2. Etymology
Late Latin
Ana [up] + temnein [to cut]
Study of the structure of living beings (14 century)
Describe the different parts of the organism in the
different levels i.e. cell, tissue, organ, etc…
Physio [nature] + logia [to study]
Study and description of natural objects (16 century)
Explain how the different elements in the body interact
to be functional, and give life to the organism
3. Terms Commonly Used
Prefix / Suffix
Epi - Outer
Superior
Endo - Inner Dorsal
Meso - Middle Posterior
Ventral
Lateral
Ecto - Outer Anterior
Exo - External
Peri - Proximal
Inferior
Surrounding
Hypo - Under
Hyper - Over
Distal
Inter - Between
Intra - Within
4. Systems Organization
Involves and coordinates
different systems
Organism
Systems incorporate many
organs for achieve a function
Organ system
Organs Organs are many types of
tissues coordinating
Tissue
Tissues are different types of
cells functioning together
Cell
Cell is the basic unit of life
16. The Cell
ORGANIZATION EXAMPLE
Organelle Nucleus
Cell Muscle Cell
Tissue Muscle
Organ Heart
Organ System Circulatory System
Organism Human
17. The Cell
Smallest unit of life
Smallest Living Entity
“Building Blocks of Life”
Structural and Functional unit of any
organism
All living things made of Activities of an organism is
one or more cells a result of total cellular
A living cell can only activities
exist from previous All cells are essentially
living cell similar
Multiplication by cell Yet they are capable of
division different functions
18. History
Anton Von
Leeuwenhoek
Inventor of the
microscope (c1700)
Fabric merchant
Quality of thread and
weaving
Used glass beads
Described protozoan
species
19. History
Robert Hoocke
c1700s
Coined the term
“Cell”
Microstructure of
various material
described
20. History
Compound Microscope
1838
Schlieden – Botany
Schwann - Zoology
All organisms made of
cells
Observed celldivision
Described many more
unicellular species
Cornerstone instrument
for anatomy and
physiology
21. What is Life?
7 functions called “Life processes” that are
necessary
Organism called “alive” if all 7 functions are
done
Converting food
Responding to
Getting rid of
Getting adult
Moving body
Getting food
Producing
to energy
Offspring
stimuli
waste
parts
size
Lif
e
Jollyism: MRS. NERG
25. Cell specialization
As cells have lots of different functions
They are often specialized to do a particular
job.
This means that they have special features
that make them well adapted at carrying out
these functions.
28. The mitochondria
Mitochondria – the power house
Respiration – Breathing?
[production of ATP from organic molecules]
Aerobic and Anaerobic respiration
Glucose Energy (using O2)
Energy
C6H12O6 + 6XO2 6XCO2 + 6XH2O + Energy
29. The Nucleus
„Control center‟
Covered by nuclear membrane
Contains DNA – master
molecule
Double helical ladder made
from nucleic acids
DNA: contains code for all
cellular functions
Nucleotide: „A T G C‟ language
Coding for proteins
Cell division – code is
conserved
30. The Ribosome
Protein production
Made from amino acids
Structural and functional
Determines cellular characteristics
Uses RNA as a template
31. Types of Proteins
Category Description Example
Enzymes speed up reactions digestive enzymes
Structural building materials collagen and nail keratin
Transporting carry substances haemoglobin in blood
Contraction cause muscles to actin and myosin
compress
Storage hold on to substances Albumin, ferritin
Hormones chemical messengers insulin, growth hormone
between cells
Protective Immune Functions antibodies, clotting –
coagulantes
Toxins poisonous substances bee venom and snake
venom
32. The cell membrane
Membranes organize the chemical activities of
cells.
The outer plasma membrane
forms a boundary between a living cell and its
surroundings
Exhibits selective permeability (Controls traffic of
molecules in and out)
Inner membranes provide structural order for
metabolism
Form the cell's organelles
Compartmentalize chemical reactions
33. The cell membrane
The fluid mosaic model
Membrane is mosaic – proteins embedded is a
framework of phospholipids
Membrane is fluid – proteins and lipids can move
laterally
34. Membrane Structure
Phospholipid – major component of all
membrane
Membranes made of bilayer
Hydrophilic head & Hydrophobic Tails
Embedded Proteins have most functions
(intrinsic) – through the bilayer
Integral
Peripheral (extrensic) – on one side
35. The cell membrane
Cilia
Carbohydrate of glycoprotein
Glycolipid
Cholesterol
Glycoprotein
Phospholipid
Microfilaments
Glycoproteins and
glycolipids are
proteins/lipids with
short chain
carbohydrates
attached on the
extracellular side of
the membrane.
36. Membrane proteins
– types and functions
Cell – Cell Recognition
Integrins – helps
structure
Intercellular junction – Enzyme Active Transport
adhesiveness to form
Messenger molecule
tissues
Enzymes Receptor
Receptor (signal
transduction)
Transport Signal Transduction
Passive
Activated Molecule
37. Permeability
Diffusion
Passive
Solute moves from ↑ to ↓
Lipid soluble, non-polar
Osmosis
Facilitated through SP
membrane
Solvent moves from ↑ to ↓
Water soluble, polar
Active Transport
Selective
Specificity of transport
molecules to vehicle
Na+, K+ channels
38. The Endoplasmic Reticulum
First noticed in the
cytoplasm
of chick embryo cells
ER is a network of folded
membranes that form
channels.
ER makes protein and lipid
components
smooth ER and rough ER.
ER moves proteins /
carbohydrates to the Golgi
Apparatus, lysosomes, and
other places based on need
39. RER and SER
Rough ER Smooth ER
Dotted with ribosomes No ribosomes on it
Involved in protein More tubular than RER
production, protein Separate
folding, quality control interconnecting
and dispatch. network.
Network-like tunnels with Manufactures and
tubules, vesicles and metabolizes lipids and
cisternae associated products
Held together by
cytoskeleton
40. Golgi Apparatus
Shipping Department -
delivery system
Structure
Stacks of sacs (pancakes)
Vesicles pinching off edges
Function
Proteins processing and sorting
Targeting them to membrane
Lysosomes, Endosomes, vesicl
e formation
Intra cellular lipid transport
Endomembrane system.
41. • ER produce proteins
• Pass into cisternae
• Proteins packaged
• Blebbing with protein
inside
• Drift into cytoplasm
42. Other Organelles
Vacuoles – water containing vesicles
Peroxisome – enzyme containing vesicles
Lysosome – vesicles with proteins that
breakdown large molecules
Cytoskeleton – holding up internal structure
Actin – intracellular movement
Microtubule – cilia, flagella
Intermediary filament – support strength
Centriole – cell division
43. Tissues
“a group of closely associated cells that
perform related functions and are similar in
structure”
Epithelium - covering
Connective tissue - support
Muscle tissue - movement
Nervous tissue - control
44. Epithelial Tissue
According to thickness
“simple” - one cell layer
“stratified” – more than one layer of
cells (which are named according to
the shape of the cells in the apical
layer)
According to shape
“squamous” – wider than tall
diffusion
“cuboidal” – as tall as wide
Secretion, absorption
“columnar” - taller than wide
Special structures [cilia, mucous]
53. Exclusive epithelia
Endothelium Mesothelium
A simple squamous A simple squamous
epithelium that lines epithelium that lines
the peritoneal, pleural
the interior of the and pericardial cavities
circulatory vessels and and covers the viscera
heart
54. Glands – formed by epithelial cells
Production
& secretion
Exocrine Endocrine
of needed
substances External Internal
Hormones
Ductless
secretion Secretion secretion
Are
aqueous
products Other Exocrine Glands
Protein Sweat glands
product Oil glands
made RER Salivary glands
Liver (bile)
Packed
Pancreas
Golgi
Mammary glands
apparatus Goblet Cells Alveoli
Released Mucous
55. Tissues
“a group of closely associated cells that
perform related functions and are similar in
structure”
Epithelium - covering
Connective tissue - support
Muscle tissue - movement
Nervous tissue - control
57. Connective Tissue
Originate from embryonic tissue called
mesenchyme
Most diverse and abundant type of tissue
Many subclasses (see previous slide)
Function: to protect, support and bind together
other tissues
Bones, ligaments, tendons
Areolar cushions; adipose insulates and is food source
Blood cells replenished; body tissues repaired
Cells separated from one another by large
amount of nonliving extracellular matrix
58. Extracellular Matrix explained
Nonliving material between cells
Produced by the cells and then extruded
Responsible for the strength
Two components
1. Ground substance
Of fluid, adhesion proteins, proteoglycans
Liquid, semisolid, gel-like or very hard
2. Fibers: collagen, elastic or reticular
59. Basic functions of connective tissue
reviewed
Support and binding of other tissues
Holding body fluids
Defending the body against infection
macrophages, plasma cells, mast cells, WBCs
Storing nutrients as fat
76. Blood
Functions
Homeostasis
Respiration
Excretion
Transport internal
secretions
Acid base balance
Water electrolyte
balance (osmosis)
Immunity
Temperature
regulation
77. Blood Types
Anti-A Anti-
B antibodies are Ig
M antibodies
Produced in the first
years of life
Sensitization to
environmental
substances such as
food, bacteria, and
viruses.
78. Epithelial sheets + connective tissue
Cutaneous membranes
Skin: epidermis and dermis
Mucous membranes, or
mucosa
Lines every hollow internal
organ that opens to the
outside of the body
Serous membranes, or
serosa
Slippery membranes
lining of pleural, pericardial
and peritoneal cavities
Surface fluid called a
transudate
Synovial membranes
Line joints
79. Tissues
“a group of closely associated cells that
perform related functions and are similar in
structure”
Epithelium - covering
Connective tissue - support
Muscle tissue - movement
Nervous tissue - control
80.
81.
82.
83. Tissues
“a group of closely associated cells that
perform related functions and are similar in
structure”
Epithelium - covering
Connective tissue - support
Muscle tissue - movement
Nervous tissue - control
84.
85. Tissue response to injury
Immune: takes longer and is
highly specific
Inflammation
Nonspecific, local, rapid
Inflammatory chemicals
Signs: heat, swelling, redness,
pain
Repair – two ways
Regeneration
Fibrosis and scarring
Severe injuries
Cardiac and nervous tissue
87. Tumors (neoplasms): abnormal growth of
cells
Adenoma – neoplasm of glandular
epithelium, benign or malignant
Carcinoma – cancer arising in an epithelium
(90% of all human cancers)
Sarcoma – cancer arising in mesenchyme-
derived tissue (connective tissues and muscle)