Quantum computing is the computing which uses the laws of quantum mechanics to process information. Quantum computer works on qubits, which stands for "Quantum Bits".
With quantum computers, factoring of prime numbers are possible.
3. Introduction
Quantum computing is the computing which uses
the laws of quantum mechanics to process
information.
Quantum mechanics deals with motion and
interaction of subatomic particles. Eg, atom,
electrons.
Quantum computer works on qubits, which stands
for "Quantum Bits".
4. QUBIT
Qubit is similar to a bit in classical computers.
They store
-0
-1
-0 and 1 both.
Qubits are made with Sub atomic particles .
5. How electrons can be used to store data?
Electron is a charged particle
When a charged particle move they create a
magnetic field.
So electron behaves like a magnet. It has 2
states
Spin up.
Spin down.
7. Firstly, we apply a strong magnetic field , electron comes in SPIN DOWN
position.
Spin Up – 1
Spin Down -0
Now for writing “1” , we apply a microwave of specific frequency , and let the
electron come in SPIN UP.
For 0, it is already in SPIN DOWN.
How To Write a Qubit.
8. How To Read a Qubit.
If the electron stores “1” , then if we remove the microwave
then a photon of particular wavelength is emitted, and
electron comes in low energy states.
And in case of “0” nothing is emited.
10. Superposition
The principle of Superposition states that “while we
do not know what the state of any electron is, it is
actually in all possible states simultaneously, as long
as we don't look to check”.
13. Schrodinger’s Cat experiment
To illustrate this theory, we can use the famous analogy of Schrodinger's
Cat.
First, we have a living cat and place it in a thick lead box.
We then throw in a vial of cyanide and seal the box. We do not know if
the cat is alive
if the cyanide capsule has broken
the cat has died.
Since we do not know, the cat is both dead and alive
According to quantum law –It is in a superposition of states.
“It is only when we break open the box and see what condition the cat is
then only the superposition is lost, and the cat must be either alive or
dead.”
15. Double slit experiment
On the left, we have a gun that can fire bullets
The bullets will be fired at a wall that has two slits.
Behind the wall with two slits, is a wall that will measure the number of bullets that
got through the wall and where they landed.
The graph behind this wall will display the probability distribution for where the
bullets hit.
First, we’ll leave the bottom slit open. The distribution is normal.
When we leave the top slit open, the distribution is once again normal.
When both slits are left open, the distribution is simply the sum of the two previous
distributions. This tells us that the bullets go though one slit or the other.
22. Why electron shows this behaviour?
Electron acts like “particles
as well as wave”.
23. The double slit experiment
Interference of electrons
But when
we observe
then then it
starts
behaving
like a
particle.
24. What are the conclusions?
When we “observe” the electron, it “behaves” like
particles.
Electron may exist in 2 positions at the same time.
25. Quantum Entanglement
When electron start interacting with each other , then they
start behaving in a coupled manner.
Here coupling means electron cannot represent the
information individually, but if we read them together in some
particular manner then we will get the information.
26.
27. 2 qubit 22 =4 bit
4 qubit 24 =16 bit
300 qubit 2300 bit
2300 is the no of particles present in this Universe
28. Application 1
all paths one by one and find which is optimum.
But Quantum Computer traverse all paths at same time and this is how our quantum
computer does computation on TSP.
Traverse gives output which is optimum.
Travelling Sales Man Problem.
29. Application 2
How much time would a human take to find out the prime factors of this number.
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Human would take time that would equal to the life time of Galaxy. But Quantum
Computer would take about 30 Seconds.
30. Application 3
RSA encryption will not be safe in Quantum World.
This is because , RSA algorithm is based on prime
factors. It computes n=pq, where p and q are prime
numbers.
Quantum Computers can solve them in Seconds.
31. Application 4
Developing a new drug is a complicated process.
Chemists have to test tons of different molecular
combinations to find one that actually has properties that are
effective against a disease.
This process can take years and cost millions of dollars.
Chemists bring tons of these combinations to later-stage trials
and many of them still end up failing.
A quantum computer would be able to map out trillions of
molecular combinations and quickly identify the ones
that would most likely work, significantly cutting down
the cost and the time of drug development.
32. Application 5
Accelerating space exploration
Astronomers have discovered nearly 2,000 confirmed planets
outside our solar system using the Kepler space telescope.
The Kepler search involves peering at these distant so-called
exoplanets and waiting for them to pass in front of their host star.
When that happens, the exoplanets cast a shadow that
astronomers can then analyze and make predictions about whether
their atmosphere is suitable for life or not.
A quantum computer could tackle more data in any given telescope
view, spot more exoplanets, and help quickly identify which ones
have the most potential to harbor life. It could even uncover
exoplanets that Kepler missed during its first run through older
images.