AWS Community Day CPH - Three problems of Terraform
AA3004 The Role of High Performance Doors and Hardware in Energy Efficient Buildings
1. Program Number AA3004 Presented By: Dave Wiemer, AHC, CDT Aaron Smith, LEED AP BD + C Director Sustainable Building Solutions C | 612.325.5719 E | asmith@assaabloydss.com ASSA ABLOY is the global leader in door opening solutions, dedicated to satisfying end-user needs for security, safety and convenience The Role of High Performance Doors and Hardware in Energy Efficient Buildings
25. Insulated Core Doors Closing & Latching Thermal Break and Kerf Frames Thresholds Door Bottoms / Sweeps Gasketing Pulling it all together – Integrated Door and Hardware Assemblies
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30. Polyurethane Foam Mineral Fiberboard Honeycomb Polystyrene Foam Steel Stiffened Hollow Metal Door Cores
45. Energy Efficiency – Vestibules Source: Dr. Alexander Zhivov – USACE at CERL – Energy Assessments at US Army Installations
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49. Energy Efficiency - BIM for Energy Simulation Interoperable models driving Enabling Applications .. Energy simulation Images: Burt Hill, University Mechanical, Ryan Homes, View By View, Beck Group, IES, SOM 4D Costing Fabrication Clash Detection Quantity takeoff
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Editor's Notes
ASSA ABLOY – There was a Mr. ASSA and a Mr. ABLOY that owned two of the largest lock companies in Europe. They began acquiring companies around entrance and door solutions in the early 90s. Today ASSA ABLOY has 38,000 employees around the globe with sales of $5.8 B US. Mention any of the Americas brands that will be of interest to your audience.
The goal of these acquisitions was to build out integrated door and entrance solutions while becoming the go to resource for our customers trying to specify these products. A complete door solution from ASSA ABLOY includes products of many different types. At the main entrance there may be automatic doors and access control, for example, and there may also be access systems on each floor of offices. Inside the offices there may be security doors, highsecurity cylinders, mechanical cylinders, handles and hinges as well as interior doors. Access cards may also be used to log on to computers and networks. These are examples of products from ASSA ABLOY that make up a complete security solution.
ASSA ABLOY is globally based out of Stockholm, Sweden and due to this heritage, we have embraced Sustainability across our operations. Read through the first 2 bullet points. ASSA ABLOY is a leader in Sustainability providing Sustainability Reporting since 20005-6 using the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) and submitted to the UN for review. Access our Sustainability Reports at www.assaabloydss.com/sustainability We report to the Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP). We are currently reporting on our Scope 1(direct) and Scope 2 (indirect) greenhouse gas emissions.
Some highlights from the ASSA ABLOY 2010 Sustainability Report. Read through each line item or give a quick overview. Sustainability includes social, environmental and economic factors and all of those are included in our reports or more simply; People, Planet and Profit considerations.
Read through the slide and how ASSA ABLOY works with our customers across North America and around the world.
Our design team is comprised of a diverse section of the construction industry, including backgrounds in Architecture, Interior Design, Security, and Construction. When we collaborate with your design team, we speak your language and consider the project design in its entirety. We remain active in all of our respective organizations and our credentials rank us among the best in the openings industry. Our entire team of consultants spans the country, so we can help with any type or size of project, anytime and anywhere. [Share your personal and relevant credentials, leadership positions, etc.]
Our team of consultants can help throughout all phases of design: Design Development (DD), Schematic Design (SD), and Construction Documents (CD). There are no fees for our services. This includes writing non-proprietary Div 8 Specs and assisting with Div 16/28 Electronic Safety & Security. We complete these time-consuming deliverables, so that you can focus on enhancing your architectural design. We can assist you in “greening” your Division 8 specifications!
Highlight the Health, Safety and Welfare and Sustainable Design (HSW & SD) credits available for this course as these are quite valuable.
Highlight that this course and 2 others from ASSA ABLOY are certified for 1 hour of Green Building Certification Institute Continuing Education (GBCI CE) hours and that ASSA ABLOY is an USGBC Education Provider.
Highlight the four learning objectives; Know the purpose and concepts behind LEED and USGBC, if they are advanced, let them know they can probably teach you about LEED! This section focuses on Energy and Atmosphere credits in LEED and how exterior door and careful specification can assist with energy savings. This section focuses on the materials and resources used to make doors and hardware and their impacts on LEED This section is pretty interesting and you will probably learn some new things about how doors and hardware can assist with Indoor Environmental Quality as well as protect the health of building occupants! What else would you like to learn? What LEED projects do you have on the board right now? How many of you are LEED professionals?
So why is all of this important? Buildings in the US account for 39% of all energy use, far more than the transportation sector, and are a great place to make major gains in energy efficiency and savings.
Doors are frequently problematic components of a building's thermal envelope. Typical issues include heat loss from air movement during operation, heat loss from air movement through the perimeter detail, and radiant heat loss through the door materials themselves. Door frames that do not incorporate adequate thermal isolation form thermal bridges that tend to lead to wintertime condensation. Overall door thermal performance is a function of the type of operation (e.g. swing, sliding, revolving), the glazing (if applicable), the frame and perimeter details, the sash and sash weatherstripping, and the door materials. Aluminum-framed doors that are part of curtain wall or storefront assemblies sometimes have thermally-broken frames and insulating glass units, which provide improved thermal performance. See the discussions in Glazing and Curtain Walls . Opaque entrance doors or loading dock doors often have foamed-in-place insulation between their exterior and interior metal skins, which typically provides better thermal performance than insulating glass. These insulated doors must have internal stiffeners to stiffen the face skins and provide adequate structural performance. Heat loss from air leakage is the most significant challenge to thermal performance for heavily used entrance and exit doors. Strategies to limit air loss and improve thermal performance for these doors include: Revolving doors minimize heating and cooling losses from air movement and minimize wind effects on door operability. Since they cannot be left open, they also make mechanical loads on the building more predictable, and are therefore preferable for the building's HVAC design. In colder climates, air curtains provide a barrier of fast-moving warm air that limits penetration of cold exterior air while the door is open and are frequently used with sliding doors. The warm air may also be used to raise the surface temperature of the doors, which limits condensation. Entrance vestibules with separate inner and outer doors provide improved energy performance over a single entrance door, mainly by limiting loss of conditioned air during door operation. When they are closed, all doors rely on weatherstripping between the operable sash and the door frame to limit air movement.
40% of energy leakage in buildings is from the building envelope, doors openings represent 11% of that leakage, or about 4.4% of the energy leakage in most buildings. Often overlooked in building performance, it is extremely important that we pay attention to door openings in energy efficient buildings to achieve performance targets. Interesting to note is that windows make up less opportunity than doors. Perhaps this is because window manufacturers have done a great job educating customers about savings that windows represent. Let’s apply that same logic to the doors we specify in our buildings. You’d never specify a window that wasn’t thermally broken. Why specify a door that isn’t?
Opaque swinging door solutions exceeding the requirements of ASHRAE 90.1 – 2007 can help buildings achieve credits in this area. Door Openings for new or retrofit buildings must meet the performance characteristics of the attached chart for both operable u value and air inflitration. Operable U value is calculated using ASTM C1363 (American Society for Testing and Materials) U value is the inverse of R value and shows thermal transmission rates. The lower the u value the better. Air infiltration is cubic feet per minute per square foot of air leakage through an assembly. Operable testing is done using ASTM E283. If a LEED building was going for a 20% improvement over 90.1 and 5 points, their door schedule should call for exterior door openings with a U value of .56 and air infiltration of .32 cfm/sf2 The savings can be modeled using BIM and the specific performance data of door openings 2009 IECC also uses 90.1 – 2007 for compliance. It critical that your door and hardware specifications meet these requirements of the code. 2009 IECC also uses 90.1-2007
IGCC 2012 uses ASHRAE 189.1 to determine compliance of energy efficiency in buildings. Standard 189.1 is a set of technically rigorous requirements, which like the IGCC, covers criteria including water use efficiency, indoor environmental quality, energy efficiency, materials and resource use, and the building’s impact on its site and its community and was developed by ASHRAE, USGBC and Illuminating Engineering Society (IES) Represents a 30% improvement over 2006 IECC 189.1 Adopted by US Army as the standard for all buildings, along with LEED Silver Reflects the AIA 2030 commitment to Net Zero Buildings by 2030 Requires looking at all aspects of buildings Moves the standard for thermal transmittance of opaque swinging door openings in zones 1-4 down to .6 from .7 And zones 5-8 from .5 to .4 (note that zones 5-6 were moved into the .4 zone). Moves the standard for air infiltration of opaque swinging doors down to .2 cfm/sf2
Can be referred to as factor or value (R-factor, R-value/U-factor, U-Value) U-factor is the measure of heat transmission from one side of an opening to the other. The lower the U-factor, the more effective the material is at preventing heat transmission. Comparing a metal spoon and wooden spoon in a cup of hot water illustrates this concept. The portion of the metal spoon submerged in hot water absorbs heat and radiates it upward to the part out of the water. In contrast, a wooden spoon experiences little heat transfer. Consequently, the metal spoon has a high U-factor, whereas the wooden spoon has a low one. R-factor As it is a measure of a material’s ability to resist heat flow, the greater the R-value, the more effective are a material’s insulating properties. Consider a cold liquid in an aluminum can. The cold permeates directly through the can, and the liquid temperature quickly reaches equilibrium with the surrounding air temperature. However, if this can is placed in a foam drink-holder, the liquid inside remains at a temperature lower than that of the surrounding air for a longer period. The foam resists heat flow and therefore has a high R-value.
Read through the bullet points on the slides. Promote Operable versus Calculated testing. Promote the use of ASTM C1363 for operable thermal transmittance Promote the use of ASTM E283 for operable air infiltration of the door opening. These standards must be met to comply with LEED, 90.1-2007, 189.1-2009 and the IGCC.
Examples of the importance of using Operable testing versus Calculated testing! Read through the chart to compare differences and promote Operable as true performance in the field.
This slide details where we are today with the Current 90.1 – 2007 standard, and where we are heading with the new 189.1 – 2009 standard currently being adopted as part of the International Green Construction Code. 189.1 has also been adapted by the US Army and several municipalities as part of their building codes. It is more stringent on door openings than CALGreen, now part of the California building code.
Thermal resistance standards for residential construction have been under the jurisdiction of the EPA’s Energy Star program. The DOE and EPA will work together to revise thermal standards and create the new SUPERSTAR and National Building Rating programs. Energy Star does NOT apply to Commercial doors and there is currently no air infiltration standard for Energy Star. The life-safety and security of many commercial buildings call for steel doors, which meet the commercial building standards of 90.1 and 189.1.
It’s important that we look at all parts of the assembly to specify high performance door openings. Kerf and Thermal Break frames are a key factor in better U values and air infiltration Insulated core doors, especially sprayed polyurethane, deliver some of the best values Thresholds, door bottoms and sweeps along with gasketing are key to performance Don’t forget the importance of specifying grade 1 hardware, hinges and closers to guarantee the long term performance and durability of the opening.
The most basic measure for improving energy efficiency entails the use of thermal break door frames. These specially designed frames are built to thwart metal’s natural heat transfer capabilities. Thermal break frames feature strategically placed barriers that prevent heat/cold transfer. A thermal break in the frame, filled with closed-cell polyethylene foam, lowers its overall U-factor (or U-value).
Kerf frames can simplify the application of weatherstripping. These specially designed frames feature a groove constructed along the frame section that comes in contact with the edge of the door. The groove serves as a convenient channel to install weatherstripping without using additional fasteners.
A door with a high R-value is suitable for use in the building envelope, as it would improve thermal performance. For example, insulated hollow metal doors are ideal for building envelope applications. These doors are constructed from sheet steel in 20- (standard duty), 18-, 16-, and 14-gage (extra heavy duty) thicknesses, and may be reinforced with steel stiffeners for added strength. The core or interior space of the door can be filled with various materials, including paper honeycomb, polystyrene, or polyurethane. As thermal properties of a honeycomb core are poor, specifiers should not seriously consider it for envelope use. Polystyrene-core doors generally have an R-value around 6.4, whereas polyurethane-core doors can have one of about 11.
The insulating properties of a door are usually expressed as the R-value. As it is a measure of a material’s ability to resist heat flow, the greater the R-value, the more effective are a material’s insulating properties. Consider a cold liquid in an aluminum can. The cold permeates directly through the can, and the liquid temperature quickly reaches equilibrium with the surrounding air temperature. However, if this can is placed in a foam drink-holder, the liquid inside remains at a temperature lower than that of the surrounding air for a longer period. The foam resists heat flow and therefore has a high R-value.
Gasketing is also referred to as weatherstripping.
An interesting note is that the Passivhaus standards for Air Infiltration, considered to be the most stringent in the world, are currently at .11 cfm/sf2. It takes a complete door solution to meet these stringent requirements!
The materials are flexible and do not impede door operation. Gasketing is available in varying grades to meet weather conditions of different climate zones Checking if products meet or exceed American National Standards Institute (ANSI) 156.22, Door Gasketing and Edge Seal Systems , can help determine their quality. Like insulated doors, gasketing is necessary for interior applications requiring temperature-controlled rooms. Gasketing is also routinely used on interior doorways for smoke control and to reduce sound transmission.
1. Opening cycle Generates power needed to control ensuing cycles 2. Back-check cycle Slows the final few degrees of opening cycle 3. Delayed-action cycle Slows the closing speed between the fully open position to 70 degrees 4. Closing cycle Controls the closing speed to within 10 inches of the final closing 5. Latching cycle Increases the final closing speed to ensure positive latching
Stack pressure within a building—created by the differences between inside and outside air pressure—can create a rush of air to flow out that overpowers the closing cycle, causing the door to stay open longer than intended or, worse, fail to latch shut. As a result, the exchange of air between the inside and outside is prolonged, forcing the building heating and/or air-conditioning systems to work harder to maintain the desired temperature setting. A properly sized door closer is needed to overcome stack pressure without requiring excessive force to open the door.
Automatic door openings may also be considered for openings to ensure latching power and still meet strict opening force accessibility requirements.
US Army Corps of Engineers tested the addition of vestibules to existing buildings – result was a 10-20% reduction in the amount of energy used by the buildings with a payback of under 4 years for many of the buildings types tested.
A study conducted by students at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) compared the ability of traditional swinging doors and revolving doors to limit the exchange of air between the building interior and exterior.2 As the study explains, stack pressure on the inside forces cooler air through any opening in the building, causing the air-conditioning system to work harder to maintain occupant comfort. A separate review of the study states: The revolving door stops conditioned air from moving freely. An open swinging door is like letting go of a balloon—the air rushes out of the opening. A revolving door is never open—seals remain in contact with the walls of the doors at all times. Only the air in the chamber with the person going through the door is transferred. See B.A. Cullum et al.’s “Modifying Habits Towards Sustainability: A Study of Revolving Door Usage on the MIT Campus” (2006). Visit web.mit.edu/wesolows/www/11.366_revolving_door_final_report.pdf. This information derives from a summary of the study in Sustainability @ MIT . Visit sustainability.mit.edu/projects/closing-the-loop.
Read through the slide and bullet points, giving an overview of BIM. The presentation up to this point has built a case for engineering energy efficient door solutions for green buildings. BIM allows these door solutions to be modeled and tested to the performance requirements of the building.
BIM allows interoperable modeling driving Enabling applications for the door and hardware industry like: quantity takeoff, pre-fabrication (ReadySet), costing and energy simulation of the performance of openings.
BIM will help transform the building process from a point-to-point system Read through the bullets.
To a centralized system that eliminates waste and improved constructability and energy efficiency as well as a more shared responsibility for success!
While at the same time involving everyone in the process.
Optimizing thermal performance requires careful consideration of the entire building envelope. MasterFormat Division 8 specifications should reflect the need to create a sealed barrier that prevents air infiltration and unnecessary energy loss. Each opening component—the proper sized door closer, insulated doors, thermal break frames, gasketing, as well as alternatives like revolving doors—must be carefully chosen to ensure maximum energy savings are achieved. Doors, frames, and hardware are examples of building components that, although small in the scope of the overall project, can be used to create more energy-efficient buildings.
These are specification sections we can prepare for you. Our specification consultants prepare objective and accurate specifications for all building types, based upon industry standards and in compliance with all applicable codes, regulations, and laws.
These are sections that we will help coordinate. [Ask whether their office currently has an in-house master specification that you regularly use for Divisions 8 or 16/28.]
