The autonomic nervous system (ANS) controls involuntary functions and has sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. The sympathetic division prepares the body for emergencies via the "fight or flight" response while the parasympathetic division acts to conserve energy. The ANS has a two-neuron pathway from the CNS to effectors like glands and smooth muscle. It regulates functions like heart rate, digestion, and gland secretion to maintain homeostasis.

1. Introduction to AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

2. Nervous system---------------Anatomical classification CNS……….Brain…… Forebrain ………...Cerebrum (Telencephalon) (Prosencephalon) Diencephalon……….Thalamus (Interbrain) Epithalamus Metathalamus Hypothalamus Subthalamus Midbrain (Mesencephalon) Hindbrain ………..Metencephalon……...Pons (Rhombencephalon) Cerebellum Mylencephalon……...Medulla oblongata Spinal cord PNS……….Cranial nerve Spinal nerve Nervous system---------------Functional classification Somatic nervous system Autonomic nervous system………. Sympathetic nervous system Parasympathetic nervous system Enteric nervous system

6. Effector remains functional but not able to quickly respond to the changing needs of the body. Paralysis and muscle wastage (atrophy) Effect of nerve damage on the effector Acetylcholine, adrenaline, noradrenaline Acetylcholine Neurotransmitter Chain ganglia, collateral ganglia or terminal ganglia 0 Ganglia outside the CNS 2 1 Number of neurons from CNS to effector Adjustment within the internal environment (homeostasis) Adjustment to external environment. General function Smooth muscle, Cardiac Muscle, Glands Voluntary (skeletal) muscle Effectors Autonomic Nervous System Somatic Nervous System Characteristic

21. T1-L2/3 spinal nerve Cervical Spinal nerve Below L2/3 Spinal nerve 1 Subsidiary ganglia deep seated viscera

23. T1-L2/3 spinal nerve Cervical Spinal nerve Below L2/3 Spinal nerve 1 2 Subsidiary ganglia deep seated viscera

25. T1-L2/3 spinal nerve Cervical Spinal nerve Below L2/3 Spinal nerve 1 2 3 Subsidiary ganglia deep seated viscera

26. T1-L2/3 spinal nerve Cervical Spinal nerve Below L2/3 Spinal nerve 1 2 4 3 Subsidiary ganglia deep seated viscera

28. T1-L2/3 spinal nerve Cervical Spinal nerve Below L2/3 Spinal nerve 1 2 3 4 5 Subsidiary ganglia deep seated viscera

29. T1-L2/3 spinal nerve Cervical Spinal nerve Below L2/3 Spinal nerve 1 2 3 4 6 5 Subsidiary ganglia deep seated viscera

39. DCP SCP Sup Cervical Ganglion Middle Cervical Ganglion Inf Cervical Ganglion EC Br Pharyngeal Br IC Br Vertebral Artery Br Subclavian Br Thyroid Br Tracheal Br Esophageal Br Ansa subclavia G R C

42. Efferent pathway

48. Ach Ach Ach Ach Ach Ach Epinephrine Norepinephrine Neurotransmitters Everywhere Adrenal medulla Sweat gland Everywhere Sympathetic Parasympathetic M receptor N receptor N receptor N receptor A>B receptor B>A receptor M receptor N receptor

50. Functions of ANS

52. Sympathetic nervous system

53. Parasympathetic nervous system

58. THANK YOU

60. T1-L2/3 spinal nerve Cervical Spinal nerve Below L2/3 Spinal nerve 1 2 3 4 5 6 Subsidiary ganglia deep seated viscera