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1. Knowledge and knowledge
management

2. There is no consensus on the nature of knowledge. Here's a brief and far from
comprehensive survey of definitions offered by writers and researchers in knowledge
management (Jones, 1952). Many philosophers defined Knowledge as “Justified true
belief”. They believe knowledge claims can be justified by facts (Goldman,
1991).Context information represents one more term. It is possible to suggest that it
was invented by epistemology of the Cartesian Rationalists. It is important is in the
validity of knowledge claim. It is valid if it adds to the systematic coherence of a larger
framework of knowledge (Aune, 1970).
Some researchers define knowledge as some data or experience which is able to be
shared through communication (Allee, 1997). Bennet and Bennet (Bennet, A. & Bennet,
D., 2000) states that knowledge consists of different information and various sets of
data. It can be interpreted in a greater sense as some relationship, situation, theory,
rules of both implicit and explicit types which form a basis for some issue. Potential acts
compose knowledge, which also consist of some signs (Cavaleri, S. & Reed, F., 2000).
Knowledge may be viewed from several perspectives (1) a state of mind, (2) an object,
(3) a process, (4) a condition of having access to information, or (5) a capability.
Knowledge has been described as “a state or fact of knowing” with knowing being a
condition of “understanding gained through experience or study; the sum or range of

3. what has been perceived, discovered, or learned” (Schubert, P., Lincke, D., and
Schmid, B., 1998). The perspective on knowledge as a state of mind focuses on
enabling individuals to expand their personal knowledge and apply it to the
organization‟s needs. A second view defines knowledge as an object (Carlsson, S. A.,
El Sawy, O. A., Eriksson, I., and Raven, A., 1996); (McQueen, 1998); (Zack, 1998). This
perspective posits that knowledge can be viewed as a thing to be stored and
manipulated (i.e., an object) Alternatively, knowledge can be viewed as a process
knowing some information and taking actions at the same time (Carlsson, S. A., El
Sawy, O. A., Eriksson, I., and Raven, A., 1996); (McQueen, 1998); (Zack, 1998).
Application of the expertise is the issue to be focused on (Zack, 1998). One more
knowledge perspective deals with information access conditions (McQueen, 1998).
According to this view, organizational knowledge must be organized to facilitate access
to and retrieval of content. This view may be thought of as …
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