Java Course 9: Networking and Reflection

Java course - IAG0040 Networking, Reflection & LoggingAnton Keks 2011

Networking ● Java provides cross-platform networking facilities ● java.net and javax.net packages contain many useful classes ● API is generally protocol independent, but implementation supports mostly Internet transport protocols, e.g. TCP and UDP ● java.net.InetAddress represents an IP address (immutable) – Inet4Address represents 32-bit IPv4 addresses (4 billions) – Inet6Address represents 128-bit IPv6 addresses (3.4 x 10 38) – It is able to detect address types, provides naming services, and various other checks and conversions – Create using InetAddress.getByAddress(...), getByName(...) or getLocalHost() – Many getXXX() and isXXX() methods providedJava course – IAG0040 Lecture 9Anton Keks Slide 2

Sockets ● Sockets are used as endpoints in network communication ● java.net.InetSocketAddress represents an address-port pair ● There are several types of sockets in Java – Socket and ServerSocket – connection-oriented streaming reliable client and server sockets (TCP) – SSLSocket and SSLServerSocket – client and server sockets for secure encrypted communication (TCP via SSL) – DatagramSocket – packet-oriented unreliable socket for both sending and receiving data (UDP), can be used for both unicasting and broadcasting – MulticastSocket – datagram socket with multicasting support ● Socket implementations depend on respective factory classes. Direct usage uses the default socket factory for the given socket type.Java course – IAG0040 Lecture 9Anton Keks Slide 3

Networking Exceptions ● Most networking exceptions extend SocketException ● SocketException extends IOException, showing that networking is highly related to all other more generic I/O classesJava course – IAG0040 Lecture 9Anton Keks Slide 4

Streaming Sockets ● Socket and ServerSocket can be used for streaming ● Underlying Socket implementations are provided by SocketImplFactory classes by the means of SocketImpl classes. Default implementation is plain TCP. ● getInputStream() and getOutputStream() are used for obtaining the streams, both can be used simultaneously ● Various socket options may be set using provided set methods ● There are many informative is/get methods provided ● Stream sockets must be closed using the close() method – it closes both streams automatically as wellJava course – IAG0040 Lecture 9Anton Keks Slide 5

Datagram Sockets ● DatagramSocket is used for sending and receiving of DatagramPackets; receiving is actually listening ● Connection-less, no streams provided ● connect() and disconnect() is used for selecting/resetting the remote partys address and port ● Special addresses can be used for sending/receiving of broadcast packets, e.g. 192.168.0.255 ● MulticastSocket can be used for joining/leaving multicast groups of DatagramSockets. Multicast groups have special addresses.Java course – IAG0040 Lecture 9Anton Keks Slide 6

URL and URLConnection● Java also provides higher-level networking APIs than Sockets● URI and URL classes provide construction and parsing of the respective Strings (all URLs are URIs, however) – URI is a newer class and provides encoding/decoding of escaped symbols, like %20 – Conversions back and forth are possible using toURI() and toURL() methods● URLConnection provides API for reading/writing of the resources referenced by URLs● url.openConnection() returns a subclass of URLConnection, according to the registered protocol-specific URLStreamHandler Lecture 9 Slide 7

URL and URLConnection (cont)● Obtained URLConnection can be used for setting various parameters (headers) – Actual connection is opened using the connect() method – Both getInputStream() and getOutputStream() are provided – getContent() returns an Object according to the MIME type of the resource, which ContentHandler is provided by the ContentHandlerFactory● url.openStream() is a shortcut if you need to just retrieve the data without any extra features● Proxy/ProxySelector can be used for proxying of traffic Lecture 9 Slide 8

Networking Task● Implement the FileDownloader (eg using existing DataCopier implementation)● Try your code with various Input and Output streams – Files, Sockets, URLs● Create FileSender and FileReceiveServer classes. Reuse already written code to send file content over the socket and save content to another file on the server end Lecture 9 Slide 9

Reflection API ● The reflection API represents, or reflects, the classes, interfaces, and objects in the current JVM – It is possible to dynamically collect information about all aspects of compiled entities, even access private fields ● Reflection API is in java.lang and java.lang.reflect packages ● Note: Reflection API is also full of generics (for convenience)Java course – IAG0040 Lecture 9Anton Keks Slide 10

Reflection API usage ● Where is it appropriate to use it? – various plugins and extensions: load classes by name, etc – JUnit uses reflection for finding test methods either by name or annotations – Many other famous frameworks use reflection, e.g. Hibernate, Spring, Struts, Log4J, JUnit, etc ● Caution: use reflection only when it is absolutely necessary!Java course – IAG0040 Lecture 9Anton Keks Slide 11

Examining Classes● Class objects reflect Java classes – Every Object provides the getClass() method – Various methods of Class return instances of Field, Method, Constructor, Package, etc ● methods in plural return arrays, e.g. getFields(), getMethods() ● methods in singular return single instances according to search criteria, e.g. getField(...), getMethod(...) – Class can also represent primitive types, interfaces, arrays, enums and annotations● Java supports Class literals, e.g. String.class, int.class● Class.forName() is used for loading classes dynamically● Modifiers: Modifier.isPublic(clazz.getModifiers())● getSuperclass() returns the super classJava course – IAG0040 Lecture 9Anton Keks Slide 12

Instantiating Classes ● clazz.newInstance() works for default constructors ● Otherwise getConstructor(...) will provide a Constructor instance, which has its own newInstance(...) ● Singular Constructor and Method finding methods take Class instances for matching of parameters: – Constructor c = clazz.getConstructor(int.class, Date.class); ● Then, creation (newInstance) or invocation (invoke) takes the real parameter values: – Object o = c.newInstance(3, new Date()); – Primitive values are autoboxed to their wrapper classesJava course – IAG0040 Lecture 9Anton Keks Slide 13

Reflection Tips ● Array class provides additional options for dynamic manipulation of arrays ● Even this works: byte[].class ● Retrieve class name of any object: object.getClass().getName() ● Dont hardcode class names in Strings: MegaClass.class.getName() or .getSimpleName() is better ● Accessing private fields: – boolean wasAccessible = field.getAccessible(); field.setAccessible(true); Object value = field.get(instance); field.setAccessible(wasAccessible); ● Dynamic proxies allow to wrap objects and intercept method calls on them defined in their implemented interfaces: – Object wrapped = Proxy.newProxyInstance( o.getClass().getClassLoader(), o.getClass().getInterfaces(), new InvocationHandler() { ... });Java course – IAG0040 Lecture 9Anton Keks Slide 14

Java Course 9: Networking and Reflection

by Anton Keks

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