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Thomas Dmoch
How to measure Brand Positioning?
Dmoch/17/01/2015/Page2
Table of Content
Definitions
–Brand
–Positioning
Measurement of Brand Positioning
Summary
Dmoch/17/01/2015/Page3
Definitions
DEFINITIONS MEASUREMENT OF BRAND POSITIONING SUMMARY
Dmoch/17/01/2015/Page4
Market Situation
High competition
Saturated markets
Exchangeability
0% 50% 100%
Soap
Cola
Chips
Soups
Credit cards
Coffee
TV-sets
PC
Beer
Airlines
Image important
Source: BBDO, 2009
Dmoch/17/01/2015/Page5
Exchangeable Advertising
Dmoch/17/01/2015/Page6
green sails
Music “Sail away”
Sailing ship
TV-commercial
tough guys, nice girls
Sailing crew
international
German origin
adventure
quality
exclusive
silver letters
Premium
red label
green bottle
Karlskrone
cheap
green label
Plastic bottle
A Brand is anchored in the Consumer’s Mind
Pilsner
Beer
typical bottle
white head
carbonated
fresh
malty
amber
dry
bitter
traditional pure
typical
glass
Bottom-fermented
relaxing
friends
community
After work
party
Aldi
BECK‘S
Joe Cocker
Category
Dmoch/17/01/2015/Page7
Positioning: Definition
All measures aimed on influencing the consumer’s perception of
a product or service so that it is
attractive to the consumer
differentiated to competing offers
and thus is preferred to those offers.
Dmoch/17/01/2015/Page8
Dmoch/17/01/2015/Page9
Positioning
Analysis
Awareness
Attitude
Continuous controlling
Consumer motives
Deeper insights
Positioning
Strategy
Dmoch/17/01/2015/Page10
Methods of Brand Positioning Measurement
DEFINITION MEASUREMENT OF BRAND POSITIONING SUMMARY
Dmoch/17/01/2015/Page11
What are we going to measure?
High involvement
Stimulus
low involvement
Emotional processesCognitive processes
Attitude
Behaviour
Purchase
Intention
Dmoch/17/01/2015/Page12
What are we going to measure?
High involvement
Stimulus
low involvement
Emotional processesCognitive processes
Attitude
Behaviour
Purchase
Intention
Dmoch/17/01/2015/Page13
What are we going to measure?
High involvement
Stimulus
low involvement
Emotional processesCognitive processes
Attitude
Behaviour
Purchase
Intention
Dmoch/17/01/2015/Page14
What are we going to measure?
High Involvement
Stimulus
Low Involvement
Emotional ProcessesCognitive Processes
Behaviour
Purchase
Intention
Attitude
Dmoch/17/01/2015/Page15
Methods: Overview
Attitude
Rational approach Qualitative approach
Uni-
dimensional
Multi-
dimensional
ThrustoneLlkert OsgoodGuttman
Multiattribute
Models
Decomposing
Models
Composing
Models
Fishbein WeinbergTrommsdorff
Associative
Networks
Mental
Images
Neuro-
Science
Dmoch/17/01/2015/Page16
Methods: Likert-Scale
Attitude
Rational approach Qualitative approach
Uni-
dimensional
Multi-
dimensional
ThrustoneLikert OsgoodGuttman
Multiattribute
Models
Decomposing
Models
Composing
Models
Fishbein WeinbergTrommsdorff
Associative
Networks
Mental
Images
Neuro-
Science
This beer tastes good.
Agree
strongly Agree Indifferent
Disagree
stronglyDisagree
2 1 0 -2-1
Dmoch/17/01/2015/Page17
Methods: Osgood‘s Semantic Differential
Attitude
Rational approach Qualitative approach
Uni-
dimensional
Multi-
dimensional
ThrustoneLlkert OsgoodGuttman
Multiattribute
Models
Decomposing
Models
Composing
Models
Fishbein WeinbergTrommsdorff
Associative
Networks
Mental
Images
Neuro-
Science
2 1 0 -2-1
Hot
Fast
Good
Powerful
Sweet
Noisy
Nice
Strong
Big
cold
slow
bad
powerless
sour
quiet
awful
weak
little
Dmoch/17/01/2015/Page18
Dmoch/17/01/2015/Page19
Methods: Osgood‘s Semantic Differential
Attitude
Rational approach Qualitative approach
Uni-
dimensional
Multi-
dimensional
ThrustoneLlkert OsgoodGuttman
Multiattribute
Models
Decomposing
Models
Composing
Models
Fishbein WeinbergTrommsdorff
Associative
Networks
Mental
Images
Neuro-
Science
2 1 0 -2-1
Hot
Fast
Good
Powerful
Sweet
Noisy
Nice
Strong
Big
cold
slow
bad
powerless
sour
quiet
awful
weak
little
Dmoch/17/01/2015/Page20
Uni-
dimensional
ThrustoneLlkert
Attitude
Rational approach Qualitative approach
Multi-
dimensional
OsgoodGuttman
Multiattribute
Models
Decomposing
Models
Composing
Models
Fishbein WeinbergTrommsdorff
Associative
networks
Mental
images
Neuro-Sciences
Methods: Composing Models – Factor Analysis
Step 2:
Aggregation via
Factor Analysis
International
Good
taste
bitterness
Step 3:
Mapping
Good
tasteInternational
Bitterness
Ideal
Step 1:
Evaluation via attribute scales
Bitter beer
Fresh
Pure
High quality
Pleasure
Good taste
International
Multicultural
Ideal
Dmoch/17/01/2015/Page21
Attitude
Rational approach Qualitative approach
Uni-
dimensional
Multi-
dimensional
ThrustoneLlkert OsgoodGuttman
Multiattribute
Models
Decomposing
Models
Composing
Models
Fishbein WeinbergTrommsdorff
Associative
networks
Mental
images
Neuro-Sciences
Methods: Decomposing Models - MDS
Step 2: Naming of
underlying dimensions by
researcher
Step 3: Mapping of dimensionsStep 1: Assessment
of differences
>
>
>
Good
tasteInternational
Bitterness
Ideal
Dmoch/17/01/2015/Page22
Structural Analysis of Competitive Images (WISA)
2. Dimension
Brand A
1. Dimension
Brand A
2. Dimension
Brand B
1. Dimension
Brand B
3. Dimension
Brand B
Purchase intention
Brand B Purchase intention
Brand A
Dmoch/17/01/2015/Page23
Structural Analysis of Competitive Images (WISA)
First Choice Other Brands
Available-Set
Awareness-Set Unawareness-Set
Consideration-Set Inert-Set Reject-Set
Dmoch/17/01/2015/Page24
Structural Analysis of Competitive Images (WISA)
First Choice Other Brands
Available-Set
Awareness-Set Unawareness-Set
Consideration-Set Inert-Set Reject-Set
Beck’s
N=263
Jever
N=186
N=114
Beck’s
N=263
Karlskrone
N=201
N=23
Dmoch/17/01/2015/Page25
Structural Analysis of Competitive Images (WISA)
Purchase Intention – Beck’s
Good taste Beck’s
Good taste Jever
Virility Beck’s
Not via Image
explained
variance: 79%
Purchase Intention – Jever
Not via Image
explained
variance: 76%
21%
24%
Dmoch/17/01/2015/Page26
Why qualitative approach?
Young
Fresh
Natural
Bitter
German
viril
pure
Beck’s
Relevant to individual #1,
but not checked
Not relevant to individual #2,
however checked
Unilateral relations Multilateral relations
Green sails
Music “Sail away”
Sailing ship
TV-commercial
Tough guys, nice girls
Sailing crew
International
German origin
Adventure
Quality
Exclusive
Silver letters
Premium
Red label
Green bottle
Joe Cocker
Beck’s
Dmoch/17/01/2015/Page27
Low Involvement Attitude Building
High involvement
Stimulus
low involvement
Emotional processesCognitive processes
Attitude
Behaviour
Purchase
Intention
Dmoch/17/01/2015/Page28
Green sails
Music “Sail away”
Sailing ship
TV-commercial
Tough guys, nice girls
Sailing crew
International
German origin
Adventure
Quality
Exclusive
Silver letters
Premium
Red label
Green bottle
Open Assessment of the Brand’s Position
Joe Cocker
Beach
Calm music
Lighthouse
TV-commercial
Viril guys
Northern Germany
Peaceful
German origin
Natural
Quality
Exclusive
Silver letters
Premium
Golden label
Green bottle
Relaxed
JEVER
Seaside Island
Authentic
Beck’s
Dmoch/17/01/2015/Page29
Green sails
Music “Sail away”
Sailing ship
TV-commercial
Tough guys, nice girls
Sailing crew
International
German origin
Adventure
Quality
Exclusive
Silver letters
Premium
Red label
Green bottle
Unique Position
Joe Cocker
Beach
Calm music
Lighthouse
TV-commercial
Viril guys
Northern Germany
Peaceful
German origin
Natural
Quality
Exclusive
Silver letters
Premium
Golden label
Green bottle
Relaxed
JEVER
Seaside Island
Authentic
Beck’s
Dmoch/17/01/2015/Page30
Green sails
Music “Sail away”
Sailing ship
TV-commercial
Tough guys, nice girls
Sailing crew
International
German origin
Adventure
Quality
Exclusive
Silver letters
Premium
Red label
Green bottle
Overlap coefficient
Joe Cocker
Beach
Calm music
Lighthouse
TV-commercial
Viril guys
Northern Germany
Peaceful
German origin
Natural
Quality
Exclusive
Silver letters
Premium
Golden label
Green bottle
Relaxed
JEVER
Seaside Island
Authentic
Beck’sOverlap Coefficient 21%
Dmoch/17/01/2015/Page31
Imagery Measurement
The picture I imagine is
as clear and vivid as in reality
clear and quite vivid
moderately clear and vivid
vague and hazy
I don‘t have any mental image.
Please
tick
Dmoch/17/01/2015/Page32
Imagery Measurement
The picture I imagine is like
Please
tick
Dmoch/17/01/2015/Page33
Icon Iceberg Model
Dmoch/17/01/2015/Page34
Icon Iceberg Model
Brand imagery
Brand credit
 Aided brand awareness
 Perceived advertising pressure
 Memorability of advertising
 Brand uniqueness
 Vividness of brand imagery
 Appeal
 Brand likeability
 Brand confidence
 Brand loyalty
Short term
Long term
Marketing activities
Sales
Dmoch/17/01/2015/Page35
Icon Iceberg Model
 Aided brand Awareness
 Perceived advertising
pressure
 Memorability of advertising
 Brand uniqueness
 Vividness of brand imagery
 Appeal
 Brand likeability
 Brand Confidence
 Brand loyality
Norm
22
21
8
2
-5
87
27
65
37
38
53
38
31
12
Brand Imagery
Brand Credit
-9
16
20
12
Dmoch/17/01/2015/Page36
 Aided brand Awareness
 Perceived advertising
pressure
 Memorability of advertising
 Brand uniqueness
 Vividness of brand imagery
 Appeal
 Brand likeability
 Brand Confidence
 Brand loyality
BrandImagery
Brand Credit
Icon Iceberg Model
Norm
87
27
65
37
38
53
38
31
12
Brand Imagery
Brand Credit
22
21
8
2
-5
-9
16
20
12
Dmoch/17/01/2015/Page37
Neuro-Sciences
Strong brand –
left palladium
Weak brand –
left palladium
Strong brand –
right middle frontal
gyrus
Weak brand –
right cerebellum
 Strong brands allow cognitive relief
 Strong brand elicit more positive emotions than weak brands
 Weak brand elicit negative emotions
 Visualising of cortical processes allow localisation of cognitive
processes, but now practical recommendations
 Exploratory stage of science
Dmoch/17/01/2015/Page38
Brand is anchored in the consumer’s mind
Positioning intends to establish a unique
and attractive brand image
Classical attitude research is not suitable
to emotional and less conscious processes
involved in attitude building
Relevance of items is an general problem
Open methods unveil emotional and
imagery aspects
Neuro-Science still can’t explain those
effects
Advantages of Iceberg model
–taking imagery effects into account
–validated
–predicting purchase behaviour

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How to measure brand positioning 20110126

  • 1. Thomas Dmoch How to measure Brand Positioning?
  • 4. Dmoch/17/01/2015/Page4 Market Situation High competition Saturated markets Exchangeability 0% 50% 100% Soap Cola Chips Soups Credit cards Coffee TV-sets PC Beer Airlines Image important Source: BBDO, 2009
  • 6. Dmoch/17/01/2015/Page6 green sails Music “Sail away” Sailing ship TV-commercial tough guys, nice girls Sailing crew international German origin adventure quality exclusive silver letters Premium red label green bottle Karlskrone cheap green label Plastic bottle A Brand is anchored in the Consumer’s Mind Pilsner Beer typical bottle white head carbonated fresh malty amber dry bitter traditional pure typical glass Bottom-fermented relaxing friends community After work party Aldi BECK‘S Joe Cocker Category
  • 7. Dmoch/17/01/2015/Page7 Positioning: Definition All measures aimed on influencing the consumer’s perception of a product or service so that it is attractive to the consumer differentiated to competing offers and thus is preferred to those offers.
  • 10. Dmoch/17/01/2015/Page10 Methods of Brand Positioning Measurement DEFINITION MEASUREMENT OF BRAND POSITIONING SUMMARY
  • 11. Dmoch/17/01/2015/Page11 What are we going to measure? High involvement Stimulus low involvement Emotional processesCognitive processes Attitude Behaviour Purchase Intention
  • 12. Dmoch/17/01/2015/Page12 What are we going to measure? High involvement Stimulus low involvement Emotional processesCognitive processes Attitude Behaviour Purchase Intention
  • 13. Dmoch/17/01/2015/Page13 What are we going to measure? High involvement Stimulus low involvement Emotional processesCognitive processes Attitude Behaviour Purchase Intention
  • 14. Dmoch/17/01/2015/Page14 What are we going to measure? High Involvement Stimulus Low Involvement Emotional ProcessesCognitive Processes Behaviour Purchase Intention Attitude
  • 15. Dmoch/17/01/2015/Page15 Methods: Overview Attitude Rational approach Qualitative approach Uni- dimensional Multi- dimensional ThrustoneLlkert OsgoodGuttman Multiattribute Models Decomposing Models Composing Models Fishbein WeinbergTrommsdorff Associative Networks Mental Images Neuro- Science
  • 16. Dmoch/17/01/2015/Page16 Methods: Likert-Scale Attitude Rational approach Qualitative approach Uni- dimensional Multi- dimensional ThrustoneLikert OsgoodGuttman Multiattribute Models Decomposing Models Composing Models Fishbein WeinbergTrommsdorff Associative Networks Mental Images Neuro- Science This beer tastes good. Agree strongly Agree Indifferent Disagree stronglyDisagree 2 1 0 -2-1
  • 17. Dmoch/17/01/2015/Page17 Methods: Osgood‘s Semantic Differential Attitude Rational approach Qualitative approach Uni- dimensional Multi- dimensional ThrustoneLlkert OsgoodGuttman Multiattribute Models Decomposing Models Composing Models Fishbein WeinbergTrommsdorff Associative Networks Mental Images Neuro- Science 2 1 0 -2-1 Hot Fast Good Powerful Sweet Noisy Nice Strong Big cold slow bad powerless sour quiet awful weak little
  • 19. Dmoch/17/01/2015/Page19 Methods: Osgood‘s Semantic Differential Attitude Rational approach Qualitative approach Uni- dimensional Multi- dimensional ThrustoneLlkert OsgoodGuttman Multiattribute Models Decomposing Models Composing Models Fishbein WeinbergTrommsdorff Associative Networks Mental Images Neuro- Science 2 1 0 -2-1 Hot Fast Good Powerful Sweet Noisy Nice Strong Big cold slow bad powerless sour quiet awful weak little
  • 20. Dmoch/17/01/2015/Page20 Uni- dimensional ThrustoneLlkert Attitude Rational approach Qualitative approach Multi- dimensional OsgoodGuttman Multiattribute Models Decomposing Models Composing Models Fishbein WeinbergTrommsdorff Associative networks Mental images Neuro-Sciences Methods: Composing Models – Factor Analysis Step 2: Aggregation via Factor Analysis International Good taste bitterness Step 3: Mapping Good tasteInternational Bitterness Ideal Step 1: Evaluation via attribute scales Bitter beer Fresh Pure High quality Pleasure Good taste International Multicultural Ideal
  • 21. Dmoch/17/01/2015/Page21 Attitude Rational approach Qualitative approach Uni- dimensional Multi- dimensional ThrustoneLlkert OsgoodGuttman Multiattribute Models Decomposing Models Composing Models Fishbein WeinbergTrommsdorff Associative networks Mental images Neuro-Sciences Methods: Decomposing Models - MDS Step 2: Naming of underlying dimensions by researcher Step 3: Mapping of dimensionsStep 1: Assessment of differences > > > Good tasteInternational Bitterness Ideal
  • 22. Dmoch/17/01/2015/Page22 Structural Analysis of Competitive Images (WISA) 2. Dimension Brand A 1. Dimension Brand A 2. Dimension Brand B 1. Dimension Brand B 3. Dimension Brand B Purchase intention Brand B Purchase intention Brand A
  • 23. Dmoch/17/01/2015/Page23 Structural Analysis of Competitive Images (WISA) First Choice Other Brands Available-Set Awareness-Set Unawareness-Set Consideration-Set Inert-Set Reject-Set
  • 24. Dmoch/17/01/2015/Page24 Structural Analysis of Competitive Images (WISA) First Choice Other Brands Available-Set Awareness-Set Unawareness-Set Consideration-Set Inert-Set Reject-Set Beck’s N=263 Jever N=186 N=114 Beck’s N=263 Karlskrone N=201 N=23
  • 25. Dmoch/17/01/2015/Page25 Structural Analysis of Competitive Images (WISA) Purchase Intention – Beck’s Good taste Beck’s Good taste Jever Virility Beck’s Not via Image explained variance: 79% Purchase Intention – Jever Not via Image explained variance: 76% 21% 24%
  • 26. Dmoch/17/01/2015/Page26 Why qualitative approach? Young Fresh Natural Bitter German viril pure Beck’s Relevant to individual #1, but not checked Not relevant to individual #2, however checked Unilateral relations Multilateral relations Green sails Music “Sail away” Sailing ship TV-commercial Tough guys, nice girls Sailing crew International German origin Adventure Quality Exclusive Silver letters Premium Red label Green bottle Joe Cocker Beck’s
  • 27. Dmoch/17/01/2015/Page27 Low Involvement Attitude Building High involvement Stimulus low involvement Emotional processesCognitive processes Attitude Behaviour Purchase Intention
  • 28. Dmoch/17/01/2015/Page28 Green sails Music “Sail away” Sailing ship TV-commercial Tough guys, nice girls Sailing crew International German origin Adventure Quality Exclusive Silver letters Premium Red label Green bottle Open Assessment of the Brand’s Position Joe Cocker Beach Calm music Lighthouse TV-commercial Viril guys Northern Germany Peaceful German origin Natural Quality Exclusive Silver letters Premium Golden label Green bottle Relaxed JEVER Seaside Island Authentic Beck’s
  • 29. Dmoch/17/01/2015/Page29 Green sails Music “Sail away” Sailing ship TV-commercial Tough guys, nice girls Sailing crew International German origin Adventure Quality Exclusive Silver letters Premium Red label Green bottle Unique Position Joe Cocker Beach Calm music Lighthouse TV-commercial Viril guys Northern Germany Peaceful German origin Natural Quality Exclusive Silver letters Premium Golden label Green bottle Relaxed JEVER Seaside Island Authentic Beck’s
  • 30. Dmoch/17/01/2015/Page30 Green sails Music “Sail away” Sailing ship TV-commercial Tough guys, nice girls Sailing crew International German origin Adventure Quality Exclusive Silver letters Premium Red label Green bottle Overlap coefficient Joe Cocker Beach Calm music Lighthouse TV-commercial Viril guys Northern Germany Peaceful German origin Natural Quality Exclusive Silver letters Premium Golden label Green bottle Relaxed JEVER Seaside Island Authentic Beck’sOverlap Coefficient 21%
  • 31. Dmoch/17/01/2015/Page31 Imagery Measurement The picture I imagine is as clear and vivid as in reality clear and quite vivid moderately clear and vivid vague and hazy I don‘t have any mental image. Please tick
  • 34. Dmoch/17/01/2015/Page34 Icon Iceberg Model Brand imagery Brand credit  Aided brand awareness  Perceived advertising pressure  Memorability of advertising  Brand uniqueness  Vividness of brand imagery  Appeal  Brand likeability  Brand confidence  Brand loyalty Short term Long term Marketing activities Sales
  • 35. Dmoch/17/01/2015/Page35 Icon Iceberg Model  Aided brand Awareness  Perceived advertising pressure  Memorability of advertising  Brand uniqueness  Vividness of brand imagery  Appeal  Brand likeability  Brand Confidence  Brand loyality Norm 22 21 8 2 -5 87 27 65 37 38 53 38 31 12 Brand Imagery Brand Credit -9 16 20 12
  • 36. Dmoch/17/01/2015/Page36  Aided brand Awareness  Perceived advertising pressure  Memorability of advertising  Brand uniqueness  Vividness of brand imagery  Appeal  Brand likeability  Brand Confidence  Brand loyality BrandImagery Brand Credit Icon Iceberg Model Norm 87 27 65 37 38 53 38 31 12 Brand Imagery Brand Credit 22 21 8 2 -5 -9 16 20 12
  • 37. Dmoch/17/01/2015/Page37 Neuro-Sciences Strong brand – left palladium Weak brand – left palladium Strong brand – right middle frontal gyrus Weak brand – right cerebellum  Strong brands allow cognitive relief  Strong brand elicit more positive emotions than weak brands  Weak brand elicit negative emotions  Visualising of cortical processes allow localisation of cognitive processes, but now practical recommendations  Exploratory stage of science
  • 38. Dmoch/17/01/2015/Page38 Brand is anchored in the consumer’s mind Positioning intends to establish a unique and attractive brand image Classical attitude research is not suitable to emotional and less conscious processes involved in attitude building Relevance of items is an general problem Open methods unveil emotional and imagery aspects Neuro-Science still can’t explain those effects Advantages of Iceberg model –taking imagery effects into account –validated –predicting purchase behaviour