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What is the meaning of life? ,[object Object],[object Object],42

Cells ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Cells ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Therefore, cells multiply by dividing� Let�s just call it cellular replication

Cellular Replication ,[object Object],MITOSIS MEIOSIS BINARY FISSION eukaryotes eukaryotes prokaryotes single-celled and multi-celled multi-celled single-celled TWO daughter cells produced FOUR daughter cells produced TWO daughter cells produced reproduction; growth of organism; replace old cells gamete production reproduction DNA replication is central to the process of cellular replication

BINARY FISSION ? cellular replication in prokaryotes one paramecium two paramecia red paramecium blue paramecium

BINARY FISSION ? cellular replication in prokaryotes one paramecium two paramecia cell wall cell membrane large, circular DNA moleucle DNA replication attachment point expansion of plasma membrane cell division in ideal conditions, binary fission can occur every 15-20 minutes !

BINARY FUSSION ? cellular replication in prokaryotes ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],one paramecium two paramecia

Cell Division in Eukaryotes ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],DIVISION OF NUCLEUS = MITOSIS DIVISION OF CYTOPLASM = CYTOKINESIS

The Cell Cycle M S G1 G2 Growth & normal metabolic roles Growth & preparation for mitosis DNA replication first G rowth phase second G rowth phase S ynthesis phase M itotic phase prophase metaphase anaphase telophase NOT all parts of the cell cycle are mitosis! The non-mitosis parts of the cell cycle are known as interphase cultured mammalian cells can take 18-24 hours to complete the cell cycle INTERPHASE

The Cell Cycle G1 G2 S M Cell carries out its biochemical activities 8-10 hours DNA replication (synthesis) 6-8 hours Cell actively prepares for cell division. Organelles are duplicated 4-6 hours Nuclear division (followed by cytokinesis) 40-60 minutes

Interphase ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],tissue containing several cells in interphase. note that individual chromosomes are not visible ; DNA in the nucleus is in the form of chromatin fibres III XII I II IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI if the cell cycle was a 24 hour clock, interphase would last from 12am (0:00) until 10:55pm (22:55)

Interphase ,[object Object],tissue containing several cells in interphase. note that individual chromosomes are not visible ; DNA in the nucleus is in the form of chromatin fibres ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

The G1 Phase ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],M S G1 G2

The S Phase ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],M S G1 G2

The G2 Phase ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],M S G1 G2

The M Phase ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],M S G1 G2

The G1 Phase M S G1 G2 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],interphase metaphase & cytokinesis interphase interphase

Three Checkpoints Regulate the Cell Cycle G1 G2 S M ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],What happens if things go wrong??? Cell leaves the cell cycle and enters a �resting state� G0 Then� APOPTOSIS! APOPTOSIS APOPTOSIS APOPTOSIS

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