ESS konverents Nicosias, Küprosel, 23-25. novembril 2012
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ESS konverents Nicosias, Küprosel, 23-25. novembril 2012
- 1. Prevention of social exclusion of elderly people and support for active and dignified ageing in Estonia Kandela Õun (MA) Anne Rähn (MSc) Lecturer of Statistics Lecturer of Social Work PhD student of sociology Department of Social Work Research Centre Administration and Rehabilitation Pärnu College, University of Tartu Pärnu, ESTONIA
- 2. What we are talking about • Longer and healthier life • Active ageing • Independent coping – social networking – living environment – working life – activities of older people Data from the European Social Survey Round 5
- 3. ESS countries, Round 5, 64+ Belgium Ukraine 75 Bulgaria Slovakia 74 Switzerland Slovenia 73 Czech Republic 72 Sweden 71 Cyprus 70 Russian Federation 69 Germany 68 67 Portugal 66 Denmark 65 Poland Estonia Variable All countries Norway Spain Subjective general health 2.86 (1-very good) Netherlands Finland Total number of Israel France years in full-or part 36.79 time work Ireland United Kingdom Hungary Greece Croatia Age of respondent 73.96 Figure 1. Years of full-time education 10.03 completed
- 4. ESS Round 5 – Estonia, age 64+ Figure 2. Distribution of respondents at the age of 65 and above by gender, age, education and citizenship (N=1793, N(64+)=445, (25% of all
- 5. What is active ageing? Active ageing: – growing old in good health, – as a full member of society, – feeling more fulfilled in our jobs, – more independent in our daily lives, – more involved as citizens. `The active ageing strategy 2013-2020´ is being prepared in Estonia, targeted at people at 50 years of age and above
- 6. Figure 3. Assessment of health in general and being hampered in daily activities in respondents of 64+
- 7. Social networking Table 1. Households with two or more members, relationship of the second member to a respondent Gender of second person in household Gender of Second person in household: (% of gender of respondent total) respondent relationship to respondent Male Female Male (n=115) Husband/wife/partner 3% 88% Son/daughter/step/adopted/foster 4% 3% Parent/parent-in-law 1% 1% Brother/sister/step/adopted/foster 1% 0% Total 9% 91% Female Husband/wife/partner 72% 0% (n=148) Son/daughter/step/adopted/foster 10% 11% Parent/parent-in-law 1% 1% Brother/sister/step/adopted/foster 1% 1% Other relative 3% 1% Total 86% 14% According to the ESS R5 data set 20% of men and 51% of women live alone, 14.2% live with children, and 12.1% have never lived with children, that is to say they do not have children.
- 8. Living environment Figure 4. Satisfaction with different aspects in respondents of 64+ Figure 5. Feelings about loneliness and income in respondents of 64+
- 9. Working life • The course of a person’s working life might determine the course of his or her active ageing. • Higher educational level → higher employment rate (Marksoo et al 2011: 5) • Older people in Estonia are relatively active in the labour market in comparison to other EU countries (Marksoo et al 2011: 17) • Unemployment rate of the older population was 16.2% during the recession (Marksoo et al 2011: 17) • Unreasonable unequal treatment in their workplaces - experienced by 6% of 50-74 year old people in employment ([Study of older people coping] 2009)
- 10. Activities of older people Figure 6. Attending news/politics/current affairs on average weekday in respondents of 65+
- 11. Third Age University – university for 50+ • Started in the autumn 2009 - 300 people • Applied in other units of the University of Tartu • ~500 people registered for 2012-13! 99 years old • Topics covered: – e-government – international situation, – rural life, – health care, active ageing, etc • Activities: – discussions, – lectures, – workshops, study trips foto: URMAS LUIK/PRNPM/EMF
- 12. Conclusions • Older population is not a homogeneous group • Different social services are needed in different sub-groups • Increased participation in lifelong learning – one opportunity to prevent social exclusion
- 13. Referencies • Active ageing: a policy framework. (2002) World Health Organization, Geneva • Active ageing strategy 2013-2020. (2012) Unpublished material from the Estonian workgroup. • Bronnum-Hansen H., Andersen O., Kjoller M., Rasmussen N. K. (2004). Social Gradient in Life Expectancy and Health Expectancy in Denmark. Social and Preventive Medicine 49 (1): 36–41. • OECD Public Governance Reviews. Estonia. Towards a Single Government Approach. (2011) • Kutsar, D., Trumm, A. (2010). Vaesuse mõjud ja toimetulek vaesusega. Kutsar, D. (Ed.). [Poverty in Estonia]. Pp 128-144. Tallinn: Statistikaamet. • Marksoo, Ü., Malk, L., Põldis, E. (2011). [Older people in labour market] Sotsiaalministeeriumi toimetised nr 4. • Gallagher S. K. (1994). Doing their share: comparing patterns of help given by older and younger adults. Journal of Marriage and The Family 56:567–578 • [Study of older people coping] 2009. [Ministry of Social Affairs] This research was supported by European Social Fund’s Doctoral Studies and Internationalisation Programme DoRa, which is carried out by Foundation Archimedes.
Editor's Notes
- The European Union’s population structure is changing and becoming progressively older – at the beginning of 2010, there were 87 million people aged 65 and over in the EU, more than 17% of the total population. The proportion of people aged 65 and above in Estonia grew from 12% to 17% in the period from1991to2011. According to UN population forecasts the shareofelderly population in Estonia may reach 25% of the total by 2030. An increase in the number of elderly people in society is frequently only seen as a negative aspect. The positive role of the elderly and their contribution to daily life and societal development however is often overlooked, but should be acknowledged and appreciated much more (Active ageing strategy 2013-2020, 2012).
- *Policies of social protection and social inclusion developed in the European Union are underpinned by the concept of active inclusion. In the context of social inclusion, the key words are: fighting poverty, longer working life and active ageing.*As Europeans live longer and healthier lives, governments are looking for ways to involve older persons more in society and to keep them activelonger (Active ageing … 2011)*Wealso use the European Social Survey and its data to establish how the elderly assess their health situation, who their closest family members are, how they assess their economic coping, opportunities for participation on the labour market, and how active they are in society.
- ESS Round 5 Estoniandata set had 1793 respondents, outofthem25%were aged 65 or older, their gender, age, educational and domicil composition are shown in Figure 1. The elderly population in Estonia is characterised by a large proportion of women, thisisa situation whichposes a number of socio-economic impacts and risks. 64% of the population aged between 65 and above are women. The primary reason for this is a yawning difference in life expectancy for men and women, where the latter live on average more than ten years longer. Average life expectancy for women at birth in 2010 was 80.5 years,but for men it was 70.6 years. Since many men do not even reach retirement age, women have an increased risk of living alone and falling into poverty.On average, Europeans with a low educational level, income or occupational class can expect to live two to five years less than Europeans with a high socio-economic status (Bronnum-Hansen et al 2004).
- Active ageing means growing old in good health and as a full member of society, feeling more fulfilled in our jobs, more independent in our daily lives and more involved as citizens. No matter how old we are, we can still play our part in society and enjoy a better quality of life. The word ´active´ here refers to continuing participation in social, economic, cultural, spiritual and civic affairs, not just the ability to be physically active or to participate in the labour force. Active ageing also refers to cultural changes in order to disprove stereotypes and reduce age-related discrimination (Active Ageing …, WHO 2002).The `Active ageing strategy 2013-2020´ is being prepared in Estonia, its target group is people at 50 years of age and above. Measures and activities of the strategy also take into account diverse features of the target group, and the needs and issues of different age groups within it. The main aim of the strategy is to enhance quality of life for the elderly and to improve their social inclusion and active participation in public life.
- Health is a factor affecting both social isolation and exclusion, because of declining health people may give up participating in community activities, and also their resources for supporting others non-financially diminish (Kutsar, Trumm 2010)Assessment of satisfaction with health care services is at 5.7 in the ESS data set which is slightly over a half and positive rather than negative. Figure 2 clearly shows that assessment of health is higher when hampering factors are absent. However, the number of respondents with poor or very poor health heavily outweighs those with good or very good health.Health-induced limitations can be overcome with the help of social and health care services. It is required that various services were linked and that they supported the person’s health situation and welfare in an integrated way. The health of older people is dependent on a number of factors, such as previous health behaviour, timely and early access to health care, and so on. On the other hand, health indicators are important factors impacting on demand and need for social and health care services in an ageing society (OECD 201).
- As people age, the risk of social exclusion increases as a consequence of the declining role of family and support networks in a person’s daily life: children grow up and move out, and there may be impact of negative life events (forexample. divorce, or the death of a spouse). Loneliness and social exclusion also raise the risk of mental health issues, therefore maintaining and strengthening of social relations and communication opportunities are essential from the aspect of health, too. This table shows that both men and women most frequently live with a spouse but women take up a larger proportion in the group of people who live with children.ÄKKI SELLEST KA: juhul kui tabelialune lause jääb sisse, siis sobib küll EJBeing childless is increasingly common in many western developed societies, so it is not surprising that recent demographic and sociological research has given attention to this phenomenon and its social consequences. A point isthat the weakness of childless people’s informal support networks, and the increasing number of childless people will create a rising demand for public care services.
- Social exclusion or inclusion is also affected by a person’s wider or narrower living environment. Most elderly people live in a home environment where they feel well and a higher value is attributed to relationships with family members, relatives, friends and colleagues (Vanemaealistejaeakate … 2009). In the ESS data set for Estonia people at the age of 64+ score their highestsatisfaction with life at 6.4 on a 10-point scale and lowestwith national economic.Westudiedseparately the elderly who live either alone or with someone, and it appeared that statistically significant differences are evident in the case of questions “How much time during past week you felt lonely“ and “Feeling about household's income nowadays“. The elderly people who live alone admit to more frequently feeling lonely and theyface greatereconomic difficulties compared to the rest.
- The course of a person’s working life might determine the course of his or her active ageing.Similar to all other age groups, how active older people are on the labour market depends on their educational levels. People with higher levels of education are more active, and the higher the educational levelis, the higher the employment rate is (Marksoo 2011: 5)Compared to the rest of the EU, participation of the older population in the labour market is considerably above the average in Estonia, people work for longer and retire later. Estonia features a relatively high proportion of older people in work, but also a high unemployment rate. Unemployment rate of the older population rose to as high as 16.2% during the recession, being the highest in the EU. (Marksoo 2011: 17)The 2009 survey into coping of older people demonstrated that 6% of 50-74 year old people in employment had experienced unreasonable unequal treatment in their workplaces. Major reasons for unequal treatment were age, gender, nationality or poor skills in the Estonian language (Vanemaealistetoimetulekuuuring 2009).Primary issues pointed out were: unequal treatment in remuneration, distribution of work tasks and work-related information and opportunities for voicing opinions, as well as attitudes of managers, and promotion and career opportunities.
- Readiness for social inclusionaspassiveactivity is shown in how well one is informed of local life and politics. To this end, we studied how much and through which channels older people of 65 and above follow news, politics and current affairs.It appeared that reading newspapers took up the shortest period of time, reasons might be cover price of the papers and people’s visual impairments. On TV people probably watch particular news programmes to keep up-to-date, and local TV channels contain up to 2 hours of news daily. However, older people tend to listen to the radio a lot, with over 3 hours spent on listening to the news (8% of respondents).Many studies suggest that older men and women actually spend more hours volunteering than their younger counterparts (e.g. Gallagher 1994) and thisis so calledactiveactivity.It apparently is less often perceived that a person engaged in learning is an active person and for instance taking part in training courses can foster creating new social networks.
- Pärnu College of the University of Tartu launched a programme called Third Age University for people over 50 in the autumn of 2009 and it continues to be hugely popular. The same format has been applied in other units of the University of Tartu.NB lisasin slaidile teemasid
- To sum up, when considering the older population as a whole it is important to mention that they do not constitute a homogeneous group.(Differences exist in differentterms). SoitisneededtodevelopdifferentsocialservicesfordifferentgroupsofelderlypeopleFrom the active ageing point of view social inclusion aspects should certainly be paid more attention within the lifelong learning context. Increasing participation in lifelong learning is not just a singular aim but itisa measure serving to enhance competitiveness in the labour market and coping with life in general, which thencanhelpto prevent social exclusion.