1. y`ÿkd.;af;d;a
Tn - ud...
foaYmd,k wd.ukhg Èk y;,syla jqj;a udf.a Y+r
yuqod Èúhg jir y;,syls¡ tu ld, iSudfõ ud l<
ymkalï j,ska ì`ols fï¡
2

2. 3

3. f us f;dr;=re fy,slrk ud hqoOh
iusnkaOj yd fjk;a ud;Dld mokus
lrf.k jsjO lD;Ska Tn fj; f.k
s
a ksoyia Y%S ,xldfjs jrska jr jsjO
foaYmd,k u; fmroers fldgf.k rfgs
kdhl;ajh ioyd jsjO mqo.,fhda ;r.
s a
s
wd idys;Hlrejl= jqjo” fujr ksrkdus-A l,y’ ta igka j, ch.%dys kdhlhska
lj Tn fj; lreKq fy,s lsrug is- S ishΩfokdu foaYmd,kfha fndfyda
jQfha fkdje,elajh yels jd;djrKhla
s m,mqreoq w;aoelSus nyq, mrsK; jq
hgf;ah’ wm rg ch .;a fus uyd igkg kdhlfhdah’ fujr ckdOsm;sjrK igk
kdhl;ajh ÿka foaYmd,k fukau fmrg jvd fjkia jkafka ckdOsm;s uysko a
yuqod kdhlhkaf.a we;=,dka;h wvx.= rdcmCI ue;s;udg wNsfhda.hla bosrm;a
= s
chudjf;a kshuqfjda kus lD;sh t<soelaju S lsrug yels jsmCI tl;=fjka bosrm;a
S s
ioyd ud jsika l,l isgu f;dr;=re /
s lr we;s ckdOsm;s Oqr wfmaCIlhd” hqO
ialrk ,oS’ foaYmd,k kdhlhska .ek ch.%yKfhaos hqO yuqodm;s jq jsYdusl
%
fndfyda lreKq rgjeishd fus jk jsg;a fckrd,a ir;a f*dkafiald uy;d jSuhs’
fydoska okakd w;r” wΩ;ska fidhd.ekSug Tyq yuqod fiajfha mrsk; jqfjla jqjo
yelsjfha Tjqka hqo nsfus l%hdldrlus
q s foaYmd,khg kqyre kqmreoq wdOqklfhl=
q q s
j,g wod,j .kq ,enq jeo.;a fukau jsu iqjfYaIS isoOhls’
s a s
;du;a rdcH ryia f,i mj;sk jsfYaI; s
;SrK iusnkaOjh’ tfy;a yuqod kdhl- 70 oYlfha uqΩ f,dju wdkafoda,khg
hska .ek fijSfusoS ud oek.;a fndfyda ,la l, yuqod wd{dodhlfhl= jq W.kavd
wm%lg lreKq jsYuh okjk iqΩh’
a ckdOsm;s *S,vs udrAI,a bvS wuSka .ek
a
4

4. ,smhla miq.h osk brsod mqj;am;l m<
s s w;r” jevs wmyiq;djhla fkdue;sj iqΩ
jsh’ th lshjSfuka wk;=rej fuf;la W;aidyhlsk”a jsurAYKhlska miq i;H
ksoyia m%cd;ka;jdos rgla jYfhka
% nj wjfndaO lr .; yelsh’ fuys ioyka
mej;=k wm rgo W.kavdj fuka f,a js,la lrk ish,qu mqo.,hska ;du;a cSj;=ka
a
fjs hehs pls;hla ud isf;ys we;s jqfha Tn w;r isgk w;r” fldgila ;du;a hqO
s
fkdokakd” ud jsika fidhd .;a iuyr
s yuqod fiajfha fhoS we;' ckdOsm;sjrKhg
lreKq tjka ;;ajhlg b;d iuSm yd Pkaoh oSu flfia fj;;a ta .ek l:d
iudk;d we;s nejsk’s ny lsrug;a fmr fus lreKq Tn fydoska
S
wjOdrKh lr.; hq;f;a foaYmd,k
a
uka;jrfhl=”
s% weu;sjrfhl=” jsmCI mCI fNaohlska f;drj kshu foaY ysff;Is
kdhljrfhl=” w.ue;sjrfhl= yd mqrjeishka f,isk’s
jsOdhl ckdOsm;sjrfhl= jYfhka
rgu oek yoqkk uysko rdcmCI udf.a .fjsYKfhaos hqO msgfha kdhl;ajh
a s
ckdOsm;s;udf.a we;=,dka;h fydo fyda oqka m%OdkSka ish,a,kaf.au wm%lg f;dr;=re
=
krl fus jk jsg fkdokakd flfkl= fidhd.;a;o” ta w;rska udf.a chudjf;a
furg isgh fkdyel’ Tyqf.a oqrj,lus” kshuqfjda lD;sfhys wvx.= jkafka f;dard
s A
wvqmdvq ud jsiku rg jeishkag jsgka jsg fnsrd .;a fldgila muKs’ Bg fya;j
s a s =
fy,s lr we;’ ud fus ,smfhka fy<sorõ tu.ska Tjqkf.a jSr prs; j,g wys;lr
s a
lrk ;s;; tfy;a we;a; lreKq ms<noj n,mEus isojh yels nejsk’s thskoq fï
a s q s s
TSkEu flfkl= yg wNsfhda. l< yels ,smhg wod, jkafka ckdOsm;sjrKhg
s
5

5. bosrm;a jk m%Odk wfmaCIlfhl=
s wkqj Tyqg ysujfha isxy frcsfusk;jh’
s q a =
jk jsYdusl yuqodm;s fckrd,a ir;a
% ;reK jhfia isgu nSu;alug wensneys
f*dkafiald uy;d ms<no fuf;la wm%lgj
s jS isgs fudyq ks;ru nsu;aj wvonr we;s
;sn”q ud jsika .fjsYKfhaos t<sorjs lr
s lr.ekSu ksid fndfyda wjia:dj, Wiia
.;a i;H jq lreKq muKs’ fï lreKq ks<OdrSkf.a Woyig ,lajS ;snK’S fydoska
a q
idudkH idys;H lD;shl wvx.= lsrug S nSu;a jq jsg lskus fyda ia;hlf.a myi
S%
;rus fkdjq iSudj blau jq lreKq jqjo wjYH jq ir;a f*dkafiald ;reK ,q;kka s
rfgs kdhl;ajh ioyd ;r. josk jrhd oskm;du osh;,dj” nKavdrfj,
mqo.,fhl= .ek ck;dj fydoska oek.;
a msygs .Ksld ksjdi j,g hdug wensneys
s
hq;= nejsk”a wlue;af;ka jqjo fy,s lsrugS jqfjls’ fus fya;j ksidu Wiia ks<OdrSka
=
isoj we;’
q jsika Tyq l|jqrg iSud lsrfus ovqjula
s S
mekjSh’
úkh
1975 foieusnrA 25 jk osk osh;,dj
1970 oS YSIHNg ks<Odrsfhl= f,i ks, l|jqr ;=< fydogu nSu;a jQ ,q;kka s
wxl 0$50536 hgf;a hqo yuqodjg neoqKq ir;a f*dkafiald l|jqfrka neyer hdug
cS’tia’iS’ f*dkafiald uy;d fojk ,q;kka
s fkdyels fyhsk”a ;u wdYdjka bgqlr.
flfkl= f,i mqyKj ksulf<a ;ud iu.
q q ekSug l|jqr ;=, msyg”s tjlg lrAk,a
s
neoqKq oyih fofkl=f.ka hq;a lKavdhfus .euqKq l=,;=x. uy;df.a ^miqj fuscrA
wka;uhd f,ih’ Tyqf.a ,l=Kq m%udKh
s fckrd,a& ksjig we;=,a jS tys fiajldj
s
6

6. jk Okj;S kus .eyeKq <uhd oqIKh 15 l ksle<,a fiajhla fjkqfjka m%Odkh
lrk ,os’ Okj;S jsika fuh fy,slrfuka
s s S flfrk W;a;u fiajd molalu m%Odkh
miqj ,q;kka f*dkafiald hqO wOslrKh
s ioyd ksrfoaY fkdflrsK’s Tyq ;j;a
A
fj; f.k tk ,os’ tysos jro ms<.;a Tyqg
s jir 22 lg miq hqO yuqodm;s f,i m;ajq
tu hqO wOslrKh fufyh jq lrAk,a jsg Tyqf.a mqo.,sl ,smf.dkqfjka ;u
a s
isr,a rK;=x. jsika ^miqj fckrd,a&
s s ovqjus ,shlshjs,s bj;a lr” 2007 jifrA
Tyq jrolre lr ovqjus kshu lrk ,os’ Tyq jsiku fr.=,dis j,g mgyeksj Tyq
s a
fus ,shlshjs,s hqO yuqod uq,ia:dkfha fjkqfjka W;a;u fiajd molalu ksrfoaY
A
iqrCIs;j we;’ isj,a kS;h hgf;a fuh
s s lr.kakd ,os’
isr ovqjus ,ensh hq;= nrm;, jrola
jqjo yuqod ks<OdrSkf.a kusnj wdrCId
a q jsYIG fiajd jsNIKh msrkukafka
s a + s
lsru msKi j. lsj hq;;ka jsika fuu
S s a s b;d jsYIG jir 25 l fiajd ld,hla
s a
;reKshg jq wmrdOh isj,a kS;fhka jix
s s we;s ks<Odrskg muKs’ Tyq fus molalu
a
lf<ah’ ioyd fudku whqrlskj;a iqoiq fkdjqjo
a q
2008 jifrAos fuu molalu m%Odkh
hqO wOslrKhlska ovqjï ,enq fiajd ioyd iuia: hqO yuqodfjkau Tyqf.a
mqo.,fhl=g bka u;=jg ksle<,a prs;hla
a ku muKla ksrfoaY lr.;af;ah’
A
we;af;ahehs lsiokl ioyka l< fkdyel’
s s kdjsl yd .=jka yuqodj, wfkl=;a iqoiqq
fï fya;j ksidu ysgmq hqO yuqodm;sjreka
= fcAHIaG ks<Odrska fndfyda fofkl=g fuu
jsika ir;a f*dkafiald uy;d fj; jir
s jsNIKh ,ndoS Tjqkf.a ksle<,a fiajhg
+ a
7

7. f.!rj l,o ir;a f*dkafiald uy;d” fus molalus me<o” fy,sorjs jq miq” weursldkq
ioyd kqioiu mqo.,hd jk ;ud muKla
q q q a kdjsl yuqodm;sjrfhla uE; b;sydifha
ksrfoaY lruska uqΩ uy;a hqO yuqodju
A ;u ysig fjvs ;ndf.k ish osjs ydks
iudch bosrfha mdjd oqkfkah’
s a lr.;af;a” tu jrfoys nrm;, lu
ksiduh’ fufia wysus molalus me<oSu
jvudrpsps ix.%du molalu m%odkh fukau ia;s% ¥IKho bvS wuSkf.a iqmreoq
a q
flrefKa l%hdldrs f,i jvudrpsps l%hdjkah’
s s
igfka ksr; jq fiajd mqo.,hskg muKs’
a a
tfy;a tjlg fld<U iy jsfoaY.;j isgs ;reK jhfia ir;a f*dkafiald
ir;a f*dkafiald jvudrpsps molaluo m%ioOhla bis,fjs ks<Odrs ksjfia fiajhg
s a s q
wkjirfhka me<of.k isgs nejsk”a tjlg meusfKk ;reK negsuka,dg iu,sx.
taldnoaO l%hdkaj; wKfok ks<Odrs l wmpdr lsru iusnkaOjh' .us j,
s s s S
f,i lghq;= l, fckrd,a isr,a rK;=x. isg cSj;ajug uqo,a bmehSfus woyiska
s S
uy;df.a Woyig ,lajS isgfhah’ ia;s% w;jeislus lrkakg meusfKk wysxil
s
oqIKh ioyd ir;a f*dkafiald uy;dg fld,q .eghska fndfydafofkl= fudyqf.a
ovqjus oqkfkao fckrd,a isr,a rK;=x. wmpdrj,g ,laj”S .=gld ;u fiajh yer
a s s
uy;duh’ oud .sh wjia:d fndfydah' fuu ld,h
;=, ldka;d n,ldh fkd;snq w;r” ldka;d
by; molalus ;=ku fudyq me<oqjo” n,ldh werUSu;a iu. fudyqf.a fï le;
tajd Tyqg ysus ke;s molalush’ ysus ke;s mqreoao k;r jsh'
8

8. ir;a f*dkafiald uy;d n%f.aâ
s jsjO jljdkq ;=< ir;a f*dkafiald
s
ludKavrA” fiakdxldOsm;s iy wdrCIl uy;df.a iqL jsjrKh ioyd fhdojd
fiakd wd{dm;s” udKav,sl m%Odks iy .eKqkq .ïs okjs j,ska meusKs wysxil
hqO yuqodm;s hk ks, orK ld,hka ;=< oqmm;a .eyeKq orejkaf.a .Kk fus
a
ldka;d fin<shka ;u ldrAhd,fha iy jk jsg ixLHd f,aLK wkqj 71 fofkls’
ks, ksjfia fiajh ioyd fhojSu wksjdrAh thska ;sfofkla fiajfha fhos isghoSu ish
s
lr ;snu ldf.a;a fk;a .egqK ldrAHhls’
S osjs ydks lr.;af;ah’ 18 fofkla wksis
rd;%fha mjd fin<shka ks, ksjfia fiajh
S f,i fiajh yerf.diah’ f*dkafiald
ioyd fhdojd ;snK’s Tyqg ;snq nsh ksidu
q uy;df.a w.ehsh hq;= .=Khla jqfha fuu
lsifjl= fus ms<noj l:dlf,aj;a fkdue;’
s s fin<shkaf.ka fndfyda fofkl=g kS;hg s
rd;%s ld,fha msrus finΩka yd fiajlhska
s mgyeksj Wiiajus ,ndoSu iy ks<Odrska
S
ks, ksjiska bj;ajh hq;= w;r” uOqj;
s s udrA.fhka n,mEus lr .us okjs j,ska
mdkh lruska remjdyskS krUd wjidk meusKs wysxilu fid,aodoqjka fj;
jk;=re wvqu ;ruska ;reK fin<shka flf,ik ,o fin<shka irK mdjd oSuhs’
fofofklaj;a ;u fomd” fow;a iy ysi jhi hdu;a iu. wu;l l,;a Tyq yels
iusNdykh ioyd fhojSh’ bkamiq Tyq whqrka ;reK jsfhaos fuu ldka;djkag
s
hykg .sfha tla fin<shla ;ud is;e.s Wojs ,ndoS we;’ .ensnr jSfuka miq orejka
mrsos f;dardf.kh’ fuh fmr rc oji ke;s lr .ekSug tl. fkdjq fin<shka
wka;#mqrh isyhg f.k fok lreKla
s lSmfofkla muKla ir;a f*dkafialdf.a
nj hqO yuqodj ;=, b;d m%p,s; lreKls’ orejka youska isg’s tfy;a fus nj t<smgus
9

9. mjikafka oekg jsYdusl ldka;d fin< tl. fkdjq jsg wfkdaud nsu oK.iajd
%
kkaokS ueKsfla muKs’ msgg fjsje,lska myroSu mqreoaola jYfhka
lrf.k hduhs’
;ud hqO yuqodOsm;s jq jsg ;udg leu;su
ldka;d fin,shka 16 fofkl= ks, ksis whqrku ryi fy,s fkdl,o rfgs
s a
ksjdihg wkqnoaO lr .;a w;r” Tyqf.a fndfyda fofkla okakd mrsos ;u yuqod
nsro jk wfkdaudf.a wkqoekqu msg ksji uq,ia:dkh ;=,oSu .ens.;a ldka;djlf.a
s
;=,u Tjqkf.a myi jsoug ;rus Tyq urdf.k uefrk m%ydrhg f.doqrejSu
a S
lDDr jsh’ csj;fhka fyusn;aj f;jrlau ir;a f*dkafiald uy;df.a i,a,d,
s
ksos fm;s nS osjs kid.ekSug W;aidy oerE lu ksid isojjls’ Tyqf.a fus oqrj,lu
q q A
wfkdaud Tyqg rsis mrsos TSkEu wfhl= iu. oek.;a fldgs ;%i;jdoSka fus iqrEms o%jv
a s
yeisrug bv wer wd.u oyug ,eosj” ;reKsh Tyq fj;g ,xlf,a ks;ru Tyq
S
rdcldrs lghq;= j,os muKla ;u ieushd fj; ldka;djka iemhq Tyqf.a ks, ksjfiys
yd tlajug mqreoq mqyKq jsh’ jrla mykla fiajh l, uqi,us cd;sl wrlaleushd
S q a s
oe,ajug f.dia wfkdaud w;ska Tyq oe,ajq u.sk’s jsYd, uqo,a fldka;d;a;jla u;
S % =
myka ;srh ksjS hdu fya;fjka flak;s isojq fus ydolu ksid o%jv ;reKsh we;a;
= a q s
f.dia m%ioOfhau wfkdaudf.a ysig f;,a jYfhkau ir;a f*dkafiald fj;ska .ens
s a s
fnda;,hla ye,Su n,d isgs ishΩfokdu .ekSfuka miqj wehg hqO yuqod frday,
ujs;hg m;a lrjSh’ wfkla nsyiKu fj; taug wjir ,ndoS ;snfkao Tyqf.a
s q q q
l:dj jkafka tla jljdkqjl ;ud yd wkqoekqu we;=jh’ tfia fkdjkakg hqO
10

10. yuqod uq,ia:dkfha fus isoOh iusnkaOj
a s jkafka ir;a f*dkafiald uy;dg Wfoa
fndfyda jeroslrejka isgh hq;h’ tfy;a
s = wdydrh ioyd ns;;r 20 la fjkalrk
a
tla jrolrefjl= j;a fus ;dla fkdue;af;a njhs’ thg we;a;u fya;j wx. iusmrK
= q A
jrolre ;udu ksidh’ nq,ia whs tlla tk;=re wrlaleushd
a
ns;;r neo bka fydou yh f*dkafiald
a
l=rrelu
s fj; f.khduh’
fldgs ;%i;jdoSka jsika f*dkafiald uy;d
a s
uerSug iqoiq fou< ;reKsh Tyqf.a
q ir;a f*dkafiald uy;d w,suxlv l|jqfrA
wrlaleushd u.ska tjSug W.=,a wegjqfha fiajh lrk ld,h ;=,os isojq ns;;rq a
wrlaleushka ir;a f*dkafialdg lsioq s wdmam isoOho b;du m%p,s; fukau
a s
wdorhla” f.!rjhla fkdolajk ksidh’ nsyiKq isojuls’ tosk WoEik wdydrhg
s q q S
f*dkafialdg ns;;r neo ^nq,ia whs& oSu
a a wdmam lEug .sh jsg wdmam ish,a,u
buy;a wmyiq ldrAHhls’ ns;;rh neoao a YS;, jS ;snk’s wrlaleushdg wuq ;s;;
q a
jsg tys ly uoh yrs ueo ;snh hq;= w;r”
s l=Kyremfhka neK jeos kej; WKq
q
th ly mdggo” msg; iqoq uoh fldgi ns;;r wdmamhla f.k taug lsjo” m%udo
a
;ks iqog yrs jD;a;dldrjo ;snh hq;h’ s = jq fyhska Tyq ksjS ;snq wdmam wdydrhg
fus ;;ajh yrsyegs bgqlrug fkdyels jq
s S f.k flak;fhka hdug iqodkus jk jsg”
a s
wjia:dj, tu ns;;r j,sku Tyq yg oud
a a wrlaleushd WKq WKq ns;;r wdmamo
a
.id mhska .eiSu Tyqf.a iqmreoq l%hdjls’
q s /f.k osj wdfjsh’ tjsg flak;fhka a s
hqO yuqodj ;=, b;d m%ioO isoOdka;hla
s a a mqmruska isgs f*dkafiald ns;;r wdmamh
q a
11

11. f.k wrlaleushdf.a lfkys ;nd yels ;nd Tfydu fkfjhs nqrejd fufyu
fjr fhdod wdmamhg .eiSh’ lka wvs me,S lmmsh lshd fjs.fhka weoao jsg lk
ns;;r idre lk we;=,g f.dia isyika
a s q iusmrKfhka lemS fjkajS we;’ fjsokdjg
q A
jq wrlaleushd miqj fy,sfldmagrhlska yd nshg m;ajq lrKjEushd lE .iusk”a
wkqrdOmqrh fj; f.k tk ,os’ f,a .,uska oqjf.dia ie.jS we;af;a
jdikdjlg fuka Tyqf.a cSj;h fnsreko
s fid,aodoqjka isgk ksjdihla ;=<h’ miqj
s
tl lkla ;du;a wefikafka ke;’ lk iy lrKjEushd frday,la fj;
msg;alr yersho Y,H lrAuh widrA:l jq
lka fldg lrKjEushdf.a l:dj mejiSug ksid Tyq wo;a lkla wysuj hqO yuqodfjsu
s
fndfyda ks<OdrSka iy fid,aodoqjka ue,s fldKavh lmuska jfhdajDoaOj cSj;a fjs’
jqjo” oeka oeka i;Hh t,shg tuska mj;s’
fld<Uska neyerj yuqod ks, ksjdihla fkdñksilu a
;=,os ijia jrefjs ir;a f*dkafiald
uy;df.a fldKavh lemq lrKjEushd b;d iqΩ fohg;a lsfmk tfia;a ke;akus
oe,s msyfhka lk wi, yevhg flia fkdlsmk
s q fudfyd;la ke;s ir;a
lemSfusos yu ;=jd, jS f,a .,kakg f*dkafiald uy;d ks<Odrskg iy a
jsh’ thg nsh jq lrKjEushd ;=jd,hg fiiq ks,hkag uskikg fuka lsiokl
s q a s s
fvfgd,a oud we;’ tysos we;s jq fjsokdj;a wu;kafka ke;’ whsfia” Tsh”s ;uqk”a ;uqfia”
iu.u lsmKq f*dkafiald ke.sg oe,smyh nqrejd” usyrld” fmd,a nqrejd” fmfrA;hd
q s s
Woqrdf.k lrKjEushdf.a lk uq,g hk jpk Tyqf.a idudkH jHjydrh jk
12

12. w;r” lsmS we;sjg Ndjs;d lrkqfha Y=oO
s s a iskdiSug ners njh’ Tyqg tu iajNdjsl
isxy, nejska iodpdr iusmkak iudchl l%hdldrlu Tyqf.a uqyfKa udxY fmaYS
S q
mqrjeishka fj; ,sL;j bosrm;a lsrug
s s S j,ska ksis f,i l%hd;aul fkdjSu thg
s
;rus fkdfjs’ tfy;a TSkEu ldka;d fya;j f,i ffjoHjreka mjid isg’s Tyq
=
ks<OdrSkhlg” fin<shl=g fyda iqrEmS
s iskdfik jsg muKla fkdj l:d lrk
ldka;djlg l:d lrkafka b;du jsgo idudkH uskfil=f.a fuka f;d,a
s
lreKdfjka iy wdorfhks' fm;s folu iy lusu,a j, p,khka isoq
q
fkdjS” Wvq f;d, muKla p,kh fõ’ fuh
Tyq jsika ks;r wmydihg” ieye,a,jg”
s q Tngo bosrs rEmjdysks jevigyka ;=,ka s
ks.rejg ,lajk fckrd,a fldnsnElvqj ;yjqre lr .; yelsh’ cqfojsjka us,hk
s
uy;d fid,aodoqjkag l:d lf,a mq;d .Kkla urd oeuq crAuksfha kdis us,grs
s
ke;akus orejd lshdh’ fid,aodoqfjl=f.a wd{dodhl ysg,rAgo iskydjSug fkdyels
;=jd,hla oqgq jsg ta .ek loqΩ msrs fk;ska uqyKla ;snq nj m%lg lreKls’ fuh
q
ne,q Tyq ch.%yKh .ek muKla fkdj b;d l,d;=rlska f,dj nsyjk ye.Sus
s
cSj; j, jgskdluo fydoska jgydf.k
s j,sk”a wkqlusmdfjka f;dr wudkqIl s
;snk’s Tyqg wo;a yuqodju” uqΩ rgu
q mqo.,hkaf.a .;s ,CIKhla nj fmd;
a
wdorh lrkafka tfyhsk’s mf;yso ioyka fjs’
udo ms<fkd.;a miqj i;Hhehs jgyd.;a hk hk ;ek NSIKh we;s l, ir;a
s
lreKla jkafka f*dkafiald uy;dg
13

13. f*dkafiald ;ud hgf;a fiajh lrk wka;#mqrh
fcAHIaG ks<OdrSkgo lsioq f.!rjhla
a s
oelajfha ke;’ Tyq uskikf.ka jev .;af;a
q s q a foysw;a;lKavh s ;=kjk
a ldka;d
is; oskd.ekSfuka fkdj ishhg foiShhlau n,ldfha ldka;d fin< m%hx.kS iy S
n,h ke;akus ;rAckh Ndjs;fhks’ n, il,iqrh 2004 oS hqO yuqod fiajfhka
s
fiakdOsm;s f,i lghq;= lrk ld,h wialrkq ,enqfha Tjqka yuqod lojqr ;=,
;=<oSo Tyq meusfKk;=re ishΩfokdu .Ksld jD;a;fha fhoS uqo,a tl;= l,
s
oskm;d fm, ieoS iSrefjka isgu mqreoaols’
S ksidh' tjlg tu n,ldfha wKfok
fujka mqreoq ckm;s ueoqfrAj;a wid ke;’ ks<Odrs jq lrAk,a isrs fmfrArdg fuu
hqOnsu m%p,s; l:djla jkafka biairyg ;SrKh .ekSug isojfha fuu jro ioyd
q q
.sfhd;a fcdkS” miaig .sfhd;a f*dkS fin<shka fofokdg uSg fmr 8 j;djla
hkakh’ ta Tyq uskika fufyhjk jsg
s q ovqjus lr ;snq ksidh' tfy;a 2005 oS ir;a
fcdkS ngsgka fkd;ld bosrhg hk fia
s f*dkafiald uy;d yuqodm;s jq jydu tu
finΩkag wK oqka jsg we;sjk ;;ajhhs’ fin<shka fofokd kej; fiajfha msygjd s q
finΩka f;dard.kafka msgmi isgk f*dkS
q s uykqjr l=,hg ksjilao ,ndoS Tyqf.a
s
fkdj ushhEu fyda fydohs lshd bosrmi s mrsyrKhg ;nd.;af;ah' fuu fin<shka
isgk fcdkSh’
s ,jd udkj ysulus kvqjla ousujd lrAk,a
s
isrs fmfrArdg jsreoaOj ir;a f*dkafiald
tys idCIs oqkfkah' miqj lrAk,a fmfrArd
a
yuqod fiajfhka wialr oeusfush'
14

14. ir;a f*dkafiald uy;df.a ldka;d ;j;a jrl w.% ufyaIldj f,i m%ioOj
s s a
fin< wka;#mqrfha jsjO jljdkq j,
s isgfha we,amgfha isg meusKs ldka;d
s s s
jsjO prs; w.fufyishf.a prs;h
s fin< l=uoq idrx.sh' ueh fl;rus
q
r.mEfjsh’ ld,hl tu ;k;=r oerE m%n,j isgfhao h;a fcAHIaG ks,OdrSkf,a
s a
fldam,a chiqrh fi$2R01250 fin<sh
% s nvv ;gsgq lr irA nv jevsh lshd
s
ks<Odrska fukau fcAHIaG finΩka lsym s lSug ;rus Yla;h ;snfkah' ta ir;a
s q
fofkl=f.au cSj; jskdY lr we;af;a
s f*dkafiald uy;d weh lshk TskEu
ir;a f*dkafiald uy;df.a yuqodm;s n,h fohla l, ksidh' jrla ldka;d fin<
Wmldrs lr.ksuk’s lsiu ks<Odrsfhl=g”
s s l=uoq wikSmj hqO yuqod frdAyf,a kej;S
q
n,,;a ks<Odrsfhl=g .reire fkdlrk isgk jsg wfjs,dfjs weh n,kakg meusKs
s
fldam,a chiqrh fin<shf.a jskh jsfrdaOs
% s fhfy,shka ;sfofkl= wdmiq yrjd hejSfus
l%hd j,g wjjdo iy ovqjus oSfus jrog”
s fya;jg ffjoH n,ldfha fldam,a nKavdr
= %
jir 20 la l%hdkaj;fha fiajh fldg
s s yuqodfjka wialf,ah' fuh hqO yuqod
n;a;ruq,, l|jqrg udrejS wd frcsfusk;=
a a ffjoH fiajfha TskEu flfkl= ;yjqre
ierhka fuscrA tia’ta’tka’ jsfcA;x. = lrkq we;'
yuqodm;s ir;a f*dkafiald jsika isr.;
s
fldg /lshdj mjd wysus fldg f.or fuf,i f*dkafiald uy;df.a wka;#mqrfha
hjd we;’ foore msfhl= jk Tyq wo wka; jsgka jsg w.% ufyaIldjf.a ;k;=r
s s
wirK ;;ajhg m;aj we;’ fynjqjka w;r” lms;dka ,CIuS fok.u”
15

15. lms;dka m%;s jSrr;ak” lms;dka rsould
S a s u; fin<shka ;u wjYH;d ioyd Ndjs;h
jSrr;ak” n,,;a ks<Odrs 11 kkaoks lf,dah’
ueKsfla” fldam,a chiqrh” fldam,a
% s %
wU.iamgh” ldka;d fin< m%hx.ks”
s s S o fkaIka mqj;amf;a ir;a f*dkafiald
il,iqrh” l=uoq l=udrs” ks,uKs rx.kS”
s q a s uy;df.a l%hdldrlus m,jSu;a iu.u
s
bfkdald frAKld” iqmk”s f,afkdard iy
q q udOHfjsos lS;a fkdhdrA meyerf.k
l=Urefyak m%uL ;eka f.k isg'
q q S f.dia myroqk’s bka wk;=rej fmdaoo, a
chka;” ik;a nd,iqrhg fukau rsjr
s s
udOH u¾Okh iy >d;k mqj;amf;a l;D Wmd,s f;kakfldakg a
.=gs neg oqkfka Tyqf.a i.hskuh’ 1993
a a
udOHlrejka w;f,diaila ir;a oS hd,afoajS fufyhqfuka miq ta .ek
f*dkafiald uy;df.a i.hska njg fy,slru iusnkaOj bland,a w;dia
s S
m;ajfha Tjqka fjkqfjka jsYd, uqo,a
q uy;df.a ksji wi, u,ajvus ;ekam;a
iusNdrhla ,ndfouska iy is;eÛs mrsos lf,ao ir;a f*dkafialdf.a i.hska jsik’s
s
i;=gq jSug wysxil fin<shka we;s muK ,ika; jslu;=x. >d;kh .ek ioyka
%
myi ioyd Tjqka fj; iemhSug fjkuu fkdl,;a ta ms<noj f;dr;=re uqΩ uy;a
s
ks<Odrs lKavdhulg Ndr lsrfuks’ hqO
S S rgjeishdu oks;’s
yuqodfjs we;s ksula ke;s rcfha fkdjk miq.h ld,h ;=, isojq rch uy;a
s q
wruqo,a jk frcsfusk;= wruqo,a rsifia
a s wmlSr;hg m;a l, w;a;fkdau;sl
A s
fnod.;a ks<OdrSko yuqodm;s wjirh
a uskuereus
S f,i ie,flk fcdai*a
16

16. mrrdcisxyus” kvrdcd rjsrdcA iy gS’ hqO ch.%yKfha ;ks whs;h ;ud fj;
s
ufyaIjrka >d;ko ir;a f*dkafiald
a mjrd .ekSfus woyi w;S;fha isgu ir;a
jsika fufyh jq nj kqore oskhl
s q f*dkafialdf.a ysf;a ;snk’s tksid Tyq
q
ck;djg meyeos,s jk jsg kej; kej;;a fndfyda jsg .=jka iy kdjsl iydh ,nd
W.kavdfjs bvS wuSka isyjkq we;’
s fkdf.k ryfiau ys;uf;ag fufyhqus
=
osh;a lf,ah’ uqyuf,a bosrhg taug s
fid,aod¥jka .ek fkd;elSu f.dia wjia:d ;=klos fid,aodoqjka 1600
la muK ush .sh w;r” ta ishΩ urK
lsioq oskhl fid,aodoqfjl=f.a urKhla
s fudyqf.a uu;ajh ksid isojq fmdf,dj
q
.ek wid lusmkhg m;a fkdjq ir;a kqy,k wmrdOhkah’ fufyhqus j,g
q
f*dkafiald” ;reK jsfha isgu kreufhl= kdjsl iy .=jka iydh ,nd.;af;a kus
f,i yuqodj ;=, m%p,s; jsh’ yuqodfjs fndfyda finΩka wo;a cSj;=ka w;rh’
m%udKh jevslru .ek;a” yuqodfjs ush
s S ke;akus w;a md we;s idudkH uskikh’ s q a
.sh ixLHdfjs jsYd,;ajh .ek;a l:d fuu w;a;fkdau;sl l%hdkaj; ksid Tyq
S s
lrk Tyq lsis osfkl urK ixLHdj ckdOsm;s;udf.a Woyig mjd ,lajh'
= s
wvqlrula .ek l:d lf,a ke;’ csj;h
Ss S s ta wjia:dfjs Tyq yuqodm;s ;k;=rka s
mqrdjgu tla osklaj;a fid,aodoqfjl=f.a mylsrug ;SrKh l,o miqj tu ;SrKh
S
u,.ulg iyNd.s fkdjq Tyq” ;=jd, jq fjkia lr we;'
fid,aodoqjka oelSug .sfhao” leurdlrejka
msrjrdf.k m%ioOh ,nd.ekSug muKs’
s s a s
17

17. cúfm l=uka;Kh
%
oekg ,enS we;s f;dr;=re wkqj 2005
fojrlau wjs n,fhka rfgs md,kh ue;sjrKfhaos cjsfm jsika uysko rdcmCI
s a
,nd.ekSug W;aidy fldg” th lsiod s ue;s;udg iydh oSug m%Odku fya;jla
= =
l, fkdyelalla nj jegyqK ck;d jqfha ir;a f*dkafiald uy;d yuqodm;s
jsul;s fmruqK” ta n,h flfia fyda
q a lrjd.ekSugh’ ir;a f*dkafiald uy;do
,nd.ekSu ioyd l=uka;Kh lf,a
% fus ioyd ix>hd jykafia,dg muKla
1994 pkaold nKavdrkdhl ue;sKh
s% s fkdj rfgs joskkg yels iEu flfkl=gu
a
rfgs n,hg m;aju;a iu.h’ Tjqka ta
S jekafoah’ wdrCIl f,alus f.daGdNh
jkjsg;a ir;a f*dkafiald uy;d iu. rdcmCI uy;dgo jeo yvd jegqfkah’
tl;= jS Tyq yuqodOsm;s ;k;=r olajd fy, Wreufha kdhljreka iy ysujrekas
f.k taug W;aidy oerSh’ tfy;a nqoOs a wNshio tf,iu jeo jegS yuqodm;s
f;dr;=re jsYf,aIKh lsrfuka miq
a S lu ,nd.ekSug Wojs b,a,d isgfhah’ s
ue;sKh lsijfgl;a ir;a f*dkafiald
s s s ish,a,kaf.au b,a,us j,g lkaofuka miq
S S
yuqodm;s lrjSu m%;fCIam lf<ah’ ta Tyq
s ckdOsm;s ;=ud Tyq yuqodOsm;s lf,ah’
jsYjdikSh mqo.,fhl= f,i ms,s fkd.;a
a a
ksidh’ ir;a f*dkafiald uy;d yuqodm;s cd;Hdka;r iydh iy ms,.ekSu fkdue;sj
s
lsrug cjsfmg wjYH jqfha Tyq u.ska
S yuqod l=uka;Khlska rfgs md,kh
%
;uka yg lsiofkl ,nd.ekSug fkdyels
s s Woqrdf.k tjlg n,.;=j isgs fldgs
rdcH n,h yuqod l=uka;Khla u.ska fyda
% ;%i;jdoSka yd igka lsrug fkdyels
a S
Woqrd.ekSugh’
18

18. nejsk”a rg w,a,d.ekSfus lghq;; cjsfm
a cd;Hdka;r l=uka;Kh
%
iy ir;a f*dkafiald l,aoeusfush’ fldgs
;%i;jdoSka mrdch lsru ioyd ckdOsm;s
a S yuqod l=uka;Khla% ioyd Tyqg
uysko rdcmCI ue;s;ud;a” wdrCIl
a = iydhla fkdue;s nj;a” ckdOsm;s
f,alus f.daGdNh rdcmCI uy;d;a ;=ud b;du;a ckm%h nj;a jgyd.;a
s
w;HdjYH nj Tjqka oek isgfhah' hqO
s Tyq cjsfm yd B<. mshjr f,i hqO
ch.%yKfha wjidkh lsggq jk jsg
s ch.%yKfha whs;h ;udgu mjrdf.k
s
ir;a f*dkafialdg yuqod l=uka;Khla % ck;d jsul;s fmruqfKa ckdOsm;s Oqr
q a
lsrug wjYH jqjo ta jk jsg wfkl=;a
S wfmaCIl f,i ckdOsm;sjrKhg taug;a”
hqO yuqod ks<Odrska ish,af,dau Tyqf.a ckdOsm;sjrKh f;la ks, weoqfus flfia
l=rrelus ksid Tyq yd WrK jS isgfhdah’
s s fyda /oS isgh hq;= nj;a ;SrKh lrk ,os’
s
fid,aodoqjkao ir;a f*dkafiald jsYdu % hqOnsug fkd.sh;a” yels;rus udOHfjsoka S
hk ;=re n,d isgfhdah’ kdjsl yd .=jka
s msrjrd wdrCIl j<,q 4 lska jglrf.k
s
yuqodm;sjre” ks<Odrska iy Nghkaa hqO fufyhqus lrk m%foaY j, ks<OdrSka
f*dkafialdf.a kreulus” widOdrKlus” yuqjug f.dia oskm;d rEmjdysks j,ska
S
fkduskilus yoqkdf.k isgfhdah’ Tyqg
s a s ;u rEmh m%pdrh lsrug;a” mqj;am;aj,
S
yuqod l=uka;Khla lsrug fkdyels jqfha
% S PdhdrEm m,lsrug;a lghq;= lf,a fuys
S
tnejsk’s tla mshjrla jYfhks’ ;jo rEmjdysks
idlpsPdj,os hqoOh 95] lau ;ud l, nj
a
lshuska Wous wekSug;a” ush .sh rKjsrejka
19

19. .ekj;a ioyka fkdlr .=Kul=jug;a tfy;a tjlg ckdOsm;s uysko rdcmCI
S a
Tyq W;ali jqfha tnejsk’s
= ue;s;ud” wdrCIl f,alus ;=ud” kdjsl”
=
.=jka yuqodm;sjre iy hqO fmruqfKa
cjsfm Pkao ,CI fol muKla ,ndf.k isgs ishΩu hqO yuqod fikam;shka isgfha s
lsiokl furfgys n,h ,nd.ekSug hqoOh flfia fyda wjika l, hq;h hk
s s a =
fkdyels jq ;ek cjsfm kdhlhkaf.a oevs ;SrKfhah’
Wml%u u; tlai;a cd;sl mCIh
fuhg wEod.ekSug yelsju f*dkafiald ;ksju nqÿùu
S q
uy;df.a tla ;djld,sl ch.%yKhls’
tfukau hqO ch.%yKh wjidk wOshfrAoS hqoOfha wjika wOshfrAoS uq,;sjs uqyoq
a q
u;=jq cd;Hdka;r n,mEu m%fhdackhg ;Srhg fldgqjS isgs fldgs ;%i;jdoSkg a a
.ekSug tcdmh iu. ie,iqus lsrug jglr myroSu ioyd uqyoka n, weKs
S q s
ir;a f*dkafiald Wml%uYS,S jsh’ hqoOfha f.dvneiaijSu msKi kdjsl yuqodj
a s
wjidkh fmkS fmkS wefursldj” ns;dkH jsika bosrm;a lrk ,o ie,iqu ir;a
% s s
we;=Ω ngysr rgj,a j,g m%Ndlrka f*dkafiald uy;d jsika tlfy,du s
we;=Ω ;%i; kdhlhska fnsrd.ekSug m%;fCIam lf,ah’ ta ngysr rgj, ie,iqu
a s
Wjukd jq w;r” ta ioyd Wml%u fhoqfjs wkqj insuerSka f.kajd fyda fy,sfldmagrA
ljo;a Tjqka yd tlajq tlai;a cd;sl fhdod fyda fldgs kdhlhkag uqyo q
mCIh iu.h’ Tjqkf.a n,mEu jqfha me;af;ka m,dhdug bv yerSugh’ ir;a
a
hqoOh flfia fyda kj;d ouk f,ihs’ f*dkafiald uy;d fus ie,iqu Tyq nSniS
a S
20

20. cd,h iu. l, idlpsPdjlos fy,sorjs hqO” kdjsl yd .=jka yuqod fifkjshka
lf,a kdjsl yuqodfjs oqrj,lu ksid
A iu. idlpsPd lr iusnkaOlrKh S
uqyoka fldgss kdhlhska mek hd yels
q s ish;g .;af;a ta ms<no ,sL;ju yuqod
s s
nj mjiusk’s ta Tyqf.a .e,jSu ioyd uq,ia:dk fj; ksfhda. ksl;a lrusk’s
=
hqO yuqodj Bg j. lsj hq;= ke;s nj tfia fkdjkakg wo hqoOfha ;;ajh uSg
a
fmkajughs’
S jvd fjkia jkakg bv ;snK’s
q
ta jk jsg ir;a f*dkafialdf.a weursldj úrejka ì,sou
S
iu. ;snq l=uka;Kh fy,sorjs jS
%
fkd;snko” Tyqf.a jEhu m%Ndlrka yd
q hqO yuqod fiakdxl kef.kysr fjr,
kdhlhska msrig uqyoka m,dhdug bvyerSu
s q s ;Srh osf.a mq,ufvs isg uq,;sjs foig;a”
a q
nj foaYmd,k yd kdjsl yuqod kdhl;ajh k.rA fldaj,a isg uq,;sjs foig;a” ol=Kka
s s
fydoska jgydf.k ;snk’s hqoOfha wjidk
q a iy W;=rka .uka lf,ah’ fus iu.u uqyfoa
s q
wOshfrAos hqO” kdjsl yd .=jka yuqod w;r rdcldrs lghq;= lsru ioyd kdjsl yuqod
S
b;d iuSm iusnkaO;djhla wjYH jqj;a jsfYaI hd;%d iy CIKsl jsyous hd;%d
s q
ir;a f*dkafialdf.a ksfhda.h jqfha lsioq s lKavdhus khdre iy pqKvl,us l,mqj
a s =
hqO yuqod ks<Odrsfhla kdjsl yd .=jka fj; f.dia l%hdkaj; wdrusN lsrug
s s S
yuqod iu. iusnkaOlus fkdmeje;ajh s W;aidy oerejo ir;a f*dkafiald uy;d
hq;= njh’ fus ;;ajh jgyd.;a wdrCIl tajdg wjysr lf,a Tyqf.a l=uka;Kh %
f,alus ;=ud oskm;d hqO fmruqfKys isgs widrA:l jk nejsk’s ta ioyd wkque;sh
21

21. ,ndoqkfka wdrCIl uKav, /iajfusos
a S l=vd hd;%d j,g fjr,g taug ;snq ;yku
ckdOsm;s;udf.a ksfhda. u;h’ tfy;a
= ksid tajd f.dvnsug wdikakfha uqyfoa q
Tyq pqKvl,us l,mqfjs fudah lg udΩ
a s = kex.=rus,d ;enSug;a” wjYH wdydr” f;,a
fndaggq .s,jd kdjsl hd;%d j,g hd
s a ,nd.ekSug f.dvg mSkd taug;a isojh’q s
fkdyels fia jidoeuSug ;rus lDDr jsh’ f.dvg meusK osh kd .;a kdjsl finΩka
rd;%fha uqr ixpdrh ioyd hd;%d j,g
s
m%Ndlrka uqyoka mekhdu je,elaju
q s S .sfha uqyfoa mSkd f.diah’ Tjqka YS;,
q
ioyd kdjsl yuqodj uqΩ Yla;hu fhdojd”
s rd;%h .; lf,a ,qKq j;=frka f;;nrs;
s
hd;%d 100 lg wOsl ixLHdjlska uq,;sjs jq weoqus yd hg weoqus iu.h’ fus ir;a
uqyoq ;Srh jeg,Sh’ pqKvl,us iy pf,hs
q a s = f*dkafiald uy;d wjika igkg iydh
hqO yuqod n,hg k;=jS ;snq w;r” ir;a oqka wdldrhhs’
f*dkafiald uy;d kdjsl hd;%dj,g
fjr,g taug fkdfok f,i;a” kdjsl igka nsfus wjika i;s lSmh ;=, hqO
finΩkag lEu” nSu yd c,h fkdfok yuqodfjs ush .sh ks<OdrSka iy finΩkaf.a
f,i;a tjlg tys isgs fiakdxldOsm;s ixLHdj b;d by,h’ l,mq j, m%jdykhg
n%f.avhrA m%ikak is,jdg wK oS ;snk’s
s s a q iy c,h wdY%; ndOl ch.ekSug kdjsl
S
tfy;a ch.%yKh ioyd lemjS isgs yuqodfjs jsfYaI mqyKj ,;a myiqlus
q q
n%f.avhrA m%ikak is,jd ryfiau ;u
s s a iys; jsfYaI hd;%d n,>Kh fhojSug
fid,aodoqjkaf.a wdydr iy c,h kdjsl igka fmruqfKa isgs hqO yuqod fikam;shka
finΩka fj; fnod oqk’s b,a,d isgho” ir;a f*dkafiald tu
s
22

22. fhdackd m%;fCIam lf,a lShla uereK;a
s .shd kus ;uqfiaf.a Wkq;a uefrkak tmdhE
lula keye fkajs tl .dj.kak tmd Thsg jevsh hkqfjka weiSu Tyqf.a iqmreoq
q
lshusk’s ta fmr isgu hqoOh ;ud muKla
a osk prAhdfjs fldgils’
oskq nj rgg mejiSug wjYHj ;snq nejsk’s
igka nsfus isgs fifkjshkag lka oqkfka
a wka whf.a ms<l,
s =
kus ;j;a jgskd fin, cSj; fndfyda
s
.Kkla fnsrd.ekSug ;snk’s q ir;a f*dkafiald uy;d Tyq jgd isgs
lsifjl= jsYjdi lf,a ke;’ ;udf.au
s a
osjs msoq jsrejkaf.a cSj; j, lsioq
s s wOsiydhl ks<Odrshdj;a ^ta’vS’iS’& jsYjdi
a
jgskdlula ir;a f*dkafialdg fkd;snq fkdlf,a Tjqkg ;srikqkg fuka ie,l=
a s a
njg fndfyda idCIs we;’ Tyq igka nsfus fyhsk’s hqO yuqodfjs fuscrA fckrd,a
idrA:l;ajh” tvs;rlu uekafka ush hk ks,hg Wiia jq jsg ta’vS’iS’ flfkla
finΩkaf.a ixLHdj yd ixikaOkh lrusk’s ,efnk w;r” idudkHfhka jsYdu hk ;=re
%
Tyq fiakdxldOSm;Skf.ka
a f;dr;=re ta’vS’iS’ jreka udrejkafka tlaflfkla fyda
jsuik jsg wikafka Tfyaf.a fmruqfKa fokafkla muKs’ Tjqka ks<Odrshdg yqre
wfma Wka lShla uereko lshdh’ uerek mqreoq jk ksid ks;r udre lrkafka ke;’
ixLHdj ixikaOkd;aulj wvq kus wehs fckrd,a f*dkafiald fus iusnkaOj .skia
TShs ;uqfif.a Tpspr wvqfjka uerefka jdrA:djg ysulus lshhs’ Tyqg fiajh
s
wksla n%f.avs tfla fupspr uers,d ;sfhoao’s
S fldg we;s ta’vS’iS’ jrekaf.a .Kk 23 ls’
;uqfia miai .yf.k bkak we;s’ biairyg ta Tjqka ish,af,dau Tyq <. fiajh l,
23

23. fkdyels ksid fiajfhka mek .sh ksid” .=jka yuqod ks<OdrSko Tyq hgf;a fiajh
a
b,a,d udrejS .sh ksid fyda mhska .id lsru tlfy,du m%;fCIam lf,ah'
S s
mekakq fyhsk’s fus kus ,ehsi;j hqO
a =
yuqod uq,ia:dkfhka ,nd .; yel' Tyq ;ud uskikg i,lk wdldrh .ek okakd
s q a
;j;a .Skia jdrA:djla ;nd we;' ta Tyqg ksidu Tyqg wka wh jsYjdi ke;s jSu
a
jsreoaOj we;s udkj ysulus W,a,x>k kvq
s idOdrKh’ ir;a f*dkafiald uy;d msg
46 ksidh' l|jqrlg rdcldrshla ioyd .sh jsg tu
ia:dk j,ska j;=r fndkafka jsI weoaoehs
150”000 isgk hqO yuqodfjs fuscrA
s mrSCId lsrfuka wk;=rejh’ ta ioyd Tyq
S
fckrd,ajreka fofofkl= iy n%f. S mrSCIK WmlrK f.khkafka ke;’ j;=r
vhrAjre y;rfofkl= yer iuia: hqO
a s fcda.j Tyq bosrhg f.k js;a thska m<uq
= s
yuqod ixy;shu ir;a f*dkafiald iu. jSorej wi, isgk fid,aodoqfjl=g nSug oS
q s
wukdmfhka isgfhah' ldka;d fin<shka
s Tyqg fmak f;la udkfha iSrefjka isgug S
w;f,diaila yer iuia: fid,aodoqjkau ie,eiajfuka c,fha jsI ke;s nj fidhd.
S
isgfha oevs wm%idofhks' wdrCIl udKav,sl
s kS’ ir;a f*dkafiald j;=r fndkafka
m%Odks f,i m;ajq jsg Tyq hgf;a fiajhg bka jskdvs lSmhlg miqjh’ oskla ir;a
m;a l, ishΩu ks<OdrSka wlue;a; f*dkafialdg j;=r oqka jSorefjs fin,df.a
q
m%ldY lr isgs w;r” hqO yuqodm;sf.a we.s,s ie,l=Kq ;snu fya;fjka lsmk
S = q
ueosy;ajfuka ks<Odrska tu ia:dkhg
S ir;a f*dkafiald wysxil fid,aodoqjdf.a
nf,ka fuka wkqhl; lf,ah' kdjsl yd
q a uqyKg j;=r jSorefjka .eiSh' uqyfKa
q q q
24

24. kdih iy ol=Kq weihg iy ueyqus 6 la hqO yuqodfjs iodld,sl wKfokakd”
oeuSug isojh' wei fnsrefka wkqkjfhks' lemS fmfkkakd jSfus woyiska isgs fudyq
q s
oialus md fmrg wd” meiiqug ,lajq
mrdchka fndfyda fcAHIaG ks<OdrSkg mkak mkakd
a
myroqkfka” Tjqkf.a cSj; iusmrKfhkau
a a s q A
ir;a f*dkafiald uy;d l:d lrkafka jskdY lf,a ;ud muKla ch.%yKfha
hqO nsfus os.gu ch.%yK muKla ,;a whs;h ;ksju Wreu lr.; hq;hehs hk
s =
fifkjsfhl= f,ih’ tfy;a Tyq hqOnsfus ye.Sfuka jev l, ksidh’ ;udf.a we;s
uyd mrdchkago j. lsj hq;h’ uSg jir wuklu ksid Wiiajus iy udrejSus ioyd
= S
lSmhlg fmr w,suxlv l|jqr w;yer ;u nsro f*dkafialdg ns,s oqka ks<OdrSka
s
miqnisk f,i wKoqkfka Tyqh’ miqnisk fukau ;u ieushdf.a Wiiaju oshKj
a S q q
fiakdxlfha 400 g wOsl msrila iuq, m;d ;u m;sj; f*dkafialdg mqcd l,
s
>d;kh jqfha Tjqkg ksis iydhla ,nd nsrkoEjre .eko yuqodj ;=, m%p,s;
s a
kqoka ksidh’ je,sTh .cndmqr mdrusmrsl l:d we;'
q
isxy, .usudkh w;yer miqneiSug
wKoqkfkao fudyqh' lhsgia 2 jk iafjspPd ¥IKh iy jxpdj
a s s
n,weKsfha finΩka 100 la >d;kh lr
wKfok ks<Odrs urd fldfydU .il ir;a f*dkafiald uy;d Okh /ialrug;a” s S
t,a,fjs ir;a f*dkafialdf.a wKil rcfha wruqo,a j,ska hemSug;a b;d .scq
q
hgf;a ;snhoSh’
s njla olajkafkls' Tyqf.a oshKshka
fofokdu weursldjg hjd wOHdmkh 25

25. ,ndoqkfkah’ weursldfjs Tlaf,dafydaud
a wvq ;ruska mrApia 25 la j;a wjYH nj
k.rfha iqmrs ksjdi follg ysulus
s s ;osku lshd isgfhao ir;a f*dkafiald
a s
lshk w;r” oshKshka fofokdgu wOs uy;d muKs’ tys jgskdlu remsh,a fldags
iqfmdaLfNda.S jdyk follau ;E.S jYfhka 10 ls'
,ndoS we;' yuqodm;s jSug fndfyda fmr”
rcfha ieg,hsgs oqrl:khlska weursldfjs ir;a f*dkafialdf.a jevsuy,a oshKsh
isgk oshKshkag iy tx.,ka;fha isgs
s jsjdy isgkfka jsYdusl n%f.avhrA
s a % s s
fmusj;shlg l:d lsru ioyd oqrl:k
S ;s,lr;akf.a mq;% Okqk ;s,lr;ak
ns, remsh,a us,hk 4'9 la olajd by,
s iu.h' Tyq i;=j weursldfjs yhsfldam a
hdu tl, uqΩ uy;a rg ;=,u m%ioO jsh’
s a kuska iud.ula wdrusN lr we;' hqO
yuqodm;s jsika Tyqg mejrs we;s n,h wkqj
s
fndaunfhka ;=jd, jq jsg oqjreka fofokdg
s remsh,a us,hk 25 g wvq ishΩu us,oS.
s
uqo,a hejqfjs rcfha wruqo,a j,sk’s ta tla ekSus lrk ,oafoa fus iud.u yrydh'
oqjlg uilg remsh,a 150”000$= ne.sk’s ;jo mlsi:dkfha iy pSkfha fkdrskfld
a a
jsYdu hdfusos jsfYaI lenskgs wkque;shla
% iud.fuka us<oS.;a iEu WKavhlsku a
u; Tyqg remsh,a ,CI 440 la jgskd fvd,rA Y; 2 la ^re 2$= la& iy ld,;=jlal=
iqfmdaLfNda.S r:hla ,ndoqkfka Tyqf.a
a WKavhlska fvd,rA 20 la ^re 2000$= la&
oevs wdhdpkh u;h’ ;%jO yuqodm;sjreka
S s Okqk ;s,lr;akf.a weursldkq nexl=
fj; rcfha bvus lene,a,la oqka jsg .sKula we;s fpsia uekayegka nexl=fjs
q
mrApia 10 la m%udKj;a fkdjk nj lshd Tlaf,dafydaud YdLdfjs ;ekam;a jS we;'
26

26. ir;a f*dkafiald uy;d uqyuf,a wdrCIl m<s.ekSula jYfhka Wiiaju fkdoqka miq
S
l,dmfha isg fkdlvjd ld,;=jlal= ksu,a chiqrh Widjs ksfhda.hla u.ska
s
WKav ,CI 4 la m;a;lru yd fuh w;r
= s S fuscrA fckrd,a Wiiaju ,nd.;s' tfy;a
S
iusnkaOhla we;ehs ks<OdrSka mji;s' miqj Tyq ksjdvq .sh miq ks, ksji ;=,g
wjs iy m;frdus oud fndre fpdaokd u;
ffjrh yd m<s.ekSï jeroslre lr” ksu,a chiqrh yuqodfjka
s
wialf,ah' Tyq b;d oCI wjxl fukau
ir;a f*dkafiald lrAk,a ks,fhaoS cSj;ajfka yeuf.a f.!rjhg md;% jq ks<Odrsfhls'
q
iusgs ksjdi j,h' hdno ksjfia isgs fuscrA
ksu,a chiqrh uy;df.a rshoqre jdykh kef.kysr uqod.;a igkg wK oqkfka
s a
miqmig .ksooS ir;a f*dkafialdf.a n,q kef.kysr wdrCIl fiakdm;s fuscrA
a
megjl= hgjS ush.sfhah' ir;a f*dkafiald fckrd,a mkakmgh iy fiakdm;ska jk
s s s
rshoqre fid,aodoqjd osk 60 la isr.; fuscrA fckrd,a ohd r;akdhl iy n%f. s
fldg /lshdfjka fkrmk f,i n,mEus vhrA m%ikak is,jdh' kj ixl,am wkqj
a s a
l,o” fuscrA chiqrh thg tl. fkdjSh' fufyh jq fuu igk idrA:lj ch.;a
s
miqj f*dkafiald uy;df.a re' us,hk miq w;s.re ckdOsm;s;ud fuu ks<Odrska
s =
4'9 l cd;Hdka;r oqrl:k ns, iusnkaO ckm;s ueoqrg leojd m%Yxid lf,ah'
mrSCIKfha iNdm;s jYfhka lghq;= fus ms<noj WrK jq ir;a f*dkafiald
s
lsru iusnkaOjo ir;a f*dkafiald uy;d uy;d Tjqka yd ffjr neo.;a w;r
S
ksu,a chiqrh iu. ffjr nekafoah' uSg ohd r;akdhl yd m%ikak is,jd iemhqus
s a
27

27. rdcldrs j,g udre lr hejSh' mrdl%u fuu jskh jsfrdaOs l%hdj iusnkaOj
s
mkakmgh fckrd,ajrhdgo fkdue;s
s s s mrSCIKh meje;ajfha fuscrA fckrd,a
q
jeros mgjd Tyqo wksjdrAh ksjdvq u; pkaojxYh' jro ms<.;a lrAk,a lms,
% s
hejSh' r;akdhl yuqodfjka wiaflrsK' tfy;a
yuqodm;s jq jydu ir;a f*dkafiald
lrAk,a lms, r;akdhl ir;a
fuscrA fckrd,a pkaojxY lkalika;rh
% =
f*dkafialdf.a ys;jf;l= jqfha Tyqg jrdfha kejs j,ska nvq nEu” megjSu
mrsyrKh ioyd ldka;djka f.kjs;a wOSCIKh ioyd fhdojk ,os' b;d oCI”
fok ksidh' wjidkfha lms, r;akdhlg lSr;u;a” fcAHIaG” igkanfus chflfy,s
A s s
isojfha Tyqf.a wkshus nsrola jk” mek.
q q s kxjd molalus oskd isgs jsfYaI n,ldfha
h yuqod fin<shla jk
s f,fkdardo
fldudkafvda mqyKj ,;a ks<Odrsfhl= jq
q q
ir;a f*dkafialf.a iekiSu ioyd fckrd,a pkaojxY oevs l,lsrfuka hq;j
% S =
,ndoSugh' weh f*dkafialdf.a ksjfia yuqod fiajfhka b,a,d wiajh' s
isg wdmiq /f.k hoaoS mdkaor cdufha
fld<U k.rfhaos jdykh yosis wk;=rlg wudkqIl;ajh
s
Ndckh jS ks<Odrshdf.a iy mek .sh
fin<shf.a ll=,a levS ryi fy,sorjs 2002 jifrA hdmkh wdrCIl fiakdOsm;s
jsh' fuh mqj;am;a u.sko m%pdrh jsh'
a f,i fiajh lrk ld,h ;=, ks<Odrs
ksjdi l<uKdlrej isgfha ,q;kka
s s
28

28. iqukfiakh' oskla lEug ;snq flda,lggq
s = s f*dkafiald uy;df.a jshyshous fjk;a
f.vshla yrsyegs boS fkd;snu ksid
S mqo.,hska u; megjSug wlue;sju ms<no
a S s
flak;fhka ks<Odrshdg myr oS” fusih
a s m%Ykhla u;h' fuscrA fckrd,a ir;a
a
hgg oud flda,lggq wejrshu tljr
s = s f*dkafiald wfkl=;a ks<OdrSkg iy a
ljk ,os' bkamiq Tyq t;ekska udre lr finΩkag oqka wdydr lsiokl .kafka
s s
oeuSh' ,q;kka iqukfiakf.ka miq ks<Odrs
s ke;' ug Th crdj tmd lshd tajd
ksjdifha l<uKdlre f,i wdfjs ,q;kka s m%;fCIam lf,ah' ishΩu wdydr fjkuu
s
jE;,djhs' ta jk jsg Tyqf.a jevsuy,a .=jka u.ska fld<U isg f.kajd .kakd
fidhqre lms;dka jE;,dj igkanfus osjs
s ,oS' Tyqf.a udisl wdydr ns, re' 50”000'00
mqod ;snk' oskla lEfuka miq wU lmd ;snq
q s blau jq w;r” ks;Hdkql,j fmdf;ys
+
ms.dfka ieris,,la f,i wU fldgsgho
a igyka jqfha re' 300000 lg wvqfjks'
fkd;snfus fya;fjka Tyqg myr oS
S = b;srs uqo,a rdcldrs u; meusfKk rcfha
wksjdrAh ksjdvq u; fiajfhka bj;a lrk ksfhdac; uKav,j, jshous u.ska mshjd.
s
,os' kakg ks<OdrSkg Wmfoia oS ;snk'
a q s
bka wk;=rej ks<Odrs ksjdi l<uKdlre jsjO fya;ka u; wkjirfhka yuqod
s =
f,i m;aj wdfjs lms;dka iuka o is,jdh'
a fiajh w;yer.sh ;%jO yuqod mqo.,hska
s s a
Tyqgo gsl l,la we;=,; myr oS mkakd w;awvx.=jg .ekSfuka fyda NdrjSfuka
oeuq w;r Tyqo wksjdrAh ksjdvq u; miq Tjqkg ovqjus oS ksjeros lsru
a S
fiajfhka bj;a lrk ,oS' Bg fya;j jqfha
= fyda fiajfhka my lsru yuqod jskh
S
29

29. mj;ajdf.k hdug w;HdjYH lreKls' wdydrmdk” weoqus me<oqus yd isr;a jsr;a
s s
tfy;a Tjqkg ffjrfhka osh yels Wmrsu
a ngysr me;a;gu nrjsh' irula weoSu
ovqju kshu lsru idudkHfhka isoq
S k;r lr ta fjkqjg ksok ldur lndhla
fkdfjs' hqoOh ksud jk jsg hqO yuqodj
a weoSug;a” yekafoka .Eremamfjka lEug;a
q
jsika ir;a f*dkafialdf.a wK u;
s mqreoq jq w;r” wosk m<osk weoqus wdhs;;us
a
nrm;, jev we;sj nkaOkd.dr .; lr ish,a,u tx.,ka;h yd wefursldfjka
;snq ixLHdj ks<Odrska 136 la yd finΩka wdkhkh l, tajd jsh' tmuKla fkdj
4355 ls' kdjsl yd .=jka yuqod j, tla iqmrs me,eka;hg muKla f.!rj lrk
s s
wfhla j;a nkaOkd.dr .; lr ;snfka q Tyq .usokjs j,ska meusKs ks<OdrSkg” a
ke;' fuh w.ue;s;ud mdrA,fusk;fjs
= s a = fid,aodoqjkag ie,l=fjs w;m,af,ka .sh
fok ms<;rlska Wmqgd .eksk' fuu ishΩ
s = Wkag fuks' fndfydafofkl= jsika Tyq s
fokdu ckm;s;udf.a ksfhda.hla u;
= ms<l,a l, m%Odk fya;jla jqfha thhs'
s = =
ksoyia lf,ah'
uE;os mqj;am;a u.ska m,jq msx;=rhl ir;a
ngysrg .e;slu f*dkafiald uy;d ks, ksji ;=, b;d
jgskd ve,afusIka jrA.fha rg n,af,l=
.ul idudkH mjq,l bmoqko ir;a iqr;,a lrkjd oel.kakg ,enqk' ta s
f*dkafiald l%u l%ufhka uq, wu;l Tyqf.a i;aj lreKdj fmkaju ioyd S
lr ngysr mkakhg ;oska mqreoq jqfjls' jqjo we;a; th fkdfjs' hk hk ks, ksji
fj; b;d jgskd n,af,l= /f.k hk Tyq
30

30. m%:ufhka lrkafka ta lojqre y;ros.Nd.
a fkdjq ckdOsm;s uysko rdcmCI ue;s;ud
a =
fhau isgk n,a,ka iuq, >d;kh lrk
s fmdarlhg hejSugh’
f,ihs' ks<Odrska iy finΩka iqr;,a
lrk” ys,EjS we;s tl n,af,la j;a b;srs ir;a f*dkafiald jsika 1989 NSIK
s
lsrug fkdfokafka Tjqkf.ka ;udf.a rg
S a iufha b;du;a wudkqIl f,i cjsfms
n,a,dg frda. fndajh yels nj mjiusk'
s s idudcslhska urd oeuq yegs cjsfm oeka
fkdokakdfia isgs cjsfm idudcslhka jooS
cjsfm n,dfmdfrd;a;= jq yuqod urdoeuqjd muKla fkdj bka wk;=rej
l=uka;Kh widrA:l jq miq osh;a lr
% mjq,a j, isgs iqrEmS nsrkoEjre” fidhqrhka
s a s
we;s fuu l=uka;Khg oek fyda fkdoek
% iy oshKshka f*dkafiald Tyqf.a lusiem
tcdmho iydh fohs’ uE;los ir;a ioyd mrsyrkhg f.k Tyqf.a fiiq
f*dkafiald uy;d weursldjg f.dia ks<OdrSkgo finΩkago ta wmrdO lsrug
a S
ckdOsm;sjrKhg fmkS isgug wjYH
S bvoS n,disgfhah'
s
wjirh iy uqo,a weursldkq rdcHfhka
,ndf.k meusKfha oskfjd;a ckdOsm;s
s q fujr Pkaoh oSug fmr ie,lsh hq;=
jS weursldjg rsis mrsos rg md,kh m%Odku lreK jkafka ;ud Pkaoh
lrkakgh’ mrdch jqjfyd;a weursldjg mdjspps lrk mqo.,hd f,dal OrAuhg
s a
wjYH mrsos fuu rg f,dalh yuqfjs mdjdoS wkqj fydo fkdfydo okakjdo hkak .ek
wm rfgs hqO jsrejka cd;Hdka;r hqO fidhd ne,Suhs’ uskia cSj; j, jgskdlu”
s s
wOslrKhg f.khdugh’ Tjqkg wjk; uskikf.a oql” idrOrAu” l, .=K yoqkk
s q a
mqo.,fhl=o hkakhs’
a
31

31. f,a iqj| fydoska yqre mqreoq cjsfm Tjqkg
lsiokl
s s m%cd;ka;jdoSj
% ,nd.ekSug
fkdyels n,h ,nd.ekSug jsjO wdldrfhka
s
orK W;aidyfha ;=kjk wjia:dj jk
a
fuu ckm;sjrKfhaos rfgs nqoOu;a a s
ck;dj fujr b;d nqoOu;aj Pkaoh
a s
Ndjs;d l< hq;j we;’ tu.ska wm rg
=
ksoyia m%cd;ka;jdos rgla f,i ;sfnkjdo”
%
ke;akus W.kavdj fuka n,fhka Wu;= jq”
nsyiKq yuqod wd{dodhlfhl= nsylr fus
s q s
idulduS foaYh kej;;a f,a js,la lrkjdo
hkak ;SrKh jkq we;’
i;H f;dr;=re weiqfrks'
32