

20. “ burn”

21. [Gradius video]

23. [Airrade video]

24. Comiket

26. RW

27. culture

28. not only consume

29. “ produced elsewhere”

30. actively

31. make

32. customize

33. <2>

34. 2006

35. web service

36. ニコニコ動画 (Nico Nico Douga)

38. real-time comments

39. fly across the screen

40. novel interactions

46. content

47. evolve

48. Kumikyoku Nico Nico Douga

49. [Kumikyoku video]

50. So what?

51. 100+ derived versions

52. slight modifications

53. crossovers

54. personal, artistic touches

55. build upon one another

56. Something always gets created

58. creativity

59. visible

60. in your face

61. inviting

62. fun

63. RW

64. culture

65. <3>

66. why?

68. meme

69. “ a theoretical unit of cultural information”

75. memes ≈ genes

76. replicate

77. propagate

78. natural selection

79. extinct

80. survive

81. evolve

82. mutation

83. inheritance (crossovers)

84. Nico Nico Douga

85. a meme = a video

86. large complex of memes (memeplex)

87. evolve fast

88. conducive to evolution

89. user interface

90. norms

91. fosters

92. natural selection

93. evolution

94. <4>

95. user interface

96. real-time comments

101. easy to give impressions

102. want to comment

103. fun

104. see

105. sing along

106. make noise

107. a part of the mob

108. contribute

109. decorate

110. fun to upload

111. more feedback

112. see how people react

113. much more fun

114. visualization

115. more incentives to create

116. discovery of interesting videos

132. promote social causes

133. detract from natural selection

134. editors

135. agendas

136. steal spotlight

137. from truly popular videos

138. <5>

139. norms

140. doujinshi

141. encourage

142. derivative works

143. evolution

144. easy access

145. source material

146. rapid feedback

147. people already want to derive

148. not only the Japanese

149. everyone wants to derive

150. no doujinshi in America?

151. doujinshi = derivative works

152. no permission

165. America

166. lawsuits

167. Japan

168. opposite

169. Comiket

170. >30 years

171. increasingly commercial

173. $245M in 2007

174. 15% of Otaku industry

175. anime DVDs manga video games figures

177. lack of resources

178. “ We don’t have enough lawyers. There just aren’t enough resources to prosecute cases like this.”

179. norm

180. legacy

181. live with it

182. manga creators

183. manga creators were/are doujinshi creators

184. restricting

185. strong repercussion

186. consumers

187. creators

188. adapted

189. Comiket

190. best opportunities to sell goods

192. “ Lucky Star no Kiwami, AAA” [Shiteyanyo]~

193. “ Lucky Star no Kiwami, AAA” [Shiteyanyo]~

194. “ Lucky Star no Kiwami, AAA” [Shiteyanyo]~

195. norm

196. held by industry

197. enforced loosely by consumers/creators

198. free to build upon

199. evolve

200. <6>

201. Nico Nico Douga

202. UI

203. user participation

204. accelerate

205. creativity

206. norm

207. encourage derivation

208. informally

209. protects uploaders

210. publishers’ control

211. moral of the story

212. foster creativity

213. 2 things

214. (1) make it fun

215. (2) make it free

216. commons

217. (1) easy

218. (2) much harder

219. change law

220. reduce copyright’s scope

221. make doujinshi norm strong

223. do something

224. rights to derive

225. protected by the law