2. WHAT IS VIRAL HEPATITIS ?
A serious disease caused by virus that
attacks the liver . There are various strains
of viral hepatitis which can cause lifelong
infection, cirrhosis ( scarring) of the liver
, liver cancer , liver failure, and death.
24. Serum
bilirubin : 5-20 mg/dl
Direct bil ≥ indirect bil
SGOT/SGPT = 400-4000 IU
ALP : mild elevation
PT is usually normal :
Severe hepatitis prolonged PT
Hypoglycemia
25.
26.
27. Serologic Diagnosis
Ig
M anti-HAV
HBs Ag and Ig M anti-HBc
HCV Ab, HCV RNA PCR
anti-HDV
anti-HEV
36. Chronic hepatitis (CH)
Definition: chronic necroinflammatory injury
characterized
by
liver
cell
necrosis
and
inflammation lasting more than 6 months that
can lead insidiously to liver cirrhosis, end-stage
liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma.
Prevalence: ~ 2-3% of the population
(Hungary)
37. Major causes of chronic
hepatitis
Chronic hepatitis C (70-80%)
Chronic hepatitis B (10-20%)
Chronic hepatitis D
Chronic autoimmune hepatitis (<10%)
Wilson’s disease
Haemochromatosis
α1-Antitrypsin deficiency
Drug-induced chronic hepatitis
Cryptogenic hepatitis (non-A-E hepatitis)
38. Clinical appearance of CH
mostly asymptomatic
~20%: mild fatique; rarely: mild RUQ pain
discovered by screening lab tests:
- mildly elevated ALT and AST (<10x ULN);
- ALT>AST
- AP and γ-GT: normal or minimally elevated
progression to cirrhosis is slow: years, decades
39. Late symptoms of CH
Marked symptoms only in the stage of
cirrhosis:
marked fatique, muscle weakness and wasting,
poor appetite, nausea, weight loss;
dark urine, jaundice, itching;
abdominal swelling, ascites, edema,
UGI bleeding,
hepatic encephalopathy, etc.
40. Diagnostic tests for chr. hepatitis
Type of CH
Screening test
Confirm. test
CHC
Anti-HCV
HCV RNA
CHB
HBsAg, anti-HBc
HBV DNA,
CHD
Anti-HDV
HDV RNA
Autoimmune
ANA, SMA, anti-LKM Excl. of others,, histology
Wilson’s dis.
Coeruloplasmin
Urine and hep. copper
Haemochromatosis Se iron, TFS
histology, genetic testing
α1-AT def.
Histology
α1-AT
41.
42. Chronic hepatitis C (CHC)
Hepatitis C is a common infection with variable course
170 million infected pts worldwide
CHC can led to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular
carcinoma (HCC)
2nd or 3rd most common cause of liver cirrhosis and
HCC
No effective vaccine at present
Prevention: avoidandance of high-risk behaviors
43. Risk Factors Associated with
Transmission of HCV
• Illegal injection drug use
• Transfusion or transplant from infected donor
• Occupational exposure to blood
– Mostly needle sticks
• Iatrogenic (unsafe injections)
• Birth to HCV-infected mother
• Sexual/household exposure to anti-HCV
positive contact
• Multiple sex partners
44. Natural history of HCV infection
Acute hepatitis
85%
15%
Recovery and clearance
of HCV-RNA
Persistent infection
60-70%
Chronic hepatitis
20-30%
Liver cirrhosis
~5%
HCC
45. Factors promoting the progression of
CHC
High viral dose, genotype 1, quasispecies
Older age, male sex
Immunodeficiency
Alcohol abuse
Co-infection with HBV, HIV
Iron overload
Environmental contaminants, geography
46.
47. Epidemiology of HBV
HBV is a common cause of viral hepatitis
400 million carriers worldwide
Prevalence in the population of developed countries:
carriers: 1%, anti-HBsAg +: 10 %;
incidence: 35 per 100 000 in a year;
in the 3rd world (Far/Middle East):
carriers: 8%; anti-HBsAg +: 50 %
48. Transmission of HBV
HBV is present in all body fluids and secretions!
Highly contagious! Blood cc. may be as high as 1013/ml
Vertical transmission: in the perinatal period; > 90%
Horizontal transmission:
by blood, blood products, surgery
injection-drug abuse, needle-stick injury
sexual activity,
occupational exposure
household contact
tattooing, shaving, etc.
49. Natural history of HBV infection
1%
Acute hepatitis
10%
Persistent infection
Fulminant hepatitis
90%
Recovery and clearance
of HBV-DNA
2-3%
Chronic active hepatitis
1%
Liver cirrhosis
Carrier state
100-fold risk
HCC
50. Natural History of Chronic HBV
Infection
Resolution
Acute
Infection
Stabilisation
Chronic
Hepatitis
Chronic
Carrier
Compensated
Cirrhosis
Cirrhosis
Liver
Cancer
Progression Decompensated
Cirrhosis
(Death)
30–50 Years
Adapted from Feitelson, Lab Invest 1994
Death
52. Diagnosis of CHC
Screening for liver disease
elevated se ALT (<10x UNL)
Screening for HCV infection
se anti-HCV (enzyme immunoassay)
Confirmation: detection of viremia
se HCV RNA (rtPCR)
53. Diagnosis of CHB
Follow-up of patients with acute HBV infection
Screening for liver disease (elevated se ALT)
Screening for HBV infection
se HBsAg (enzyme immunoassay)
Confirmation: detailed serology;
detection of viremia se HBV-DNA (PCR)
55. Evaluation of patients with CHB
and C
Clinical: signs and symptoms of chronic hepatitis;
evaluation of coexisting diseases
Laboratory: se
ALT, bilirubin, albumin, prothrombin
(se AP, GGT , Fe, transferrin
saturation, ferritin, renal function tests, autoimmune
markers)
Virological:
HBV: serology, se HBV-DNA; anti-HDV
HCV: se HCV-RNA, viral titer, genotype
Histological: liver biopsy histology
56. CHC: current therapies
Interferon-α: may eradicate HCV infection;
antiviral, immunoregulator, anti-inflammatory;
may inhibit fibro- and carcinogenesis;
costly, unpleasant (injection!); 5-20% efficacy
Interferon-α + ribavirin
doubled efficacy in HCV clearance
Iron reduction (venesections)
biochemical but not virological improvement;
improved responsiveness to IFNα
57. CHB: current therapies
Interferon-α: may eradicate HBV infection;
antiviral, immunoregulator, anti-inflammatory;
may inhibit fibro- and carcinogenesis;
costly, unpleasant, 20-30% efficacy
Lamivudine, adefovir, entecavir (virostatic drugs):
advantages: oral administration; well tolerable;
less contraindications
disadv.: relapse after discontinuation; escape;
long-term (>12 mo) treatment
58. Side effects of therapy
Interferon-alpha:
Early: flu-like illnes, fatique, cytopenias
Late: depression with suicidal
risk, psychosis, anorexia, weight loss, sepsis, thyroid
dysfunction, deteoriation of liver disease, hair-loss
Ribavirin:
• Dose-dependent, mild, reversible hemolytic anemia
59. Therapy of end-stage CHB and C:
liver transplantation
CHC is the leading indication for OLT
Antiviral pretreatment is advised
Recurrence of the infection is universal;
a great problem in hepatitis B infection;
survival rate is less affected by HCV
Therapy with IFN, ribavirin or lamivudine is
possible