9. 1.1 連接(juncture)と接合(nexus)
節連接(clause juncture)
̌
(3) Tekekes e:k ̌ a:pa
s ̌
ke-yase-w!
in.that.bush hide-SS 1Sg.OBJ-watch-IMP
Hide in that bush and watch me!
(Tonkawa: Van Valin 2005: 201)
11. 1.1 連接(juncture)と接合(nexus)
等位接続(Coordination)
(4) a. Anna read for a few minutes, and then she went out.
[ 埋め込み; 依存関係]
従位接続(Subordination)
b. John persuaded Leon that Amy had lost.
[ + 埋め込み; 依存関係]
連位接続(Cosubordination)
c. Harry ran down the hall, laughing loudly.
[ 埋め込み;+ 依存関係]:
Van Valin and LaPolla (1997)
13. 1.2 諸言語の類似現象
動詞連続構文と副動詞移動構文
諸言語の動詞連続構文に最も多く見られるのは 移動事象 である
(Foley and Olson 1985, cf. Givón 1991)
(6) a. na-muali nau-mai eni leiai.
1Sg:REAL-walk 1Sg:REAL-come Sp bush
I walked from the bush. (Paamese: Crowley 2002)
ヨーロッパ諸言語の副動詞移動構文も 移動事象 を表わす
cf. (7) a. The toddler went screaming down the street.
(Goldberg 2006: 51)
14. 1.2 諸言語の類似現象
欧州言語の副動詞移動構文(Converbial Motion Construction)
(5) a. La botella salió flotando de la cueva
The bottle exited floating from the cave
The bottle exited floating from the cave. (Talmy 1991)
b. Éntó corriendo a la cueva.
enter.3s.Pst running to the cave
He ran into the cave.. (Croft et al. 2010)
副動詞:副次的な役割を果たす非定形の動詞
(Haspelmath and König 1995, kortmann 1991; 1998)
16. 2.1 統語構造
副動詞移動構文の具体例
(7) a. The toddler went screaming down the street.
(Goldberg 2006: 51)
b. She came running down the stairs. (BNC-HGV)
c. I ran sobbing to my room. (BNC-FU7)
d. He strode smiling into the room. (BNC-JY0)
18. 2.1 統語構造
主張1(非定形の動詞は目的語を取れない)の根拠
(8) a. Bill went down the street [PRO whistling a tune].
b. *Bill went whistling a tune down the street.
(Goldberg 2006: 52)
複文では非定形の動詞(e.g. whistling)は目的語が取れる
単文では非定形の動詞は目的語が取れない
20. 2.1 統語構造
主張3(前置詞句は定形の動詞の項:定形の動詞の姉妹)を検証
do so テスト:do so で置換可能な要素は V or VP
(Radford 1988: 234, cf. Jackendoff 1977: 58)
(10) a. Joe [V bought a book] on Tuesday,
but SIm did so on Friday.
b. *Joe [V put a book on the table],
but Sim did on the chair.
c. John will [VP buy the book on Tuesday],
and Paul will do so as well.
21. 2.1 統語構造
主張3(前置詞句は定形の動詞の項:定形の動詞の姉妹)を検証
(11) a. John [VP went screaming down the A street on Tuesday],
and Mary did so on Thursday.
b. John [V went screaming down the A street] ,
and Mary did so, too.
c. *John [smaller than V went screaming] down the A street,
and Mary did so down the B street.
25. 2.2 意味的制約
分詞的複雑移動述語(Participial Complex Motion Predicates)
(Matsumoto 1996: 272-273)
(12) a. ジョンはそのスーツケースを交番に持っていった。 (結果)
b. ジョンは [ PRO そのスーツケースを持って] 交番にいった。
(13) a. ジョンは公園にその男しか追っていかなかった (同時進行)
b. ジョンは [ PRO その男を追って] 公園にいった。
(14) a. ジョンは公園にそのボールしか蹴っていかなかった。(反復)
b. ジョンは [ PRO そのボールを蹴って] 公園にいった。
(15) a. ジョンはここにその記事しか読んでこなかった。 (完了)
b. ジョンは [ PRO その記事を読んで] ここにきた。
26. 2.2 意味的制約
副動詞移動構文の意味的制約
(16) a. He strode smiling into the room. (同時) (BNC-JY0)
b. Raine went flying on to her knees. (漂白化) (BNC-CH1)
cf. 祖母のいる病院まで飛んで行く(= 大急ぎで行く )
33. 3.1 コーパス頻度に基づく統計確率的分析
本当に Sbj GO V-ing P(P) と Sbj COME V-ing P(P) に差はないか?
タイプ頻度(異なり語数)
単文 複文 合計 単文比率
GO + V-ing 127 38 165 約77%
COME + V-ing 247 43 291 約85%
374 81 466
χ2 = 4.29(イェーツの修正); df=1; p <.05
come は圧倒的に単文(副動詞移動構文)を好む
34. 3.2 事象統合(Event Integration)について
Talmy (1991; 2000)
(17) a. La botella salió de la cueva flotando.
The bottle exited from the cave, floating.
b. La botella salió flotando de la cueva.
The bottle exited floating from the cave.
(17b) のような単文で複雑な事象を表わすのは派生的な例
派生を認める必要はあるのか?
37. REFERENCES
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