1. CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE – NOTES
CHEMOTHERPY: - chemical substancesof natural orsyntheticoriginwhichare usedforcuring
diseasesandreducingsufferingfrompainare calledMedicines.The branchof science whichdeals
withthe treatmentof diseasesusingchemicalsiscalledChemotherapy.
Classification of Medicines
• Analgesics:-These are the Medicinesusedforgettingrelieffrompain.theyare further
classifiedinto
• Narcotics:whichproduce sleepand unconsciousness suchasMorphine,(these are
Habitforming) theyare effective analgesics,anothernarcoticis Marijuanawhichis
alsousedas Analgesic.
• Non-Narcotics:- aspirin(2-Acetoxybenzoicacid) commonlyusedasanalgesicwith
antipyretic(Temperature lowering)properties,ithasanti bloodclottingactionalso,
so itis usedto preventheartattackthese days.itislivertoxicinnature
• TranquilizersorHypnotics:-thesedrugsacton the central nervoussystem(CNS) andhelpin
reducingstressandfatigue byinducing sense of well being.They are also called
psychotherapeuticdrugs.these drugsare helpful inreducingdepressionandemotional
stresssuch as
• BarbituaricAcid,Luminal,Chlorodiazapoxide,Equanil, Valium(Diazepam),Serotonin.
• Antiseptics:- theseare chemical substanceswhichpreventthe growthof Micro-organisms
and mayevenkill them.theyare appliedonwounds,cutsorulcersinthe formof powderor
cream suchas soframycin, furacinsetc.
• Disinfectant:- these are chemical substanceswhichkill micro-organisms,butare not
safe to applyonlivingtissues
• The same substance can act as antisepticordisinfectantsalsodependinguponthe
concentrationof the solutionused.EXAMPLE:- 0.2% solutionof phenol isantiseptic
whereas1%solutionisdisinfectant.
• EXAMPLES OF DISINFECTANTS:-
• DETTOL- it isan antisepticandmixture of chloroxylenol andTerpineol
• Savlon
• Bithionol
• Iodine
• Boric Acid
• CresolsorLysols
• H202
• ANTIMICROBIALS:- these are dividedintoi) Antibioticsii) Suphadrugs. Drugswhich are used
such as usedto cure diseasescausedbyMicrobesBacterias,Virus,Fungi,these include
antibacterials,antifungalsandantiviralagents.
• All micro-organismwhichcause diseaseare called Pathogens. These pathogens
enterthe bodyand multiplyinsideHostcell anddestroythe hostcell metabolism.
theyproduce toxins(poisonoussubstances) andcause the diseases.
• The diseasescausedbythemcan be controlledbygivingdrugssuchas
• Bactericidal Drugs- (Drugwhichkill the Microbesinthe body.)
• Such as :- Penicillin,Aminoglycosides(Streptomycin),Ofloxacin,
• BectrioststicDrugs:- Erythromycin,Tetracyclin,Chloramphenicol ,Cephalosporins..
• The full range of microrganismsattckedbyanantibioticiscalledSpectrum Broadspectrum
Antibiotics are effective againstsevraldifferenttypesof bacteria.

2. • Tetracyclin,Vanomycin,Ofloxacin are highlyisBroadspectrumantibiotics.
• Chloramphenicol isanotherBroadSpectrumAntibioticwhichisrepidlyabsorbed
fromthe Gastro-instestinaltrackhence canbe orallygiveninthe treamentof
typhoid,dysentry,acute fever,UTI's,Meningitis,andPneumonia etc..
• Streptomycin canbe givenforTuberclosis (SpecificUse)
• Penicillin hasanarrowspectrumtherefore givenfordiseasescausedbyCocci and
gram Positive Bacteria.thereforetesthastobe conductedbefore givensuch
antibiotic(AmpicillinandAmoxycillin)
• SulphaDrugs:- A groupof drugswhichare the derivativesof Sulphanilamides. these have
great antibacterial powersandusedinthe treamentof Diptheria,tuberclosis causedby
streptococci,gonococci andpneumo-cocci infections.
• Examplesof SulphaDrugsandUses
• Sulphanilamide:- UsedforUTI,RTI,
• Sulphadiazine:- UsedforDysentry,thisdrugislesstoxic
• Sulphaguandine:-Usedforsevere BacillaryDysentry
• Sulphapyridine:- UsedforPneumonia......................
• AntifertilityDrugs:- Chemical substanceswhichare usedtocheckthe pregenancyin
womenortheyare used as Birth Control Drugs. Theyare alsocalled Oral
Contraceptives. theyare usedtoregulate Menstrual cyclesandovulations.
Example:- Enovid-E.
• Antihistamins:- these are called Anti-allergicdrugs .theyare usedto treat skin
rashes,inflamationof tissues,asthamaanditchingof hives.
• Furthertheyalsousedinthe treatmentof fever,Conjuctivities,Rhinitis,Sneezing,
Nasal discharge,itchingof nose ,throat,nausea.
• Examples:- Diphenylhydramine,cetrizine,Avil,Chlorophenramine, Promethazine,
cimidine ,ranitidine(Zantac),Histamin. Histaminisapotentvasodilator,itcontrcts
the smoothmusclesinbronchi andgut and relaxesothermuscles. Brompheniramine
and Terfenadineactas Histamins.
Antacids:- Substanceswhich neutralizestheexcessacid and raise the Ph to an appropriatelevel in
stomach.
During Acid Gastritis, the acidproduced (HCI) in thegastric juices, the commonly used antacidsare
weakbasesMg(0H)2,MgC03, AI(oH)3,hydroxidegel,NaHC03,AI(P04)3.Thesedays Omeprazoleand
Lansoprazolearebeing used widely.
• CLASSIFICATION OFDRUGS:-
• A) Onthe basisof Pharmacologiclaeffects
• B) Onthe basisof drug Action
• C) Onthe basisof Chemical structure
• D) On the basisof MolecularTargets
• B:- Onthe basisof drug action, drug isgivenbasedonparticularBio-chemical
process.
• A. On the basisof pharmacological effects,itiseasierforthe doctorsto prescribe and
choose fromthe wide range of drugs for the patientdependinguponthe type of disease

3. • C. On the basisof structural similarities,drugsare oftengivenbecause theyhave
commonfeaturesinthem andsimilarpharmcological activities.
• D. Normallyall the drugsinteractwithbiomoleculessuchascarbohydrates,lipidsand
proteinsaswell asNucleicacidsthese are calledtargetmoleculesordrug-Targets.hence
these drugscan be givenbasedonDrug Targets.
• CatalyticActionOf Enzymes:- The firstfunctionof enzymesistoholdthe substrate fora
chemical reaction.Active sitesholdthe substratemolecule in aperticularposition,sothat
attack of the reagentshouldbe effective,thensubstratebindsthe active site of the enzyme
throughionicor HydrogenBondingorVander-Waal forcesandmaybe Dipole-Dipole
interactions.The secondfunctionof the enzymesistoprovide the functional groupwhich
will attackthe substrate andcarry out chemical reaction.Drugswhichstopsthe substrate
fromattachingat the site of enzyme are called CompetitiveInhibitors.Whereasthe drugs
whichdo notbindto the active site are calledAllostericsite. They change the shape of active
site sothat substrate can not recognize it.if the bondbetweenthe andthe inhibitorsis
strongcovalentthenenzyme is permanently blocked,then the synthesisof new enzyme
takesplace.
• Receptorsasdrug Targets:- Receptorsare proteinsthatare crucial to body'scommunication
process,theyare embeddedincell membranesandposessesactivesites outof the surface
of the membrane.Inourbody,message betweentwoneuronsandbetweenneuronsand
musclesiscommunicatedthroughcertainchemicalscalledchemical Messengers.Chemical
messengersare recievedatthe bindingsitesof receptorsproteins.Toaccomodate a
messengershape of the site changes.There are large numbersof receptorspresentinthe
bodywhichinteractwithdifferentchemical messengers.theseare selective innature.
• CHEMICALS IN FOOD :- Chemicalsare addedtofoodfor(i) theirpreservation(ii) Enhancing
theirappeal (iii) Addingnutritive valueinthem.These are calledFoodAdditives.
• FOOD ADDITIVES:- 1.FOOD COLOURS 2. FLAVOURSANDSWEETNERS 3. FAT
EMULSIFIERS AND STABLISINGAGENTS 4. FLOUR IMPROVERS-ANTISTALINFAGENTS
ANDBLEACHES 5. ANTIOXIDENTS. 6.PRESERVATIVES.7.NUTRITIONALSUPPLIMENTS
-MINERALS,VITAMINS,ANDAMINOACIDS
• ARTIFICIALSWEETENINGAGENTS:- Natural sweeteners suchas Sucrose,addto calorie
intake. Ortho-Sulphobenzemide iscalled SACCHARINE. Itisabout500 timessweetascane
sugar. itis excreatedfromthe urine unchanged.itsgoodforthe Diabeticpersons. EXAMPLES
OF ARTIFICIALSWEETNERS:- ASPARTAME,SACCHARIN,SUCROLOSE,ALITAME. Aspartame is
the most successful andwidelyusedsweetner.itismethylesterof dipeptideformedfrom
asparticacid and phenylalanine. itisusedinsoft-drinksandcoldfoodsbecause itisunstable
at cookingtemperature.Alitame ismore stable thanaspartame whereas sucroloseistri-
choloro-Derivative of sucrose.
• FOOD PRESERVATIVES:- Foodpreservativesare usedtopreserve the fooddue toMicrobial
Growth.Theyare:- Table salt,vegetableoils,Sugar,SodiumBenzoate, SodiumBenzoateis

4. usedinlimitedquantitiesbecause itisMetabolizedinthe body.Saltsof SorbicAcidand
PropanoicAcidare also usedaspreservatives.
• CleansingAgents
• The word detergentmeanscleansingagent.ActuallydetergentwordisderivedfromLatin
word„detergere‟means“towipe off”,Cleansingagentsare the substance whichremove
dirtand have cleansingactioninwater.These are alsocalledsurfactants.
• Detergentscanbe classifiedintotwotypes.
• 1. Soapy detergentsorsoaps,and
• 2. Non-soapydetergentsorsoapless soap.
• 1. Soaps
• Soapsare sodiumor potassiumsaltsof higherfattyacids(containing15-18 carbon atoms)
e.g.,stearicacid,oleicacidand palmiticacid.Sodiumsaltsof fattyacidsare knownas hard
soapswhile the potassiumsaltsof fattyacidsare knownas softsoaps.
• Hard soaps are preparedbycheaperoil and NaOHwhile softsoapsare preparedbyoil of
goodqualityandKOH. The softsoaps donot containfree alkali,produce more latherandare
usedas toiletsoaps,shavingSoapsandshampoos.
• Preparationof soaps
• Soapscontaining„Sodiumsaltsare formedbyheatingfat(glyceryl ester~fattyacid) with
aqueoussodiumhydroxide solution.Thisreactionisknownassaponification.
•
•
•
• The solutionleftafterremovingthe soapcontainsglycerol,whichcanbe recoveredby
fractional distillation.Toimprove the qualityof soapsdesiredcolours,perfumesand
medicinal chemical substances,added.
• Typesof Soaps
• Differentkindof soapsare made byusingdifferentraw materials.
• 1. Toiletsoaps These are preparedbyusingbettergrade of fat or oil and care istakento
remove excessalkali.Colourandperfumesare addedtomake these more attractive.
• 2. Floatingsoaps These can be preparedbybeatingtinybubblesintothe productbeforeit
hardens.
• 3. Transparentsoaps These are made by dissolvingthe inethanol andthenevaporatingthe
excesssolvent.
• 4. Medicatedsoaps Medicatedsoapsare preparedbysome antisepticslike dettol or
bithional.
• 5. Shavingsoaps These containglycerol topreventdrying.A gumcalledrosinisaddedwhile
makingthem.Itformssodiumrosinate whichlatherwell.

5. • 6. Laundry soaps These sodiumsilicate,borax andcontainsodiumfillerslike carbonate.
sodiumrosins
• 7. Soap Chips These are made by runninga thinsheetof meltedsoapona cool cylinder and
scrapingoff the soaps insmall brokenpieces.
• 8. Soap granules These are driedminiature soapbubbles.
• 9. Soap powderandscouringsoaps these containa scouringagent(abrasive) suchas
powderedpumice orfinelydividedsandandbuilderslike sodium carbonate andtrisodium
phosphate.Buildersmake the soapsactmore quickly.
• Disadvantagesof Soaps
• Soap isgoodcleansingagentandis100% biodegradable microorganismspresentinsewage
watercan completelyoxidise soaptoCO2,As a result,itdoesnot create anypollution
problem.
• Howeversoapshave twodisadvantages:
• (i) Soapscannotbe usedinhard watersince calciummagnesiumionspresentinhardwater
produce curdy precipitatesof calciumandmagnesiumsoaps.
•
•
• These insoluble soapsseparate asscuminwaterand causes hindrance towashingbecause
the precipitate adheresontothe fibre of the clothasgummymass.Thus,a lotof soapis
wastedif waterishard.
• (ii) Soapscannotbe usedinacidic solutionssince acidsprecipitatethe insoluble freefatty
acidswhichadhere to the fabricsand thus,reduce the abilityof soapstoremove oil and
grease fromfabrics.
•
• SoaplessSoap/SyntheticDetergents
• Syntheticdetergentshave all the propertiesof soapsbut actuallydonotcontainany soap,
so theyare knownas „soaplesssoaps‟.
• Straightchainalkyl groupcontainingdetergentsare biodegradable whereasbranchedchain
alkyl groupcontainingdetergentsare non-biodegradable.
• Unlike soaps,syntheticdetergentscanbe usedinbothsoftand hard water.Thisis due to
the reasonthat calciumand magnesiumsaltsof detergentsliketheirsodiumsaltsare also
soluble inwater.Syntheticdetergentsare mainlyclassifiedintothree categories:
• 1. AnionicDetergents
• These are sodiumsaltsof sulphonatedlongchainalcoholsorhydrocarbons.
• (i) Alkyl hydrogensulphatesformedbytreatinglongchainalcoholswithconcentrated
sulphuricacidsare neutralisedwithalkali toformanionicdetergents.

6. •
• (ii) Alkyl benzene sulphonatesare obtainedbyneutralisingalkyl benzenesulphonicacids
withalkali.
•
• In suchdetergents,the anionicpartof the molecule isinvolvedinthe cleansingaction.They
are mostlyusedforhouseholdworkandintoothpaste
• 2. CationicDetergents
• These are quaternaryammoniumsaltscontainingone ormore longchainalkyl groupwith
acetates,chloridesorbromidesasanion.Forexample,
• Cationicdetergentsare usedinhairconditioner.Theyhave germicidal propertiesbutare
expensive therefore,these are of limiteduse.
• 3. Non-ionicDetergents
• Such detergentsdonotcontainanyionin theirconstitution.One suchdetergentcanbe
obtainedbyreactionof stearicacidand polyethylene glycol.
•
• Liquiddishwashingdetergentsare non-ionictype;Mechanism of cleansingactionof this
type of detergentsisthe same as thatof soaps.
• Advantagesof syntheticdetergentsoversoaps

7. • 1. Syntheticdetergentscanbe usedevenincase of hard waterwhereassoapsfail todoso.
• 2. Syntheticdetergentscanbe usedinthe acidicmediumwhilesoapscannotbecause of
theirhydrolysistofree acids.
• 3. Syntheticdetergentsare more soluble inwaterandhence,formbetterlatherthansoaps.
• 4. Syntheticdetergentshave astrongercleansingactionthansoaps.