2. In the grasslands,
somewhere on the African continent,
success can be defined in terms of life and death,
Survival is a strong motivator.
Here’s a short story …
3. When the light comes in the Eastern sky and you sense
that the sun will soon steal the comfort and security of
the night, the gazelle starts to stir. He knows that if,
during this day, he does not run faster than the fastest
cheetah, he may be caught and then he will be killed.
Not far away, the cheetah stretches out this powerful
muscles and thinks of the day ahead, He knows that if
he does not run faster than the slowest gazelle, he will
surely starve.
The moral of this story …
4. It doesn’t matter whether you are a gazelle or
a cheetah …
…when the sun is up …
… you had better be
running.
5. GROUP ACTIVITY NO .1
Instruction:
1.The students will count off from 1 – 7
2.Those who have the same number
form a group
3.Each group will be given 15 min. to do
the task
4.Present it in class (1-3 min. only)
6. Problem situation
• You and your group-mates are friends who
share one ticket in a contest. You have won
the grand prize – a round the world trip for
one person, all expenses paid. The prize
cannot be encashed. Neither can any of you
afford to pay the share of the others, so that
only one of you can take the tour. Decide
what to do with the prize. You have 15 min.
to come up with a decision or else the prizes
will be forfeited.
7. What is MOTIVATION
• Factors within and outside an organism that
cause it to behave a certain way at a
certain time.
• An inner state (either a need or
desire) that energizes & directs us
and keeps us moving toward our
goals
– why we do
– what we do
9. OUTLINE: Theories of
Motivation
• Instinct—motives are innate
• Drive—biological needs as
motivation
• Incentive—extrinsic things push
or pull behavior
• Arousal—people are motivated
to maintain optimum level of
arousal
• Humanistic—hierarchy of needs
10. 1. INSTINCT THEORY
• Inherited tendencies to produce
organized and unalterable
responses to particular stimuli.
• Inborn pattern of behavior that are
biologically determined rather than
learned
11. 2. DRIVE THEORY
• A motivation that pushes you to
reach a goal.
• Motivational tension induced to fulfill
a need by need
example: Food, water, sex
12. Drives as Tissue Needs
• Goal is to reduce the tension and restore
homeostasis
HOMEOSTASIS - the constancy of internal
conditions that the body must actively maintain
or maintain a steady internal state.
• Equilibrium – preserving tendency is needed for
the body to survive and function
• However, homeostasis cannot explain all drives
13. Energy Homeostasis
Basic metabolic Rate (BMR)--the rate a body at
rest uses for vital life functions or rate at which
body burns calories just to stay alive
• Positive energy balance--when caloric intake
exceeds amount of caloric energy expended
• Negative energy balance--when caloric intake
falls short of amount of caloric energy expended
14. 3. INCENTIVE THEORY
• External goal that “pulls” or “pushes”
behavior.
• People are motivated to behave in
ways that produce a valued incentive
15. 4. Arousal Theory
• People are motivated to maintain an
optimum level of arousal—neither too
high nor too low
• Studies show that too little arousal
and we get bored; too much arousal
and we withdraw, in an effort to lower
our levels of arousal
16. Sensation Seeking
A person high
in sensation
seeking tends
to look for
exciting (and
sometimes
risky)
activities
17. 5. Humanistic Theories
Abraham Maslow suggested that
motives are divided into several
levels from basic survival needs to
psychological and self-fulfillment
needs.
18. • Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Self-actualization
Cognitive & Aesthetic needs
Esteem
Belongingness & Love
Safety & Security
Physiological
22. Short-Term Eating
Signals
Physiological- slight increase in blood
insulin
Psychological - classical and operant
conditioning surrounding eating behavior
Satiety- signals from the stomach, chemical
(CCK), and stretch receptors
23. Basal Metabolic Rate
• The rate at which the body uses
energy for vital functions while at
rest.
• Factors that influence BMR
– Age
– Sex
– Size
– Genetics
– Food intake
24. Excess Weight and
Obesity
• Obesity—condition characterized
by excessive body fat and a BMI
equal to or greater than 30.0
• Overweight—condition
characterized by BMI between
25.0 and 29.9
25. Factors in Obesity
• Positive incentive value of
palatable food
• Super-size it!
• Cafeteria diet effect
• BMR changes over the life span
• Sedentary lifestyle
26. Factors Contributing to Being
Overweight
• Highly palatable food—we eat because it
tastes so good
• SuperSize It—food portions are larger than
necessary for health
• Cafeteria Diet Effect—more food and more
variety lead us to eat more
• Snacking—does not cause us to eat less at
dinner
• BMR—changes through the lifespan
• Sedentary lifestyles
27. Eating Disorders
ANOREXIA NERVOSA
• Characterized by excessive weight loss,
irrational fear of gaining weight, and
distorted body image.
• People refuse to eat while denying that
their behavior and appearance – which
can become skeletonlike.
28. • Bulimia nervosa — characterized by
binges of extreme overeating
followed by self-induced purging
such as vomiting, laxatives
30. Sexual Motivation and
Behavior
• Sex—the biological category of male or female;
sexual intercourse
• Gender—cultural, social, and psychological
meanings associated with masculinity or
femininity
• Gender roles —behaviors, attitudes, and
personality traits designated either masculine or
feminine in a given culture
• Gender identity —A person’s psychological
sense of being male or female
• Sexual orientation —direction of a person's
emotional and erotic attractions
31. Sexual Orientation
Sexual orientation —direction of a
person's emotional and erotic
attractions
– Heterosexual —sexual attraction for the
opposite sex
– Homosexual —sexual attraction for the
same sex
– Gay —typically used to describe male
homosexuals
– Lesbian —typically used to describe
female homosexuals
– Bisexual —sexual attraction for both sexes
32. Human Sexual Response
• Stage 1: Excitement—beginning of
sexual arousal
• Stage 2: Plateau—increased
physical arousal
• Stage 3: Orgasm—male ejaculates,
female vaginal contractions
• Stage 4: Resolution—arousal
subsides
33. Sexuality in Adulthood
• Majority of adults (80%) report having none or
one sexual partner in the past year (marriage
factor)
• Majority of men ages 18-59 have sex about
seven times per month
• Majority of women ages 18-59 have sex about
six times per month
• Vaginal intercourse is nearly universal as the
most widely practiced sexual activity among
heterosexual couples
• 50 percent of older Americans reported sexual
activity at least once per month.
34. Sexual Disorders and
Problems
• Sexual dysfunction —consistent disturbance
in sexual desire, arousal, or orgasm that
causes psychological distress and
interpersonal difficulties
• Low desire and arousal problems common
among women
• Premature ejaculation and erectile problems
common among men
35. Social Motives
Optimal human functioning can occur only if
the psychological needs of autonomy,
competence, and relatedness are met
• Autonomy—need to determine, control, and
organize one’s own behavior and goals
• Competence—need to effectively learn and
master challenging tasks
• Relatedness—need to feel attached to
others
36. Need for Affiliation
• Interest in establishing and
maintaining relationship with other
people
• Need to associate with others &
maintain social bonds
37. Need for Power
• Tendency to seek impact, control,
or influence over others and to be
seen as a powerful individual.
38. Need for Achievement
• Need to master difficult
challenges, outperform others, &
meet high standards
• Behavior aimed at excelling,
succeeding, or outperforming
others at some activity
– Behavior depends on:
• Incentive value
• Expectancy
40. Should you study late for an exam
and satisfy your SOCIAL NEED
TO ACHIEVE or to go bed at
regular time and satisfy your
BIOLOGICAL NEED FOR
SLEEP?
41. References:
Feldman, Robert S. (2008).
Understanding Psychology (5th
Mc Graw Hill International
edition).
Gaerlan, Josefina, Limpingco Delia & Tria
Geraldine. General Psychology (5th
edition). Ken Incorporated
43. Assignment
1. Make a drawing that shows an ideal
day in the life you would like 10 years
from now. BE CREATIVE. Consider the
following in your drawing
• A. What are you?
• B. Where are you?
• Who do you live with?
• What are you doing?
• How do you feel about your life?
44. 2. At the back of your drawing in two
columns, write your answers to
the following:
FIRST COLUMN
SECOND COLUMN
What made you aspire What steps will you
for such life?
take to achieve the
kind of life
45. Concept of Emotion
• A class of subjective feelings
elicited by stimuli that have high
significance to an individual
– stimuli that produce high arousal
generally produce strong feelings
– are rapid and automatic
– emerged through natural selection
to benefit survival and
reproduction
46. Basic Emotions
• Fear, surprise, anger, disgust,
happiness, sadness
• Basic emotions are innate and
“hard-wired”
• Complex emotions are a blend
of many aspects of emotions
• Classified along two dimensions
– Pleasant or unpleasant
– Level of activation or arousal
associated with the emotion
47. Physical Arousal and
Emotions
• Sympathetic nervous system is
aroused with emotions (fight-orflight response)
• Different emotions stimulate
different responses
– Fear—decrease in skin temperature
(cold-feet)
– Anger—increase in skin temperature
(hot under the collar)
48. Brain and Emotions
Amygdala
– evaluates the significance of stimuli
and generates emotional responses
– generates hormonal secretions and
autonomic reactions that accompany
strong emotions
– Direct connection to thalamus allows
for rapid reaction to potentially
dangerous situations
49. Emotion and Facial
Expressions
• Each basic emotion is associated with
a unique facial expression
• Facial expressions are innate and
“hard-wired”
• Innate facial expressions the same
across many cultures
• Display rules—social and cultural
rules that regulate emotional
expression, especially facial
expressions.
53. Cognitive-Mediational
Theory
• Emotions result from the cognitive
appraisal of a situation’s effect on
personal well-being
• Similar to two-factor, but cognitive
mediational theory’s emphasis is
on the cognitive appraisal as the
essential trigger of the emotional
response
54. Determination of Sexual
Orientation
• Genetics—role suggested by twin
and family studies
• Brain structure—differences found
in hypothalamus of homosexual
and heterosexual men
• Hormonal – adrogenized females
• Complex issue with no clear
answers
http://www.danbaileyphoto.com/ouray3.htm
If you can’t get permission for this picture, you can substitute the one from the text on p302 at the bottom.
Okay, so now that we have considered general theories of motivation, let us now examine some of the specific motives that direct and energize our behavior. In other words, what is it that we want most in life?
In response to this question, Abraham Maslow, in 1954, proposed that human beings are motivated to fulfill a hierarchy of needs, from those that are basic for survival up to those that promote growth and self-enhancement.
At the base of the hierarchy are the physiological needs for food, water, oxygen, sleep and sex. Once these needs are met, people seek safety, steady work, financial security, stability at home, and a predictable environment. Next on the ladder are the social needs for affiliation, belongingness and love, affection, close relations, family ties, and group membership. If these needs aren’t met, we feel lonely and alienated. Next are the esteem needs, which include our desires for social status, respect, recognition, achievement, and power. Failing to satisfy this need and we feel inferior and unimportant. Next are the cognitive and aesthetic needs, which include our need for knowledge, meaning, self-awareness and beauty, balance, and form. Let me point out here that this step is an addition to the original hierarchy (an addition that was made in 1970). Also, this step is considered a lower self-actualization step (kind of the preview to actual self-actualization).
In short, everyone strives in their own way to satisfy all the needs on the hierarchy. Once these needs are met, we become ready, willing, and able to strive for self-actualization – a distinctly human need to fulfill one’s potential. As Maslow put it ‘A musician must make music, an artist must paint, a poet must write, if he is ultimately to be at peace with himself. What a man CAN be, he MUST be.’
By arranging human needs in the shape of a pyramid, Maslow claimed that the needs at the base take priority over those at the top. In other words, the higher needs become important to us only after more basic needs are satisfied. Research generally confirms this prediction that motives lower in the pyramid take precedence, though there are occasional exceptions, as when people starve themselves to death in order to make a political statement. Research also shows that not everyone climbs Maslow’s hierarchy in the same prescribed order. Some people seek love and romance before fulfilling their esteem motives, but others who are more achievement-oriented may try to establish a career before a family.
Maslow’s theory may not accurately describe the motivational path that all people take. It does not, for example, account for our need to feel capable, autonomous, and socially secure in our endeavors. But his distinctions – and the notion that the various needs form a hierarchy – provide a convenient framework for the study of motivation.
Discovering Psy 2e Figure 8.1 p. 281
Keywords: leptin, appetizer effect
Discovering Psy2e Photo p 288
Satisfying the body’s appetite for food helps propel the biological human engine. But people are not content merely to survive. Most of us want more out of life, much more. In varying degrees, we want to be part of a community, to love and be loved, and to achieve recognition, status, fame, wealth, and power. Let’s examine two common needs: the need to belong and the need to achieve.
Although born helpless, human infants are equipped at birth with reflexes that orient them toward people. They are responsive to faces, turn their head toward voices, and are prepared to mimic certain facial gestures on cue. Much to the delight of parents, the newborn seems an inherently social animal. If you reflect on the amount of time you spend talking to, being with, pining for, or worrying about other people, you’ll realize that we all are. People need people.
We saw that Maslow ranked belongingness and love needs third in his hierarchy. Being part of a family or community, playing on a sports team, joining a social or religious or professional group, making friends, falling in love, and having children – all serve this important motive. So just how important is it? Do people REALLY NEED other people?
According to Baumeister and Leary, the need to belong is a fundamental human motive. As they put it, ‘human beings have a pervasive drive to form and maintain at least a minimum quantity of lasting, positive, and significant personal relationships.’ This conclusion is supported by a great deal of research. All over the world, people experience joy when they form new social attachments and react with loneliness, grief, and anxiety when these bonds are borken.
We have a desire to establish and maintain social contacts. But research shows that individuals differ in the strength of their need for affiliation. As you might expect, people with a high need for affiliation are socially more active than lows. They prefer to be in contact with others more often and are more likely to visit friends or even make phone calls and write letters as a way to maintain social contact at a distance.
Although individuals differ, even the most gregarious among us wants to be alone at times. It seems that people are motivated to establish and maintain an optimum balance of social contact.
Social contacts can also give us feedback about ourselves.
Have you ever met someone so single-mindedly driven to succeed that you couldn’t help but wonder why? One individual who might pop to mind is Bill Gates – the cofounder and chair of Microsoft. Gates is the richest man in the world and seems to have an insatiable appetite for more. By his own admission, Gates wants to achieve worldwide domination of the computer industry. What fuels the drive we often have to succeed, excel, and advance in our work?
It appears to be our achievement motivation – a strong desire to accomplish difficult tasks, outperform others, and excel. There is no question that individuals differ in the intensity of their achievement strivings. As you might expect, there are strong links among a person’s motivation, behavior, and level of accomplishment. Those who score high rather than low in the need for achievement work harder and are more persistent, innovative, and future-oriented. They also crave success more than they fear failure and then credit their success to their own abilities rather than to luck or chance.
Keywords: emotion
Keywords: brain-based theory of emotions, amygdala, psychic blindness
