1. A2 | April•2015
by hazel flynn
GallipIs any other place name imbued with
so many layers of meaning for
Australians and New Zealanders?
Some are things on which we can all agree:
sacrifice, mateship, courage and
stoicism. Others are cloudier…
Troops headed to
Anzac Cove on
the battleship
Prince of Wales
3. A4 | April•2015
G a l l i p o l i : 1 0 0 t h anni v e r sa r y
photos:(previousspread)AustralianwarmemorialimageA01829;(thisspread)gettyimages;thinkstock
42,273Australians and New Zealanders applied for
10,500 places at the 2015 Anzac Day Dawn Service at Gallipoli.
489,000 troops from Britain
and its “Dominions” Australia and
New Zealand, plus India and France,
and 500,000 from Turkey and
its Ottoman Empire fought in the
Gallipoli campaign.
46,000 Britons, Anzacs
(8709 Australians and 2701
New Zealanders), Indians
and French died, as did
an estimated 86,000
Turks.
239days passed between the April 25 landings and
the December 20 evacuation of the last Anzacs. The last
British troops left on January 9, 1916.
By the Numbers
In both countries and at various
times, the significance of that
deadly eight-month-long campaign
on a Turkish peninsula 100 years
ago has been subject to intense
debate. WWI Prime Minister Billy
Hughes claimed, “Australia was
born on the shores of Gallipoli”,
while Afghanistan veteran and
Victoria Cross recipient Ben
Roberts-Smith said last year, “The
dedication, courage, mateship and
stoicism of the Anzacs helped to
create … our national identity.”
Others see it differently.
Historians such as Peter Stanley
say Australia had already forged its
own identity by then, a view shared
by author Thomas Keneally, who
adds, “there needs to be a certain
amount of de-mythologising”.
Whichever view you hold on
this, there’s no disputing Gallipoli’s
resonance and emotional power. In
fact, for many young adults visiting
that distant shore has become a rite
of passage. Standing on its sacred
ground they are humbled by what
was endured on both sides of the
conflict, and what was lost. Their
interest keeps history alive, and we
join them in saying Lest We Forget.
4. April•2015 | A5
R e a d e r ’ s D i g e s T
In Their Words
“At whose door will history
leave the blame for the
helpless, hopeless fix we are
left in – rotting with disease
and told to take it easy?”
General Sir Ian Hamilton, diar y
entr y, Gallipoli, October 7, 1915
“One hundred and fifty men of
the 8th Light Horsemen jumped
out of the trench but were all
mown down within 30 seconds,
sinking to the ground as though
their limbs suddenly became
string. They were waiting, ready
for us and simply gave us a solid
wall of lead.”
Sergeant Cliff Pinnock on the
charge at T he Nek, August, 1915
“We buried the dear lads
side by side at midnight. It
was a real soldier’s burial.
The minister’s voice was
drowned in the crack of the
bullets whistling
overhead.”
Corporal H.R. McLarty, 3rd Field
Artiller y Brigade, on comrades killed
on Gallipoli, July 17, 1915
“There is no difference between the Johnnies and the Mehmets
to us where they lie side by side here in this country of ours...
After having lost their lives on this land they have become our
sons as well.”
Turkish military leader turned president Atatürk (Mustafa Kemal) in 1934
“Thirty thousand fighting men,
representing Australasia, are
under way for the Great War … It
is the most wonderful sight that an
Australian ever saw.”
Banjo Paterson reporting on the first
troopships’ departure from Albany on
November 1, 1914
Australian
soldier
assisting
wounded
comrade
5. A6 | April•2015
G a l l i p o l i : 1 0 0 t h a n n i v e r s a r y
The Dardanelles is a very narrow
body of water to the northeast of
the Aegean Sea, just 1.2km at its
thinnest and never wider than
6.5km. It mattered in WWI be-
cause it leads into a sea on which
the Turkish capital (then Constan-
tinople, now Istanbul) sits.
At the start of 1915, Britain’s
ally Russia was under pressure
from Turkish-controlled forces in
the Caucasus and asked for help.
Winston Churchill backed a plan
to push battleships up the strait
and attack Constantinople.
But the Turks had heavily
Why the Dardanelles?
fortified both sides of the strait. The
naval attack failed badly, with a third
of the British battleships sunk or dis-
abled on a single day. So the British
expanded their plan: troops would
take the Gallipoli Peninsula and thus
enable the Navy to get through. The
soldiers of the Australian Imperial
Force and the New Zealand Expe-
ditionary Force had embarked from
Western Australia to fight in France
but with suitable facilities not yet
available in Europe they were diverted
en route to training camps in Egypt.
Conveniently close, they became a
crucial part of the revised plan.
At a glance
Why was Turkey in the war?Ostensibly neutral – if ruinously poor – as
WWI began, the Ottoman Empire had sought to ally itself with several
European powers but had been treated cavalierly by Britain and France and
was afraid of an expansionist Russia. Germany, however, saw Turkey’s
geographical advantages and the resulting alliance between Germany and
the Ottoman Empire saw the Turks enter the war in October 1914.
WhatwentwrongatGallipoli?Landing in the dark, the Anzac troops
came ashore 1.6km north of their intended site. Instead of an easy-to-take
position, they found themselves facing cliffs, ridges and over 10,000 Turks.
While the steep site protected them from artillery fire, it made it impossible
to secure their aims against a foe whose strength had been severely
underestimated, while the Anzac battalions had been mixed up in the
confusion of the landing. They asked to be evacuated, the order came back:
“There is nothing for it but to dig yourselves right in and stick it out.”
6. April•2015 | A7
R e a d e r ’ s D i g e s T
AEGEANSEA
Suvla
Bay
D
A
R
D
A
N
E
L
L
E
S
29thDIVISION
BRITISH
FRENCH
ANZAC
TROOPS
TURKISH
9th DIVISION
Gallipoli
Landings
Objectives
for the day
25 April
Positions
gained
0 5 km
Constantinople
AEGEAN
SEA
Dardanelles
SEA OF
MAMORA
BLACK
SEA
TURKEY
BULGARIA
GREECE
GALLIPOLI
PENINSULA
50 metres
0 metres
100 metres
200 metres
150 metres
Elevation
N
Anzac
Cove
7. A8 | April•2015
Photo/Illustrationcredit
G a l l ip o l i : 1 0 0 t h a n n i v e r s a r y
Q: Why is Gallipoli such a touch-
stone in Australia and New Zealand
– why not any other battles in which
we fought in WWI, let alone WWII?
A: In Australia and New Zealand,
justifiably or not, Gallipoli is as-
sociated with the idea of “Anzac”
and with the imagined “birth of the
nation”. No other campaign or battle
has those associations, and even if
they were more significant or costly
they remain overshadowed.
Q: What was it like for soldiers who
survived the first few months there?
A: Men on both sides found life in
the trenches similar – increasing heat;
monotonous rations; poor water;
tormented by flies; with the constant
possibility of wounds or death from
artillery fire or snipers and the cer-
tainty of diarrhoea or dysentery.
Q: Had the Allies underestimated
the Turks?
A: Aside from the invaders’ mis-
takes, Turkish resistance was the
single decisive explanation for
Ottoman success, which Allied com-
manders did not expect.
Q: Many British military leaders
and other influential figures saw
Gallipoli as a “sideshow”. What did
they mean?
A: Gallipoli was a distraction from
the “main game”, which was against
Germany in France and Belgium. The
idea that the Allies could win the war
by defeating a minor [German] ally in
a distant theatre proved to be illusory.
But if it had been possible, victory on
Gallipoli might have changed the his-
tory of the Middle East.
Q:So was that victory ever possible?
A: Historians argue about whether
Allied victory was feasible. I think that
the idea of seizing the Dardanelles
and then Constantinople was a bold
vision; worth trying. A fatal combina-
tion of poor intelligence, command
decisions and sheer bad luck turned
a possible success into a disaster.
Q: This campaign is often held as
an example of appalling British mil-
itary leadership. What’s your view?
A: British commanders made many
fundamental mistakes, in planning
and executing the campaign – though
A Fatal Combination…
Professor Peter Stanley answers RD’s
Gallipoli questions
Photos:fairfaxmedia;thinkstock
8. April•2015 | A9
the errors were not all on
the British side. Australian
commanders made errors
that led to the failure of
the landing at Anzac Cove,
and the generals whose
orders killed most Turkish
troops were Turkish.
Q: Why is Gallipoli seen
as a huge failure for Brit-
ain and its allies, when
the Turks are believed
to have suffered as many
overall casualties and
more deaths?
A: The Turks did indeed
suffer the greatest losses,
because their commanders
relied on massive infantry
attacks without counting
the cost. But in war what
counts is the result, and in
the end the invaders had
to withdraw in humiliation: the Turks
had defeated two of the world’s great
European military powers.
Q: Can you share one Gallipoli
story that affects you the most?
A: While researching my book
Quinn’s Post: Anzac, Gallipoli I read a
description by a New Zealander who
one day peered through a loophole
in the trench wall and found himself
staring into the eyes of a Turkish sol-
dier opposite – that was how close
the two lines were at Quinn’s. Both
men looked at each other
for a time, silently clos-
ing their loopholes and
refraining from killing: a
rare moment of humanity.
Q: Anzac Day was first
commemorated in 1916,
just a year after the first
Anzac Cove landings, but
public feeling about it has
waxed and waned over
the past century – why?
A: Our attitudes toward
Anzac and all it connotes
reflect broader ideas
about our society and
past. In the 1920s Anzac
Day was about grief and
loss. In the 1970s it fell
into decay as we turned
from an unpopular war in
Vietnam. Today, in time
of war and uncertainty it
reflects a renewed nationalism in
which remembrance seems to come
second to flag-waving. Anzac Day has
changed and always will change, as
our society changes.
Peter Stanley is Research Professor at the
Australian Centre for the Study of Armed
Conflict and Society at UNSW, Canberra
and the author of 27 books, six of them on
Gallipoli. His latest book, Lost Boys of
Anzac, chronicles the 101 men who landed
at dawn and died on 25 April 1915 (see
page A12) and his next will be the first-ever
book on Indians at Gallipoli.
R e a d e r ’ s D i g e s T
ALEC CAMPBELL:
the last surviving
Anzac of the Gallipoli
campaign died in
2002 at the age of 103.
A diminutive 16-year-
old, he lied about his
age in order to enlist
9. A10 | April•2015
G a l l i p o l i : 1 0 0 t h a n n i v e r s a r y
Key Players
GENERAL SIR IAN HAMILTON
Commander-in-Chief of the Allied troops in
the Dardanelles. Hamilton had five decades
of military experience, more than anyone else
in the British upper ranks. But in the words of
military historian Peter Pedersen, he “lacked
the ruthless streak a general needs”. Hamilton
was unable to inspire his commanders or men
and remained optimistic about the outcome
at Gallipoli in the face of all evidence.
Top Brass
MUSTAFA KEMAL (ATATÜRK)
Commander, 19th Division, Turkish Fifth Army.
Although the career army officer had opposed his
country joining WWI, Mustafa Kemal was a gifted
strategist. He was brave and willing to sacrifice his
men in battle, and was soon commanding the
Turkish Fifth Army, successfully holding off the Allied
invaders in the Dardanelles. After the war he became
the first President of Turkey, earning the title Atatürk:
“father of the Turks”.
WINSTON CHURCHILL
The First Lord of the Admiralty, Royal Navy. Churchill
began WWI as a rising star and, keen for naval success,
he pushed hard for the Dardanelles assault. But
following the failure of Gallipoli he believed his career
over. Looking back in 1923 on what might have been if
Turkey hadn’t been drawn into the war, Churchill wrote,
“The terrible ‘Ifs’ accumulate.”
LIEUTENANT GENERAL SIR WILLIAM BIRDWOOD Anzac Commander.
“Birdy” was amiable, caring and brave. Even though he lacked a talent for
strategy, he endeared himself to many who served under him. Hamilton
described him as “the soul of Anzac”.
Photos:Gettyimages:(simpson)AustralianwarmemorialJ06392
10. April•2015 | A11
R e a d e r ’ s D i g e s T
LANCE CORPORAL ALBERT JACKA
The first Anzac to be awarded the
Victoria Cross, he single-handedly
regained a trench that had been
taken by the Turks. He subsequently
showed similar extreme courage on
the Western Front, acts that made
him famous throughout the 1920s.
JOHN SIMPSON KIRKPATRICK The
stretcher-bearer at the centre of the
“Simpson and his donkey” legend
enlisted in hope of getting home to
England and was fatally shot just
three weeks into the campaign. He
achieved legendary status when his
story was used a symbol of patriotic
sacrifice to boost public morale.
THE CHRONICLERS
C.E.W. BEAN Journalist turned
Australia’s official government war
correspondent. Charles Bean went
beyond the call of duty to capture
the reality of the war, both in the
painstaking reports he filed and in the
official 12-volume history he oversaw.
He was on Gallipoli from the first day
to almost the last, despite being shot.
It was his idea to establish the
Australian War Memorial.
KEITH MURDOCH Journalist.
Stopping at Gallipoli in August on his
way to London, Murdoch was given a
scathing letter about Hamilton by
Ashmead-Bartlett. The letter was
seized by military authorities before
he could deliver it to the British PM,
but Murdoch wrote his own account
of the criticisms and shared it widely.
THE CRITIC
MEN WHO FOUGHT
Simpson
ferried
wounded
men on his
donkey
ELLIS
ASHMEAD-
BARTLETT
Correspondent.
A flamboyant
writer and stern
critic of the
campaign. His
description of
Anzac soldiers,
published
widely, is typically unrestrained:
“Physically they are the finest lot of
men I have ever seen in any part of the
world.” The public ate it up.
11. A12 | April•2015
G a l l i p o l i : 1 0 0 t h a n n i v e r s a r y
NAMING THE LOST
William Bentley (Barney)
Allen, clerk, S*, Heywood, Vic
William Richard (Dick)
Annear, 39, commercial
traveller, S, Subiaco, WA
Charles James (Rappie)
Backman, 30, boilermaker’s
assistant, S, Adelaide, SA
Richard Hamilton Baker,
20, bank clerk, S, Sandgate, Qld
Cecil Thomas Barrack, 30,
engineer, S, Chatswood, NSW
Frank Batt, 31, miner, S,
London, UK
William Charles Belson,
22, architect, S, Malanda, Qld
William John Bradley, 30,
labourer, Newport, UK
Charles George Brown, 22,
labourer, S, Newmacher,
Aberdeenshire, Scotland
Albert John Byrne, 24,
electrician, S, Broken Hill, NSW
Hugh Calderbank, 32,
motorman [tram driver], M,
Perth, WA
Thomas George Carroll,
23, contractor/farm labourer, S,
North Fremantle, WA
Joseph Henry Cooke, 32,
accountant, M, Wickepin, WA
Tom Courtney, 19, engine
cleaner, S, Ipswich, Qld
Alfred (Lizzie) Crowther,
26, iron moulder, S, Wayville, SA
* S = single; M = married
Frederick Dann, 30,
carpenter, S, Melbourne, Vic
John (Jack) Davey, 19,
labourer, S, Woombye, Qld
John Dow, 25, miner, S,
Perthshire, Scotland
John Curry Duckworth, 36,
labourer, M, Perth, WA
Wolverton Mason Edgar,
36, lumper, S, Great Bulling,
Hants, UK
Charles John Falk, 30, clerk,
S, Yatala, SA
John James Ferguson, 19,
labourer, S, Perth, WA
George Clement Ferrett,
29, wheelwright, S, Blinman, SA
James Fielding, 26,
labourer, S, Sheffield, Yorks, UK
Edward William
Fitzgerald [Edward
Edwards], 37, agent, S,
Kalgoorlie, WA
Thomas Walter Ford,
19, medical student, S,
Brisbane, Qld
Herbert Howard Kentwell
Fowles (Bert), 21,
schoolteacher, S, Zillmere, Qld
Walter John Genery, 26,
printer, M, Subiaco, WA
William James (Billy)
Gibbons, 34, labourer, M,
Adelaide, SA
John Woodside (Jack)
Gibson, 26, labourer, S,
Canada/India
Anthony Simpson (Alec)
Gilpin, 24, ironmonger, S,
Ballarat, Vic
Albert Glatz [Alexander
Glades], 27, miner, S,
Kapunda, SA
Kenneth Douglas (Ken)
Gordon, 28, clerk, S, Port
Pirie, SA
John Lewes Davidson
Gower, 29, clerk, S,
Littlehampton, SA
George Charles Gracey,
28, motorman, S, South
Brisbane, Qld
Harry John Graham, 19,
sheep farmer, S, Barcaldine,
Qld
James Joseph Grant, 22,
shipping clerk, S, Brisbane, Qld
Keith Eddowes Green, 21,
shipping clerk, S, Mitcham, SA
Percival Charles Greenhill,
26, labourer, S, London, UK
Wilfred Carl Hill, 22,
labourer, S, Concord, NSW
William Albert (Fatty)
Hobson, 25, potter,
Stourbridge, Worcs, UK
Cuthbert Oliver
Holcombe, 33, farmer, S,
London, UK
John Holden, 19, farm hand,
S, Bromley, UK
Henry (Harry) Jackson, 20,
carpenter, S, Coen, Qld
Leslie Job, 19, telephonist, S,
Historian Professor Peter Stanley (our QA expert) tells the stories of the 101
men who died in the first wave to land at Anzac Cove on April 25, 1915, in his
book Lost Boys of Anzac. Below are the details they gave when they enlisted.
12. April•2015 | A13
R e a d e r ’ s D i g e s T
Fitzroy, WA
William Johnston, 21, clerk,
S, Edinburgh, Scotland
Leo James Kerswill, 21, hide
and skin cleaner, S, Newman
Park, Qld
Patrick Kiely, 28, engineer, S,
Cork, Ireland
Leslie John (Langey)
Langdon, 28, farmer, S,
Melbourne, Vic
James Llewellyn (Lyn)
Lewis, 20, bank clerk, S, Port
Adelaide, SA
James Mulcaster Lovatt,
33, farmer, S, Bettwys-y-Coed,
Wales
Robert Stirling Mackie, 19,
draper, S, Clydebank, Scotland
Frederick Dennis Mangan,
27, telegraph operator, M,
Dublin, Ireland
Harold Osborne
Mansfield, 32, miner, S,
Parkside, SA
David Joseph McCarthy,
railway porter, S,
Woolloongabba, Qld
Francis Ronald Reid
McJannet, 23, farmer, S,
Kununoppin, WA
Alexander McPhail, 25,
farmer, S, Glasgow, Scotland
Albert (Peter)
McConnachy, 25, miner, S,
Renmark, SA
Keith Mitchell, 18, labourer,
S, Lancefield, Vic
Joseph Russel Moir, 24,
farmer, S, Taranaki, NZ
Donald Munro, 19, bricklayer,
S, Thurso, Scotland
George Alfred Nicoll, 35,
accountant, S, Sydney, NSW
Edward Castle Oldham,
38, gentleman, S, Hackney, SA
Michael John O’Sullivan,
19, clerk, S, Rosewood, Qld
William Thomas Payne, 19,
clerk, S, Brisbane, Qld
Ambrose Stanley Pearce,
20, carpenter, S, Quorn, SA
James Willis Plummer, 20,
horse trainer, S, Yorketown, SA
William Alexander
Pollock, 37, labourer, S,
Glasgow, Scotland
William George Price, 19,
jeweller, S, Newcastle, NSW
Patrick Thomas Pyne, 19,
postal assistant, S, Strathalbyn,
SA
Walter Reeves, 24, labourer,
S, Cambridge, UK
Henry John Riekie, 35,
grocer/bread carter, M,
Subiaco, WA
William John (John or
Jack) Rigby, 22, clerk, S,
Yeronga, Qld
Sydney Beresford
Robertson, 28, law clerk, S,
Ipswich, Qld
John Rundle, labourer, S,
Kalgoorlie, WA
George Alfred Rush, 24,
labourer, S, Nelson Bay, NSW
Victor Joseph Sanders, 34,
overseer, Toowoomba, Qld
Harry Sawley, 22, painter, S,
Southport, Lancs, UK
Basil Archdeacon (Archie)
Scott, 23, motor mechanic, S,
Northam, WA
Guy Allen Sharpe, 26, civil
engineer, S, Poona, India
Hurtle Charles Shaw, 26,
blacksmith, S, Hindmarsh, SA
William Haswell Shelton,
21, farmer, S, Murgon, Qld
Godfrey John Sherman,
24, bank clerk, S, Sydney, NSW
Raymond Ferres Shirley,
22, law clerk, S, Brisbane, Qld
Richard Smith, 33, tinsmith/
fitter/silversmith, S,
Birmingham, UK
William Millar Smylie, 21,
motor mechanic, S, Belfast,
Ireland
Rupert James Sparrow, 22,
horse driver, S, Broken Hill,
NSW
George Spence, 32,
carpenter, S, Lanarkshire,
Scotland
Edward Harvey Statham,
34, contractor, S, Rio de
Janeiro, Brazil
Joseph Stratford, 34,
labourer, S, Lismore, NSW
Charles Joshua Sussex, 34,
labourer, Richmond, Vic
Frederick John
Thompson, 33, traveller, S,
Feilding, NZ
Edward James Thrum, 22,
painter, S, Sorrento, Vic
Ernest Percy (Wakka)
Walker, 23, sleeper cutter, S,
Lillimur, Vic
William Frederick Walker,
22, labourer, S, Shipton
Winslow, Bucks, UK
William John Walsh, 33,
tinsmith, M, Brisbane, Qld
Arthur Walton, 27, bushman,
S, Gravesend, UK
William John Wilcox, 23,
labourer, S, London, UK
Percy Williams, 21, miner or
grocer (uncertain record), S,
Kalgoorlie, WA
Arthur Edward Wise, 22, iron
moulder, S, Woolloongabba,
Qld
Roy Wyld, 26, fireman, S,
Semaphore, SA
13. A14 | April•2015
Photo/Illustrationcredit
G a l l ip o l i : 1 0 0 t h a n n i v e r s a r y
Gallipoli Recreated
There have been memorable por-
trayals of Gallipoli on screen, on
the page and even in song, although
emotion has sometimes been prized
over accuracy. Here are some of the
most notable:
1915 (novel, 1979; mini-series
1982): Roger McDonald’s novel
focuses on two boys from the bush,
keen for the adventure of war then
appalled by its realities. Although
dated now, the mini-series adapta-
tion was highly praised for its scope
and attention to detail.
“And the Band Played Waltz-
ing Matilda” (song, 1971): Scot-
tish immigrant Eric Bogle was an
amateur folk singer when he wrote
about the cost and futility of war. A
couple of small details are wrong
(the narrator signs up in 1915 not
1914; tin hats weren’t issued until
1916) and Bogle used “Suvla Bay”
because it was an easier rhyme than
Anzac Cove, but it is very powerful.
Gallipoli (film, 1981): Peter Weir’s
film follows two sporting rivals and
mates (Mark Lee and rising star Mel
Gibson) from Western Australia
through Egypt to the Turkish pen-
insula. The tragic end comes at the
August 7 charge at The Nek: the car-
nage is accurate, much else is not.
Çanakkale 1915 (film, 2012): It
might prove hard to track down but
this Turkish film is one for comple-
tists, showing as it does events from
the other side of the lines. Unlike
any other on this list, it was filmed
in situ.
Second from left; Thomas
“Tolly” Johnson (Kodi Smit-
McPhee) in Gallipoli (2015)
14. April•2015 | A15
R e a d e r ’ s D i g e s T
Anzac Girls (TV series, 2014):
A six-part series telling the oft-
neglected stories of the women who
also served, the war’s nurses. On a
hospital ship off the Turkish coast,
on the nearby island of Lemnos and
in Egypt they deal with the horren-
dous aftermath of Gallipoli before
heading to France.
Gallipoli (mini-series, 2015): Top
production values and stand-out per-
formances (led by Kodi Smit-McPhee,
pictured opposite) plunge us straight
into the landing at Anzac Cove and
the chaos that follows; what’s been
left behind comes in flashbacks amid
the chaos and horror. It’s a fiction-
alised account based on Les Carlyon’s
meticulously researched 2001 book of
the same name.
When We Go To War (mini-series,
2015): At last, the New Zealand ex-
perience of the war gets an outing in
this high-budget six-part mini-series
about life both on the battlefields
and for those left behind. It stars Ido
Drent and Shavaughan Ruakere.
Deadline Gallipoli (mini-series,
2015): Aiming for a fresh take on
events this puts Gallipoli’s war corre-
spondents at the centre of the action.
It shows them as fearless fighters for
the truth, in conflict with the mili-
tary commanders who would silence
them – a Hollywood-style approach
with a big-name cast to match (Sam
Worthington, Rachel Grifffiths, Game
of Thrones’ Charles Dance).
Other Anzac movies, books and
songs worth catching include:
ANZAC Day: The New Zealand Story
(book, 2013), by Philippa Werry; The
Water Diviner (film, 2014), directed
by and starring Russell Crowe; and
Solomon’s Song (novel, 1999), by
Bryce Courtenay.
