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GSM OVERVIEW
G- Global
S- System
M- Mobile
By-Prof. Vishal Jagtap
Sandip Foundation,Nashik
Content-
Introduction
History of GSM System
Specification of GSM
Channel allocation in India
GSM frequencies
Cellular system Generation
Service provider in India
Frequency Reuse
Cell
HISTORY OF WIRELESS COMMUNICATION
• 1982 CEPT start to develop cell structure
• 1986 Basic GSM radio tarnsmission technics
chosen
• 1988 The Telecommunication Standarts Instute
define GSM
• 1989 Explanation is finished for GSM Generation 1
• 1991 First call in GSM
• 1992 First GSM Network in the world
• 1993 GSM Network is reached 32
• 1994 First GSM Network in Africa,
 1992 First GSM Network in the world
 1993 GSM Network is reached 32
 1994 First GSM Network in Africa,
 1995 GSM Network is reached 117
 1998 120 Million User on the World
 1999 First GPRS
 1998 480 Million User on the World
 2003 863 Million User on the World
 2004 3G World Congress
 2007 2.4 Billion user on the world
Cellular systems generations
 1G (first generation) – voice-oriented systems
based on analog technology; ex.: Advanced
Mobile Phone Systems (AMPS) and cordless
systems
 2G (second generation) - voice-oriented
systems based on digital technology; more
efficient and used less spectrum than 1G; ex.:
Global System for Mobile (GSM) and US Time
Division Multiple Access (US-TDMA)
 3G (third generation) – high-speed voice-
oriented systems integrated with data services;
ex.: General Packet Radio Service (GPRS),
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
 4G (fourth generation) – still experimental, not
deployed yet; based on Internet protocol
networks and will provide voice, data and
multimedia service to subscribers
GSM - Specifications
 Original specifications for the GSM system:
Good subjective voice quality
Low terminal and service cost
Support for international roaming
Support for handheld terminals
Support for new services
Spectrum efficient
Compatible with ISDN
Cellular Network Generations
 It is useful to think of cellular
Network/telephony in terms of generations:
0G: Briefcase-size mobile radio telephones
1G: Analog cellular telephony
2G: Digital cellular telephony
3G: High-speed digital cellular telephony
(including video telephony)
4G: IP-based “anytime, anywhere” voice,
data, and multimedia telephony at faster
data rates than 3G
GSM Frequencies
Frequency reuse
 is a method used by service providers to
improve the efficiency of a cellular network
and to serve millions of subscribers using a
limited radio spectrum
 is based on the fact that after a distance a
radio wave gets attenuated and the signal
falls bellow a point where it can no longer be
used or cause any interference
 a transmitter transmitting in a specific
frequency range will have only a limited
coverage area
Cells
 A cell is the basic geographic unit of a cellular
system
The term cellular comes from the honeycomb
shape of the areas into which a coverage
region is divided
Cells are base stations transmitting over
small geographic areas that are represented
as hexagons
Size varies depending on the landscape
Clusters
 A cluster is a group of cells
No channels are reused within a cluster
A seven Cell Cluster
Wireless Access Evolution
GSM Architecture
Mobile Station (MS)
Mobile Equipment (ME)
Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)
Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
Base Station Controller (BSC)
Network Switching Subsystem(NSS)
Mobile Switching Center (MSC)
Home Location Register (HLR)
Visitor Location Register (VLR)
Authentication Center (AUC)
Mobile Station (MS)
Mobile Equipment
 Portable,vehicle mounted, hand held device
 Uniquely identified by an IMEI
(International Mobile Equipment Identity)
 Voice and data transmission
 Monitoring power and signal quality of
surrounding cells for optimum handover
 Power level : 0.8W – 20 W
 160 character long SMS.
Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)
 Smart card contains the International
Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)
 Allows user to send and receive calls and
receive other subscribed services
 Encoded network identification details
- Key Ki,Kc and A3,A5 and A8 algorithms
 Protected by a password or PIN
 Can be moved from phone to phone –
contains key information to activate the
phone
Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
Base Station Subsystem is composed of two
parts that communicate across the
standardized Abis interface allowing
operation between components made by
different suppliers
1. Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
2. Base Station Controller (BSC)
Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
Base Transceiver Station (BTS):
 Encodes,encrypts,multiplexes,modulates and
feeds the RF signals to the antenna.
 Frequency hopping
 Communicates with Mobile station and BSC
 Consists of Transceivers (TRX) units
Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
Base Station Controller (BSC)
 Manages Radio resources for BTS
 Assigns Frequency and time slots for all
MS’s in its area
 Handles call set up
 Transcoding and rate adaptation
functionality
 Handover for each MS
 Radio Power control
Network Switching Subsystem(NSS)
Mobile Switching Center (MSC)
 Heart of the network
 Manages communication between GSM and
other networks
 Call setup function and basic switching
 Call routing
 Billing information and collection
 Mobility management
- Registration
- Location Updating
Network Switching Subsystem
 Home Location Registers (HLR)
- permanent database about mobile
subscribers in a large service
area(generally one per GSM network
operator)
- database contains
IMSI,MSISDN,prepaid/postpaid,roaming
restrictions,supplementary services.
 Visitor Location Registers (VLR)
- Temporary database which updates
whenever new MS enters its area, by
HLR database
- Controls those mobiles roaming in its
area
- Reduces number of queries to HLR
- Database contains
IMSI,TMSI,MSISDN,MSRN,Location
Area,authentication key
 Authentication Center (AUC)
- Protects against intruders in air
interface
- Maintains authentication keys and
algorithms and provides security triplets
( RAND,SRES,Kc)
- Generally associated with HLR
 Equipment Identity Register (EIR)
- Database that is used to track handsets
using the IMEI (International Mobile
Equipment Identity)
- Made up of three sub-classes: The White
List, The Black List and the Gray List
Handovers
Between 1 and 2 –
Inter BTS / Intra
BSC
Between 1 and 3 –
Inter BSC/ Intra
MSC
Between 1 and 4 –
Inter MSC
Gsm overview11

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Gsm overview11

  • 1. GSM OVERVIEW G- Global S- System M- Mobile By-Prof. Vishal Jagtap Sandip Foundation,Nashik
  • 2. Content- Introduction History of GSM System Specification of GSM Channel allocation in India GSM frequencies Cellular system Generation Service provider in India Frequency Reuse Cell
  • 3. HISTORY OF WIRELESS COMMUNICATION • 1982 CEPT start to develop cell structure • 1986 Basic GSM radio tarnsmission technics chosen • 1988 The Telecommunication Standarts Instute define GSM • 1989 Explanation is finished for GSM Generation 1 • 1991 First call in GSM • 1992 First GSM Network in the world • 1993 GSM Network is reached 32 • 1994 First GSM Network in Africa,
  • 4.  1992 First GSM Network in the world  1993 GSM Network is reached 32  1994 First GSM Network in Africa,  1995 GSM Network is reached 117  1998 120 Million User on the World  1999 First GPRS  1998 480 Million User on the World  2003 863 Million User on the World  2004 3G World Congress  2007 2.4 Billion user on the world
  • 5. Cellular systems generations  1G (first generation) – voice-oriented systems based on analog technology; ex.: Advanced Mobile Phone Systems (AMPS) and cordless systems  2G (second generation) - voice-oriented systems based on digital technology; more efficient and used less spectrum than 1G; ex.: Global System for Mobile (GSM) and US Time Division Multiple Access (US-TDMA)
  • 6.  3G (third generation) – high-speed voice- oriented systems integrated with data services; ex.: General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)  4G (fourth generation) – still experimental, not deployed yet; based on Internet protocol networks and will provide voice, data and multimedia service to subscribers
  • 7. GSM - Specifications  Original specifications for the GSM system: Good subjective voice quality Low terminal and service cost Support for international roaming Support for handheld terminals Support for new services Spectrum efficient Compatible with ISDN
  • 8. Cellular Network Generations  It is useful to think of cellular Network/telephony in terms of generations: 0G: Briefcase-size mobile radio telephones 1G: Analog cellular telephony 2G: Digital cellular telephony 3G: High-speed digital cellular telephony (including video telephony) 4G: IP-based “anytime, anywhere” voice, data, and multimedia telephony at faster data rates than 3G
  • 10.
  • 11.
  • 12.
  • 13.
  • 14.
  • 15. Frequency reuse  is a method used by service providers to improve the efficiency of a cellular network and to serve millions of subscribers using a limited radio spectrum  is based on the fact that after a distance a radio wave gets attenuated and the signal falls bellow a point where it can no longer be used or cause any interference  a transmitter transmitting in a specific frequency range will have only a limited coverage area
  • 16. Cells  A cell is the basic geographic unit of a cellular system The term cellular comes from the honeycomb shape of the areas into which a coverage region is divided Cells are base stations transmitting over small geographic areas that are represented as hexagons Size varies depending on the landscape
  • 17. Clusters  A cluster is a group of cells No channels are reused within a cluster A seven Cell Cluster
  • 20. Mobile Station (MS) Mobile Equipment (ME) Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) Base Station Subsystem (BSS) Base Transceiver Station (BTS) Base Station Controller (BSC) Network Switching Subsystem(NSS) Mobile Switching Center (MSC) Home Location Register (HLR) Visitor Location Register (VLR) Authentication Center (AUC)
  • 21. Mobile Station (MS) Mobile Equipment  Portable,vehicle mounted, hand held device  Uniquely identified by an IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity)  Voice and data transmission  Monitoring power and signal quality of surrounding cells for optimum handover  Power level : 0.8W – 20 W  160 character long SMS.
  • 22. Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)  Smart card contains the International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)  Allows user to send and receive calls and receive other subscribed services  Encoded network identification details - Key Ki,Kc and A3,A5 and A8 algorithms  Protected by a password or PIN  Can be moved from phone to phone – contains key information to activate the phone
  • 23. Base Station Subsystem (BSS) Base Station Subsystem is composed of two parts that communicate across the standardized Abis interface allowing operation between components made by different suppliers 1. Base Transceiver Station (BTS) 2. Base Station Controller (BSC)
  • 24. Base Station Subsystem (BSS) Base Transceiver Station (BTS):  Encodes,encrypts,multiplexes,modulates and feeds the RF signals to the antenna.  Frequency hopping  Communicates with Mobile station and BSC  Consists of Transceivers (TRX) units
  • 25. Base Station Subsystem (BSS) Base Station Controller (BSC)  Manages Radio resources for BTS  Assigns Frequency and time slots for all MS’s in its area  Handles call set up  Transcoding and rate adaptation functionality  Handover for each MS  Radio Power control
  • 26. Network Switching Subsystem(NSS) Mobile Switching Center (MSC)  Heart of the network  Manages communication between GSM and other networks  Call setup function and basic switching  Call routing  Billing information and collection  Mobility management - Registration - Location Updating
  • 27. Network Switching Subsystem  Home Location Registers (HLR) - permanent database about mobile subscribers in a large service area(generally one per GSM network operator) - database contains IMSI,MSISDN,prepaid/postpaid,roaming restrictions,supplementary services.
  • 28.  Visitor Location Registers (VLR) - Temporary database which updates whenever new MS enters its area, by HLR database - Controls those mobiles roaming in its area - Reduces number of queries to HLR - Database contains IMSI,TMSI,MSISDN,MSRN,Location Area,authentication key
  • 29.  Authentication Center (AUC) - Protects against intruders in air interface - Maintains authentication keys and algorithms and provides security triplets ( RAND,SRES,Kc) - Generally associated with HLR  Equipment Identity Register (EIR) - Database that is used to track handsets using the IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity) - Made up of three sub-classes: The White List, The Black List and the Gray List
  • 30. Handovers Between 1 and 2 – Inter BTS / Intra BSC Between 1 and 3 – Inter BSC/ Intra MSC Between 1 and 4 – Inter MSC