Three years ago, the Zika virus was nowhere to be found in the Western Hemisphere. But in 2015, Brazil suddenly found itself in the throes of an unprecedented Zika outbreak — with more than a million people infected by the mosquito-transmitted disease
8. ZIKV- A member of the Flaviviridae virus family
and the Flavivirus genus
8
Zika Virus
9. 9
The virus was named after the region where it was found in
the Zika Forest of Uganda — in 1947
What is Zika?why it is called as Zika
10. 10
History
Isolated Fist in 1947 from rhesus macaque in the Zika
Forest of Uganda
1968 - isolated for the first time from humans in
Nigeria
Since then, it has remained mainly in Africa, with small and
sporadic outbreaks in Asia. In 2007, a major epidemic was
reported on the island of Yap (Micronesia), where nearly 75% of
the population was infected.
October 2013 -French Polynesia
May 2015 - Brazil
Since October 2015, other countries and territories of the
Americas have reported the presence of the virus
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WHO warned the mosquito-borne virus was likely to spread to all countries in the
Americas except for Canada and Chile.
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29 January 2016 – States of America - United States Virgin Islands
27 January 2016 –Dominican Republic
21 January 2016 –France - Saint Martin and Guadeloupe
21 January 2016 –Haiti
20 January 2016 –Bolivia
20 January 2016 –Guyana, Barbados and Ecuador
8 January 2016 –United States of America - Puerto Rico
8 January 2016 –France - French Guiana and Martinique
22 December 2015 –Panama
21 December 2015 –Honduras
21 December 2015 –Cape Verde
5 December 2015 –Panama
3 December 2015 –Venezuela
3 December 2015 –Mexico
3 December 2015 –Paraguay
27 November 2015 –Guatemala
27 November 2015 –El Salvador
13 November 2015 –Suriname
11 November 2015 –Suriname
21 October 2015 –Brazil and Colombia
Zika virus infection: Disease outbreak news
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Zika virus infection in UNITED STATES
So far, local transmission of Zika virus has not been identified in the continental United
States, but there have been cases in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. And travelers
returning to a number of states have tested positive for the virus.
16. Low-grade fever (between 37.8°C and 38.5°C)
arthralgia, notably of small joints of hands and
feet, with possible swollen joints
Myalgia
Headache, retro-ocular headaches
Conjunctivitis
Cutaneous maculopapular rash
Post-infection asthenia which seems to be
frequent
16
What are the Symptoms ?
About 1 in 5 people infected with Zika virus become ill (i.e., develop Zika).
17. Those infected with Zika during pregnancy appear to be
able to transmit the virus to their fetuses. In some cases,
this may lead to microcephaly, a terrible congenital
condition that's associated with a small head and
incomplete brain development. Babies born with
microcephaly have a limited life expectancy and poor
brain function.
17
Symptoms
18. 18
In 2015, Zika virus RNA was detected in the amniotic fluid of two
fetuses, indicating that it crossed the placenta and could cause fetal
infection. On 20 January 2016, scientists from the state of Paraná,
Brazil, detected genetic material of Zika virus in the placenta of a
woman, who had undergone an abortion due to the fetus'
microcephaly, which confirmed that the virus is able to pass the
placenta
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Guillain–Barre syndrome
GBS is a rare disorder where a person’s own immune system damages the nerve
cells, causing muscle weakness and sometimes, paralysis. These symptoms can last
a few weeks or several months. While most people fully recover from GBS, some
people have permanent damage and in rare cases, people have died.
21. 21
During the Zika virus outbreak in French Polynesia with 8750 suspected cases, 74
patients presented with neurological syndromes or autoimmune syndromes
following an illness with symptoms compatible with Zika virus infection in
previous days. Of these, 42 were diagnosed as Guillain – Barrésyndrome
In Brazil, 121 cases of neurological manifestations and Guillain–Barré syndrome
(GBS) were notified .
WHO currently talking about a rate of 2.3 cases of Guillain-Barre
for every 1,000 patients with Zika
22. 22
Three years ago, the Zika virus was nowhere to be found
in the Western Hemisphere. But in 2015, Brazil suddenly
found itself in the throes of an unprecedented Zika
outbreak — with more than a million people infected by
the mosquito-transmitted disease
24. Mosquito Bites: Aedes species mosquito
(A. aegypti, and arboreal mosquitoes such as A. africanus, A. apicoargenteus,
A. furcifer, A. hensilli, A. luteocephalus, and A. vitattus)
24
Mode of TransmissionHow does it Spread?
Major Mode of Transmission
Mosquito Bites
Minor Mode of Transmission
From Mother to Baby
Blood transfusion & Sexual contact
25. From Mother to Child:
25
A mother already infected with Zika virus near the time of delivery
can pass on the virus to her newborn around the time of birth, but
this is rare.
In 2015, Zika virus RNA was detected in the amniotic fluid of two
fetuses, indicating that it had crossed the placenta and could cause
a mother-to-child infection
It is possible that Zika virus could be passed from mother to fetus
during pregnancy. This mode of transmission is being investigated.
To date, there are no reports of infants getting Zika virus through
breastfeeding. Because of the benefits of breastfeeding, mothers
are encouraged to breastfeed even in areas where Zika virus is
found
Minor Modes
26. Infected Blood or Sexual Contact:
26
In 2009, it was proved that Zika virus can be sexually
transmitted between humans.
Professor Brian Foy, a university biologist from the Colorado
State University is the first person known to have passed on an
insect-borne virus to another human by sexual contact is the
first person known to have passed on an insect-borne virus to
another human by sexual contact.
(CNN)Zika has been sexually transmitted in Texas, the Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention said Tuesday (2nd Feb)
29. • No vaccine or medications are available to prevent or treat
Zika infections.
• Treat the symptoms:
– Get plenty of rest
– Drink fluids to prevent dehydration
– Take medicines, such as acetaminophen or paracetamol, to
relieve fever and pain
• If you have Zika, avoid mosquito bites for the first week of
your illness.
– During the first week of infection, Zika virus can be found
in the blood and passed from an infected person to
another mosquito through mosquito bites.
29
Treatment
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Some Countries Are Employing Genetically Modified Mosquitoes to Fight the
Virus
Sterile male Aedes mosquitoes could reduce the population, CNN reported.
Some worry that this could have an unknown effect on the environment
A genetically modified version can
be used to cut down the mosquito
population and reduce the Zika
risk.
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Diagnosis
It is difficult to diagnose Zika virus infection based on clinical signs and
symptoms alone due to overlaps with other arboviruses that are endemic
to similar areas.
The symptoms of Zika are similar to those of dengue and chikungunya,
diseases spread through the same mosquitoes that transmit Zika.
RT-PCR testing be done on serum collected within 1 to 3 days of symptom
onset or on saliva or urine samples collected during the first 3 to 5 days.
Later on detection of specific IgM and IgG antibodies can be used.
Zika antibodies cross-react with antibodies to dengue which is very widespread
37. 37
What is the difference between Zika, dengue, and
chikungunya?
All of these viruses cause similar symptoms, but certain
symptoms suggest one disease or another.
Most Zika patients have skin rashes;
Most dengue patients have a higher fever and more
severe muscle pain;
Most chikungunya patients have a higher fever and
more intense joint pain in the hands, feet, knees, and
back
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Why India should be concerned about the Zika virus??
India has had a history of Zika virus attacks as early as in the 1950s.
With mosquito-borne diseases such as Dengue and Malaria being
widespread in the country, India needs to work out how it will prevent a
similar outbreak of the Zika virus.
India suffered one of the worst outbreaks of dengue in its history last
year. There were 25,000 confirmed cases, but the real figure was
reckoned to be at least 100 times higher.
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Between November 2015 and January 2016, local transmission of the virus
was detected in 14 new countries and territories .
we know so little about this virus.
60-80% of Zika infections are asymptomatic.
Potentially, all areas of the world where Aedes mosquito is endemic are at
risk.
in the past year, a 3,800% increase in microencephaly—brain shrinkage—in
newborns of mothers infected .
We don’t know yet how long after a woman is infected with the virus it is safe for
her to get pregnant.
Why is everyone so worried of ZIKV?
42. 42
WHO warned last week that the mosquito-borne virus was "spreading
explosively" in the Americas, and said the region could see up to four million Zika
cases this year alone.
Olympics affected
Rio 2016 Olympics & Paralympics
