The Great War LR

THE SUNDAY EXAMINER, October 26, 2014 — A1

A2 — THE SUNDAY EXAMINER, October 26, 2014
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The first contingent of Tasmanian troops leaving Hobart for war on board the Geelong.
Tasmania answers
the call to arms
A gunshot in distant
Sarajavo 100 years ago
echoed around the world.
JAYNE RICHARDSON
writes.
O
N October 20, 100
years ago, the first of
more than 15,000
Tasmanians
departed for the
Great War with the 12th Battalion.
It was the assassination of
Austria’s Archduke, Franz
Ferdinand and his wife Sophie in
Sarajevo on June 28, 1914 that
threw the world, including our
distant state, into this bloody
conflict.
By July 28 Austria-Hungary
declared war on Serbia, backed
by Germany.
By this time, Serbia had already
called in allies of their own
starting with Russia with whom
they already had a treaty.
France and Britain were also
involved before the official
declaration due to their treaty
with Russia.
As part of the British Empire,
Australia soon found herself
involved in what has been
described as the bloodiest of all
wars – so named for the millions
of lives lost and the little ground
made.
From the trenches on the
Western Front and most famously,
the beaches of Gallipoli,
Australians soon etched
themselves into the history books
as a courageous and resilient
force to be reckoned with.
Despite the war being on the
other side of the world,
Australians enlisted in the
hundreds of thousands.
From a population of less than 5
million, more than 400,000 men
joined the ranks – roughly 38.7
per cent of the male population
aged between 18 and 44.
More than 60,000 died on the
battlefield while more than
156,000 were wounded, gassed
or taken prisoner.
Tasmanians represented their
country and state with gusto and
punched well above their weight.
The 11 Victoria Crosses won by
our soldiers during World War I is
evidence of this.
This feature is a tribute to those
who fought and fell and a small
glimpse of the heroic part
Tasmanians played.
Information sourced from the
Australian War Memorial and the
National Archive of Australia.
THE CASUALTIES OF GALLIPOLI
Australia: 50,000 served in
Gallipoli campaign, 5482 killed
in action, 2012 died of wounds,
665 died of disease, total deaths
8159, 17,924 wounded, 70
prisoners of war.
New Zealand: 8556 served,
2721 died, 4752 wounded, total
casualties 7473.
Britain: 410,000 served, 41,148
killed, 78,000 wounded, total
casualties 119,148.
India: 5000 served, 1350 died,
2700 wounded, total casualties
4050.
Newfoundland: 1000 served,
49 killed, 300 wounded, 349
total casualties.
France: 79,000 served, 9789
killed, 17,371 wounded, total
casualties 27,169.
Turkey: estimated 85,000
dead, 250,000 casualties.
4 12th Battalion
The 12th Battalion comprised the first Tasmanian soldiers to
leave the state for the Great War.
5 Charles W. Bean
The writings of official Australian war historian CW Bean
helped shape the Anzac and Aussie digger legends.
6 The cost of war
The cost of World War I both financially and in lives lost was
enormous on both sides of the conflict.
7 Sir John Gellibrand
Tasmania’s highest ranking soldier and the founder of Legacy.
8-9 Harry Murray
Australia’s most decorated soldier of all time was a humble
and reluctant hero.
10 40th Battalion
The all-Tasmanian battalion
11 The Australian Army Medical Corps
The AAMC may have been small but played a large role in the
conflict.
12-13 Time line: from assassination to treaty
14 Matron Lizzie Orr
The distinguished career of a Tasmanian matron
15 Nurse Ella Tucker
One of the first Tasmanian nurses to enlist, Tucker was at
Gallipoli aboard the hospital ship Gascon.
16-17 Major battles
An overview of the major battles of World War I
18-19 Tasmanian Victoria Cross winners
True acts of courage saw 11 Tasmanian soldiers receive
Victoria Crosses during World War I
20 Indigenous soldiers
Alfred Hearps was an Aboriginal soldier with the 12th
Battalion.
21 The mystery of AE1
100 years on, what happened to the ill-fated submarine is still
a mystery
22 The Light Horse
Of the 136,000 Australian horses that took part in the war
only one came home.
Contents
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Tasmania’s
Battalion of
the brave
Young and enthusiastic,
‘‘our boys’’ sailed off to
war, REG WATSON writes. Some of the Tasmanian soldiers of the 12th Battalion who left to join the war on October 20, 100 years ago.
TASMANIAN TROOPS
It was not long before they were
attacked by the Turkish defenders
I
T WAS the 12th Battalion,
along with other Tasmanian
portions of the
Expeditionary Force, such
as the 3rd Light Horse and
3rd Field Artillery, which left
Hobart to go to war on the
vessels Geelong and Katuna, on
October 20, 1914.
The 12th Battalion was a mix of
Australian troops.
Half of it was recruited in
Tasmania while a quarter from
South Australia and a quarter
from Western Australia.
It was raised immediately after
the declaration of war and
embarked just two months later.
Tasmanian recruits were
enthusiastic and initially
received their training at
Pontville, under the command of
Tasmanian Lieutenant-Colonel
Lancelot Fox Clarke, the rank
which commands a battalion.
Later the Pontville camp was
moved to Claremont.
From Hobart they sailed to
Albany, Western Australia, and
from there, under escort, to
Egypt arriving in early
December, after which they
received further rigorous
training.
They were landed at Gallipoli
on the famous date of April 25
and Lieutenant-Colonel Lancelot
Clark was killed by a sniper
within hours of the landing.
He was to be awarded a
Distinguished Service Order
medal (DSO).
Upon landing they moved
inland in small parties and it was
not long before they were
attacked by the Turkish
defenders.
The 12th was heavily involved
in establishing and defending
the front line of the Anzac
position and partook in the
attacks on Lone Pine and
Shrapnel Valley.
They remained until the
evacuation in December,
returning to Egypt.
In March 1916 they sailed to
France where the Tasmanians
were to take part in the dreadful
battle of the Somme.
It was in action near Boursies
that Tasmanians Captain James
Ernest (Jim) Newlands and
Sergeant John Woods Whittle
were each awarded the Victoria
Cross.
The 12th returned to Belgium
where it participated in the
offensive that became known as
the Third Battle of Ypres.
The battalion subsequently
participated in the last Allied
offensive of 1918, launched near
Amiens on August 8, 1918.
After Amiens, a series of
advances followed as the Allies
broke through the Hindenburg
Line.
The battalion continued
operations until late September
1918 when it was withdrawn from
the line for rest.
Following the signing of the
armistice in November,
members of the battalion began
returning to Australia for
demobilisation and discharge.
The 12th Battalion was
disbanded in 1919 having
sustained casualties of 1135
killed and 2422 wounded.
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Charles Bean in 1919.
Pictures Courtesy of the Australian War Memorial
Fighting a war of words
THE JOURNALISTBY JAYNE RICHARDSON
T
HE words of Charles Edwin Woodrow
Bean played an integral role in
painting the Anzac legend and the
history of the Australian forces during
World War I.
A journalist from The Sydney Morning
Herald, Bean was attached to the 16th
battalion as the official historian from 1915
to 1918.
He was instrumental in the establishment
of the Australian War Memorial and was
involved in the complete official history of
Australia’s part in the war, writing four of
the 12 volumes himself and editing the
other eight.
It has been estimated that Bean wrote
over 6 million words on Australia’s part in
the Great War.
His accounts are highly regarded as a
rounded and true representation of the
lives and battles of the Australian soldiers
he lived alongside.
Where most reports of the war came
from senior officers in official dispatches,
Bean, a civilian, spoke of, and with,
soldiers of all ranks.
Among his prolific war writings are In
Your Hands, Australia, six volumes about
infantry divisions (nearly 4 million words)
and two volumes detailing the efforts of the
AIF, The Story of the Anzac.
Originally Bean planned to write one
volume on the Anzac, but decided more
needed to be said about these courageous
soldiers.
‘‘The only memorial which could be
worthy of them was the bare and
uncoloured story of their part in the war,’’
he said.
His account of Australian efforts during
WWI have helped shape the Anzac and
Digger legend which, at its very core, is
how we identify as being Australian.
In his book In Your Hands, Bean said:
‘‘The big thing in war for Australia was
the discovery of the character of Australian
men.
‘‘It was character which rushed the hills
at Gallipoli and held there.’’
And from The Story of Anzac: ‘‘It was on
the 25th of April, 1915, that the
consciousness of Australian nationhood
was born.’’
Even after the war Bean continued his
advocacy of the Australian Diggers.
He travelled to Turkey and sent
recommendations to the Australian
government on how Australian graves
should be maintained and also made
recommendations on how Australian
soldiers should be remembered at home.
The government accepted these
proposals and in 1941 Bean was present at
the official opening of the Australian War
Memorial, in Canberra.
In 1952 he was made chairman of the
board.
Information sourced from the Australian War
Memorial, National Archive of Australia and
Australian Dictionary of Biography.
Charles Bean reads through the
volumes of his work.
CHARLES BEAN, on the First AIF: The
Official History of Australia in the War
of 1914-1918
What these men did nothing
can alter now. The good and
the bad, the greatness and the
smallness of their story will
stand. Whatever of glory it
contains nothing now can
lessen. It rises, as it will always
rise, above the mists of the
ages, a monument to great-
hearted men; and, for their
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More than 10 million men lost
BY JAYNE RICHARDSON
A chaplain performs a funeral with the burial party.
THE COST
The great loss of
so many men
was felt back
home with
women having
to shoulder
both the
financial and
physical burden
W
ORLD War I
claimed the lives
of more than 10
million men
between July 1914
and November 1918, cost the
Allies more than £125 billion and
the central powers more than £60
million.
On Thursday June 17, 1915 The
Weekly Courier reported that
10,000 men a month were dying
during the Great War.
‘‘The wastage of war is 10,000
men a month, but only 5000 have
been asked for in Australia. At this
rate there will soon be no fighting
force left,’’ J. Cook, the former
defence minister told the
Tasmanian newspaper.
The Weekly Courier article says
that the ‘‘average individual’’
assumed at the beginning of the
war that the combined fighting
power of Great Britain, France,
Russia and their allies would be
enough to stall the German and
Austrian forces.
This was despite Lord Kitchener
announcing that Great Britain was
preparing for a three-year
struggle.
Nevertheless, Australia offered
to send 20,000 men to fight
alongside their Commonwealth
comrades.
But soon the call came to send
more men.
From a population of five
million, 416,809 men enlisted,
60,000 were killed and 156,000
were wounded, gassed or taken
prisoner, according to the
Australian War Memorial.
Australian Bureau of Statistics
report that this loss of life in
proportion to the number of
troops was higher than any other
country in the British Empire.
Most Australians were first sent
to Egypt to combat the threat of
the Ottoman Empire, as Turkey
was referred to at the time.
After training for four-and-a-
half months near Cairo, Australian
troops left their training ground
for the Gallipoli peninsula joined
by troops from France, Britain and
New Zealand.
The great loss of so many men
was felt back home with women
having to shoulder both the
financial and physical burden of
providing for their families.
Anti-German sentiment in
Australia saw German residents
sent to internment camps.
In terms of financial cost, The
Weekly Courier reported in
February 1917, that it was costing
£4.5 million a month to pay for
their share of the war.
The UK National Archive reports
that the estimated total cost of the
war was $208 billion and caused
the greatest depression of the 20th
century.
The cost to Australia is tipped to
be more than £1.4 million, which
in today’s terms equates to more
than $26 million.
There were however, positive
side effects with Australian
companies suddenly finding
openings on the steel and
pharmaceutical markets thanks to
the cancellation of trade
agreements with Germany and
Austria-Hungary.
The Australian government also
wanted to ensure that supplies
such as meat and wool reached
Britain to aid the war effort so
passed a law allowing it to
compulsorily acquire the entire
wheat and wool harvests to send
to the Commonwealth.
This would not be allowed
under the Constitution but was
allowed under the War
Precautions Act.
Information sourced from the Australian
War Memorial, Weekly Courier and the
UK National Archive
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State’s highest
ranking officer
founds Legacy
Sir John Gellibrand was Tasmania’s highest ranking officer and the founder of Legacy.
Picture courtesy of the Australian War Memorial, H15790
THE OFFICERA brave and compassionate man,
Sir John Gellibrand has left an
abiding legacy. JAYNE
RICHARDSON writes.
The reason Gellibrand
was often frowned
upon seem largely due
to his outspoken nature
and disagreement of
how things should be
run
S
IR John Gellibrand was a man of
big ideas, and Tasmania’s highest
ranking officer during World
War I.
An outspoken man he didn’t
always see eye-to-eye with his senior
officers, but one thing is for certain,
Gellibrand was dedicated to his nation and
his men, even after the war.
This can be seen in his contribution to the
public sector after the war, particularly his
founding of the Legacy movement in 1922.
During World War I, Gellibrand was
appointed by General William Bridges to
the administrative staff of the first
Australian Division as deputy adjutant and
quartermaster general and promoted to
major on September 23, 1914.
His role saw him responsible for the
supply lines during the landing of Gallipoli
where it was reported he was often seen in
the forward lines.
Australian World War I historian Charles
Bean reported that Gellibrand was:
‘‘One of those officers whose bravery
was conspicuous even according to the
standards by which gallantry was judged in
the early days at Anzac.’’
Gellibrand regularly drew the ire of
senior officers and was described by
Lieutenant John Monash as:
‘‘More of a philosopher and student than
a man of action.’’
But even Monash recognised his
leadership qualities and the respect he
garnered from his men.
The reason Gellibrand was often frowned
upon seem largely due to his outspoken
nature and disagreement of how things
should be run.
Historian Reg Watson wrote in his
account of Gellibrand, that he felt Monash
was sacrificing the lives of Australian
soldiers unnecessarily.
His insistence on wearing the uniform of
a private rather than a senior officer also
did not bode well with high-ranking
officers.
Despite the lack of faith in his abilities,
Gellibrand soon rose to the rank of Major
General and commanded the third
division.
He was also highly decorated, receiving
the Distinguished Service Order for his
service at Bullecourt, the American
Distinguished Service Medal, the French
Croix de Gurre and the Legion d’honneur.
At Bullecourt, Gellibrand was
instrumental in organising the victorious
attack and Bean again sung his praises:
‘‘. . . if ever a fight was won by a single
brain and character, (it) was won by John
Gellibrand.’’
At the end of the war Gellibrand
continued to work in the public sector,
exercising his leadership skills and ideas
he was passionate about his state and
country.
At the end of 1925, he was elected to the
House of Representatives and the
Nationalist member for Denison.
He was defeated in 1928 and again in
1929.
His real passion, however, was the work
he did with returned servicemen.
In 1922 Gellibrand founded the
Remembrance Club in Hobart which aimed
to guard the interests of ex-soldiers.
The basic underpinnings for the
Remembrance Club were then adopted
and expanded to widows and orphans in
the establishment of Legacy nationally.
Charles Bean, in his foreword to the
History of the Legacy Club of Sydney said:
‘‘And coming back to the great and good
man whose original work it all sprang –
there was a time when some of us thought
that the best monument to John Gellibrand
might be the story of Second Bullecourt.
Now I feel there will be an even better – the
record of Legacy.’’
Information sourced from the Australian War
Memorial, Australian Dictionary of Biography and
research by Reg Watson
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TA1504746

Highly-decorated Murray was
Evandale’s Henry William
Murray was a reluctant
hero as JAYNE
RICHARDSON writes.
Henry Murray on the battle at Moquet Farm.
The night was one of austere Beauty. A Mantle of frozen
snow, flooded by rich moonlight had removed all the ugly
scares of previous battles and everything showed out
with startling clarity against that illuminated sheeting.
On this occasion, unfortunately, the stillness of the night
was broken by bellowing guns, bursting shells, and the
sight of men struggling like wild animals.
Harry Murray pictured in a
trench.
THE HERO
T
ASMANIAN-born Henry
William Murray may be
the most decorated
soldier in the Australian
defence forces but the
term hero was not something he
was comfortable with.
The recipient of 11 medals
including the Victoria Cross,
‘‘Mad Harry’’, as he was
affectionately known, earnt
respect from private to captain for
his courage and humility.
It was a freezing cold night with
snow fresh on the ground when
Murray won the Victoria Cross for
his part in the battle for Stormy
Trench.
His exploits were reported by
W. Holmes Major-General,
Commander of the 4th Division.
‘‘I placed him on the right flank
because it was the most
dangerous and critical position.
‘‘He led his company to the
assault with great skill and
courage, and the position was
quickly captured.
‘‘Then followed the severest
fighting in the history of the 13th
battalion, and I am sure the
position could not have been held
and our efforts crowned by
victory but for the wonderful work
of this officer.’’
‘‘On one occasion the men gave
ground for 20 yards, but Captain
Murray rushed to the front and
rallied them by sheer valour.
‘‘With revolver in one hand and
a bomb in the other he was
ubiquitous, cheering his men,
heading bombing parties,
leading bayonet charges, or
carrying the wounded from the
dangerously shelled areas with
unequalled bravery.’’
Despite his heroism during this
battle, Murray always often
played down his part instead
wanting his men to take the glory.
The Longmore Papers, April 26,
1917 report Murray saying:
‘‘My getting the VC was all rot
and I’m seriously annoyed about
it.
‘‘I hate people booming a chap
that is no way entitled to it and for
god’s sake, if you see anymore
about me in the press, don’t
believe a single word of it.’’
Years later Murray wrote an
article for Reveille, a returned
servicemen journal, on the battle
for Stormy Trench and was
unimpressed by the introduction
the editor placed on his account.
The editor wrote that it was
typical of Murray to mention
everything about the battle but his
‘outstanding part in that glorious
feat of arms’.
Murray expressed his
disappointment of this in a letter
to the editor.
‘‘Surely you could see it was my
desire not to pat myself on the
back.
‘‘Why not let the Diggers have it
all to themselves?’’
‘‘God knows they deserve it and
all else that should be told of
them.
‘‘They were the very salt of the
Earth, and lucky cows like me
received the kudos that was really
theirs.’’
Murray received the
Distinguished Service Order and
Bar, the Distinguished Conduct
Medal and the Croix de Guerre.
During his service with the
British Empire during World War I
(he also fought in World War II)
Murray rose from Private to
Lieutenant Colonel – going from
Lance Corporal to Sergeant to
Second Lieutenant all in one day.
The 16th Battalion’s historian,
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a reluctant hero
Pictures courtesy of the Australian War Memorial
Charles Edwin Woodrow Bean
wrote:
‘‘To Murray belongs the honour
of rising from machine gun
private to the command of
machine-gun battalion and 64
guns and receiving more fighting
decorations than any other
infantry soldier in the British
Army in the Great War.’’
Murray had a fondness for his
machine gun and described
himself as a ‘crack shot’ even
writing home that he had
discovered the best way to kill a
man, shooting them in the
stomach.
He was wounded himself five
times during WWI but refused to
leave his station on several
occurrences.
While with the 13th Battalion,
Murray was in command of less
than 100 men when given the
objective of securing Mouquet
Farm.
Rallying his men, he led an
attack on the farm and was
wounded twice but refused to
leave his post, eventually passed
out from blood loss.
This battle earned him the
Distinguished Service Order.
Murray has been the topic of
several books and in his home
town of Evandale you will find a
bronze statue of Murray depicting
him in action at Stormy Trench –
with revolver in one hand and
throwing a bomb with the other.
If Murray was around today, he
would say it was much fuss over
nothing.
‘‘Please don’t run away with the
idea that I was anyway heroic. I
was, thanks to mother, just a fair
Australian with sufficient will-
power to go through with what I
set out to do, and too much racial
pride to give way to an enemy of
another race,’’ Murray said.
HARRY MURRAY’S WAR CAREER
September 30, 1914: Enlisted
with 16th Battalion
April 25, 1915: Landed at
Gallipoli
May 13, 1915: Promoted to lance
corporal
May 30, 1915: Awarded
Distinguished Conduct Medal
August 13, 1915: Promoted to
sergeant and then second
lieutenant
January 20, 1916: Promoted to
lieutenant
March 1, 1916: Promoted to
captain
August 29, 1916: Awarded
Distinguished Service Order for
his bravery at Mouquet Farm
November 13, 1916: Awarded Bar
to DSO
February 4-5, 1917: Awarded the
Victoria Cross for his actions at
Stormy Trench
July 12, 1917: Promoted to major
May 24, 1918: Promoted to
lieutenant colonel
September 17 1918: Awarded the
French Croix de Guerre
January 30, 1919: Made a
companion of the Order of St
Michael and St George
July 21, 1939: Enlisted in the AMF
in command of the 26th Battalion
September 5, 1941: Returned to
active duty
August 10, 1942: Relinquished
command of 26th Battalion due to
poor health
February 8, 1944: Retired from
military service
January 7, 1966: Involved in a car
accident and died of a heart
attack that night.
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Officers and men of C Company. The 40th Battalion consisted of all Tasmanian soldiers.
40th BATTALION
Special place in military history
The 40th Battalion
represented about one-
fifth of all Tasmanians who
saw active service during
World War I, writes KHAN
DICK.
that it was composed wholly of the
men of a small island state –
Tasmania – gave it a special stimulus
T
HE 40th Battalion is still
unique in Australia’s
order of battle.
It is the only battalion to
have been raised and
reinforced by Tasmania with some
3500 men joining its ranks either as
part of the original contingent, as
reinforcements or as transferees.
This number represents about
one-fifth of all Tasmanians who saw
active service during the Great
War.
Formed early in 1916, the 40th
Battalion was a constituent of the
10th Infantry Brigade, which was
part of the 3rd Infantry Division.
Some 20,000 strong and
comprising 12 infantry battalions
together with support arms and
supply and services train, this
division was raised in response to
Australia’s growing commitment to
the war in Europe.
From its rigorous training in
England in 1916 right through to
final victory in 1918 its soldiers
always understood they formed
part of an exclusive body.
This is best articulated by Sir
John Monash – their original
divisional commander and
eventual commander of the
Australian Corps:
‘‘In no other unit was the pride of
origin and sense of responsibility
to the people it represented more
evident . . . the fact that it was
composed wholly of the men of a
small island state – Tasmania –
gave it a special stimulus to the
highest emulation of all other
units.’’
Total battle casualties for the unit
amounted to 2165 – excluding
those gassed and POWs – of which
469 lost their lives, the latter figure
only slightly less than the entire
number of Australian fatalities
suffered during the Vietnam War.
It would also suffer the highest
casualty rate, 61 per cent, among
the units of the 3rd Division but as
a result became its most decorated
being awarded a total of two
Victoria Crosses, three
Distinguished Service Orders, 22
Military Crosses, 10 Distinguished
Conduct Medals and 82 Military
Medals.
It fought in the trenches of France
and Belgium and took part in some
of the conflict’s bloodiest and most
dramatic battles, including
Messines and Passchendaele.
Khan Dick has written an account of the 40th
Battalion titled Echoes of Stone and is looking
for support to assist him in publishing this
important chapter in Tasmanian history. Email:
khandick@robertsre.com.au.
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TA1504662

Casualties passed through
our hands in one endless
procession; mangled bodies
and shattered limbs
Medical
Corps key
to success
THE MEDICS
A stretcher case gets aid at an advanced dressing station of the 3rd Australian Field Ambulance, near the
Menin Road at Ypres. Pictures courtesy the Australian War Museum
The 3rd Field Ambulance at Gallipoli Peninsula.
Historian DAN HUON looks
at the vital contribution
played by the Medical
Corps in Word War I.
O
FTEN
unremembered in
Great War histories is
the Australian Army
Medical Corps
(AAMC).
The Medical Corps was a small
component of the AIF – some 5 per
cent, yet the Australian Army
would have ceased to exist as a
viable force during the Great War
but for its exertions.
Heavy casualties meant that the
Medical Corps, through its work on
returning sick and wounded
soldiers to duty, became the key to
replacing combat troops in the
frontline.
Infantry battalions needed
roughly 100 per cent
reinforcements each year from
recovered sick and wounded and
new recruits from Australia.
Of the 331,781 Australians who
took to the field, over 152,000 were
wounded: 114,000 of these in
France where also 16,000 men
were gassed.
Additionally there were some
213,000 who reported sick to
medical officers.
By war’s end an estimated flow of
7000 reinforcements had passed
through each of the 60 AIF
battalions .
On the battlefield the evacuation
work of the AAMC began with
stretcher bearers taking wounded
men to the regimental aid post
organised by the Regimental
Medical Officer in each battalion.
Sick and wounded then passed
on to the dressing station of the
field ambulance who then
evacuated men in horse-drawn or
motor ambulances.
Serious cases arrived at a
casualty clearing station for urgent
surgery; survivors were then
evacuated to a general hospital in
France, and finally to specialist or
convalescent hospitals in England.
The Medical Corps treated
horribly maimed men, dying men,
and often became the burial party
of young soldiers – the average age
was 26 years in the AIF.
An AAMC corporal records in
May 1917: ‘‘Casualties passed
through our hands in one endless
procession; mangled bodies and
shattered limbs, but one cannot be
but callous and indifferent as
practical assistance is needed
here, not sympathy. To be
sympathetic one would soon
become useless. Working
practically for 48 hours without rest
and very little food, blood to the
elbows as there is not enough
water to drink much less to wash.’’
AIF casualty statistics reveal the
medical and surgical problems
encountered by the Medical
Corps.
The abdomen was the site of the
largest proportion of wounds – 44
per cent, but men with severe
abdominal wounds died – hence
the low 2.7 per cent recorded.
Of great importance too were the
dental units – the AIF was the only
army to employ dentists – which
were attached to all AIF field
ambulances and in hospitals from
April 1916.
Dental checks were compulsory
on enlistment.
Other scourges fell into the remit
of the field ambulance: ‘‘trench
feet’’ (a form of frostbite) and
scabies (a skin infection by mites)
were treated at an ANZAC Corps
scabies hospital in France.
Sexually transmitted diseases
(venereal disease) and their
prevention and treatment were no
less significant and the AIF, the
highest paid soldiers on the
Western Front recorded the
highest rates of infection in France.
The field ambulance operated
blue light clinics for the early
treatment of such diseases (mainly
gonorrhea).
The Medical Corps determined
who was fit for service, ran sick
parades in camps; gave
inoculations for smallpox and gave
inoculations for typhoid, and from
mid-1915 all wounded men had
mandatory anti-tetanus injections.
The AAMC controlled the
conditions on troop ships, and
hospital ships and on discharge,
medical officers made the final
inspection and thus determined
whether a soldier was to receive
help for war injury in the
repatriation hospitals.
Source: A. G. Butler, Official History of
the Australian Army Medical Services
1914-18
EXACTING TOLL
AIF casualties on the Western Front:
wounds classified by region of the
body (Excluding deaths).
No. %
Head, face, neck 22,453 16.6
Chest 5119 3.8
Abdomen 3074 2.7
Back 8491 6.3
Upper extremities 39,801 29.4
Lower extremities 51,812 38.3
Upper with
amputation
758 0.6
Lower with
amputation
2018 1.5
Undefined or
multiple
1896 1.4
Total 135,422
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TA1500831
THE LAUNCESTON PLAYERS PRESENTS
JOAN LITTLEWOOD’S Musical Entertainment
29 APRIL-9 MAY 2015 • EARL ARTS CENTRE
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By Theatre Workshop, Charles Chilton, Gerry Rafes and
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email: secretary@launcestonplayers.com TA1500849

The Great War:
from assassination to treaty
June
28 Archduke Franz Ferdinand
of Austria assassinated in
Sarajevo, Serbia
July
5 Kaiser Wilhelm II promises
German support for Austria
against Serbia
28 Austria declares war on Serbia
January
19 Germany launches first
Zeppelin raid on Britain
19 Britain bombards Turkish
forts in the Dardanelles
February
4 Germans begin unrestricted
submarine warfare against
merchant ships
April
22 The Second Battle of Ypres. Poison gas
used by the Germans for the first time
25 ANZAC troops land at Gallipoli
May
7 British passenger ship Lusitania is sunk
by a German U-boat, killing 1959 people,
including 128 Americans
23 Italy declares war on Germany and Austria
January
5 Austria-Hungary offensive against
Montenegro capitulates
9 Gallipoli campaign ends with an
Ottoman victory
27 Conscription introduced in Britain
February
21 Start of the Battle of Verdun
April
29 British forces surrender
to Turkish forces at Kut in
Mesopotamia
May
31 Battle of Jutland between British
and German naval forces
June
4 - Start of the Brusilov Offensive
January
16 Germany unsuccessfully
tries to lure Mexico into an
alliance against the USA
March
15 Russian Czar Nicholas II
abdicates
January
8 US President Woodrow Wilson outlines his Fourteen Points
February
21 British forces capture Jericho
March
3 The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk signed between Russia and Germany.
21 Germany breaks through on the Somme, start of the Spring Offensive
23 Germans begin artillery strikes on Paris
29 Marshall Foch appointed Allied Commander on the Western Front
April
7 Second phase of the
Spring Offensive, Operation
Georgette begins
May
27 Third Battle of Aisne kick-
starts the third phase
(Operation Blucher-Yorck) of
the Spring Offensive
June
9 Operation Gneisenau, aka
Battle of Matz, the fourth and
final phase of the Spring
Offensive starts
12 Spring Offensive ends with
large territorial gains for
Germany but her armies left
severely depleted and in
exposed positions
July
15 Second Battle of
start of the collap
August
8 Hundred Days Off
offensive on the W
August
1 Germany declares war on
Russia and signs a secret
alliance with the Ottoman Empire
3 Germany declares war on
France and invades Belgium.
4 Britain declares war on Germany
4 The United States declares
neutrality
7 Opening skirmishes of the Battle
of the Frontiers
23 The Allied Great Retreat from
Mons, Belgium. Germany invades
France
26 Russian army defeated at
Tannenburg and Masurian Lakes
30 New Zealand forces capture
German Samoa
April
JJ
2
J
5
2
19141914
19151915
19161916
19171917
19181918
April
6 USA declares war on Germany
16 The Second Battle of Aisne ends in
disaster for the French army
29 Series of mutinies in the French army
May
15 Philippe Petain replaces Robert
Nivelle as Commander-in-Chief of the
French army
REMEMBERING THOSE WHO SACRIFICED THEIR LIVES FOR OUR COUNTRY TA1503376
the Marne begins. The
pse of the German army
fensive starts, the final
Western Front
September
14 Vardar Offensive, final offensive on
the Balkan Front
18 Allied troops break through
German lines at the Battle of the
Hindenburg Line
19 Turkish forces collapse at Megiddo
26 Final battle of World War I, the
Meuse-Argonne Offensive, begins
26 British troops enter Damascus
October
4 Germany asks the
Allies for an armistice
29 Germany’s navy
mutinies
30 Turkey makes peace
November
1 Battle of
Valenciennes, closing
phase of the Hundred
Days Offensive
3 Austria makes peace
9 Kaiser William II
abdicates
11 Germany signs
armistice with the
Allies - the official
date of the end of
World War One
June
13 Heavy bombing raid on London
25 American troops land in France
July
31 Start of the Third Battle at Ypres
August
20 Second Offensive Battle of
Verdun
December
9 Britain captures
Jerusalem from the
Turks
16 Germany and Russia
sign armistice
October
24 Italian Army heavily defeated in Battle of Caporetto
November
6 Britain launches major offensive on the Western
Front
7 Bolsheviks seize power in Russia in the October
Revolution
10 The Third Battle of Ypres ends in a stalemate
20 British tanks win a victory at Cambrai
July
1 Start of the Battle of the
Somme
August
10 End of the Brusilov Offensive
29 Erich von Falkenhayn replaced
by Paul von Hindenberg as
German Chief of Staff
September
15 First mass use of tanks at the Somme
November
18 Battle of the Somme ends with huge
casualties and no winner
December
7 Lloyd George becomes British Prime
Minister
October
7 Germany, Austria-Hungary and
Bulgaria invade Serbia
December
19 John French is replaced by
Douglas Haig as commander of
the BEF
20 Allies complete evacuation of
Gallipoli
June
22 The Russian Great Retreat from Poland and
Galicia
August
5 Germans capture Warsaw from the Russians
6 Battle of Lone Pine, first phase of the August
Offensive
September
25 Start of the Battle of Loos
September
11 Australian troops occupy German New Guinea
12 Allies claim victory in the Battle of the Marne in
France.
October
10 Germans capture Antwerp, Belgium
18 First Battle of Ypres, Belgium
29 Turkey enters the war on Germany’s side. Trench
warfare starts to dominate the Western Front
November
1 Russia declares war on the Ottoman
Empire
5 France and the UK declare war on the
Ottoman Empire
December
25 Unofficial Christmas truce observed
between some British and German
forces
s
Guineaw
Marne inM
de. Trenchd
n Frontn
Novee
1 Ruu
Emm
5 Fra
Ott
Decem
25 Un
bet
for
1919
January
4 - Peace conference in Paris
June
21 - The surrendered German naval
fleet at Scapa Flow is scuttled
28 - Germany signs Treaty of Versailles.
OPENING HOURS – Monday to Wednesday 10.00 am - 9.00 pm or later
Thursday to Saturday 10.00 am – 10.00 pm or later
Sunday 11.00 am – 9.00 pm
Lunch and Dinner 7 days a week
Members Night Thursday’s 5.00 pm – 7.00 pm
Lest We Forget
George Town RSL
Main Road George Town
Phone 6382 1280
TA1503985

Matron Lizzie Orr was recognised for her efforts during World War I as
far up as the King. Picture courtesy of the Australian War Memorial.
Royal recognition
for leading matron
THE NURSES
she needed all her common sense to battle
against war wounds [and] rampant diseases
BY REG WATSON
W
HEN World War I
exploded,
Tasmanian Nurse
Elizabeth (Lizzie)
Orr was aged 54.
Nonetheless, immediately she
set forth for England to join the
Queen Alexandra Military Nursing
Reserve.
Her service was extensive. Late
1914 saw her with the 21st British
General at Egypt where for 18
months she was engaged as
Matron of Transports and Hospital
Ships in the Mediterranean,
Gallipoli and Salonika areas,
including duties on the troop ship
Alaunia and the hospital ships
Morea and Nevassa. Then it was to
the Persian Gulf. As matron she
was with the 69th British General,
Del-Beluah where she was in
charge of a 2500-bed desert tent
hospital, where temperatures of
40-degrees plus taxed the most
energetic nurses.
On April 1, 1916 Matron Orr
attended the first Anzac Memorial
Service in Cairo. Three months
later she attended a memorial
service for Lord Kitchener whom
she knew personally, perhaps from
her Boer War days.
The work was strenuous and
difficult. Facilities and good food
were often inadequate and she
needed all her common sense to
battle against not only war wounds,
but also rampant diseases and
sickness such as diphtheria,
dysentery, measles and malaria.
As a horse lover, she knew how
the Australians loved their mounts
and wept with them, as she later
reminisced, over the plight of the
poor creatures who too were killed
and dreadfully wounded.
She was mentioned in
despatches twice. Her late niece,
Annie Rule (nee Orr), who was
entrusted with her collection of
medals, had a document which
read: ‘‘I have it in command from
the King to record His Majesty’s
high appreciation of services
rendered.’’ Signed Winston
Churchill, Secretary of State for
War.
Broken in health because of the
physical, emotional and
psychological strain, she was
invalided back to England in June
1919. The following month she
received from King George V the
Royal Red Cross Medal, the most
meritorious award for nursing.
She was given the rank of Matron
Imperial Army.
Her post-war career was just as
distinguished. Immediately she
was placed in charge of a hospital
for blinded soldiers, but eventually
she returned home to Tasmania
and for the next 11 years was
Matron of Vaucluse Hospital.
She died in 1945.
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TA1505811

Tasmanian Nurse Ella Tucker was awarded the Royal Red Cross, second
class for her outstanding service during WWI.
A ‘floating heaven’
BY JAYNE RICHARDSON
Our poor soldiers,
you’ve got no idea
what they put up
with
W
HILE the Anzacs
stormed Gallipoli,
Tasmanian nurse
Ella Jane Tucker
received the
wounded and dying aboard the
hospital ship Gascon.
As the continuous shelling
continued on the beach and the
sun set, Ms Tucker and six other
nurses struggled to cope with the
557 patients now aboard the ship.
‘‘The wounded from the landing
commenced to come on board at
9am and poured into the ship’s
wards from barges and boats,’’ Ms
Tucker said in her diary.
‘‘There were 76 patients in my
ward and I did not finish until 2am.’’
Years later Ms Tucker said in an
interview that although she knew
hospitals were busy now, it was
difficult to have any real
conception of what it was like
aboard the Gascon at that time.
She described mattresses being
laid out on the decks, trying to tend
to wounds as the ship rocked and
the constant, terrifying sound of
gunfire always in the background.
Scottsdale-born Ms Tucker was
the first nurse from Northern
Tasmania to enlist with the
Australian Army Nursing Service
and was awarded the Royal Red
Cross, second class for her
outstanding service.
Being constantly surrounded by
an endless flow of death and
horrific wounds took its toll on the
nurses.
An entry from Ms Tucker’s diary
illustrates the horror she dealt with
on a daily basis.
‘‘Every night there are two or
three deaths, sometimes five or six;
it’s just awful flying from one ward
into another . . . each night is a
nightmare, the patients’ faces all
look so pale with the flickering
ship’s lights,’’ Ms Tucker said.
Despite the nightmarish
conditions, Ms Tucker also said
that the wounded thought the ship
was a floating heaven compared to
horror they faced ashore on the
Peninsula.
Tucker stayed with the Gascon
for nine months as it ferried more
than 8000 wounded and sick
soldiers from the Gallipoli
Peninsula to hospitals in Imbros,
Lemnos, Salonika, Alexandria,
Malta and England.
Conditions on the hospital ships
were poor and overcrowded with
the sick and wounded.
Sea sickness and poor
ventilation further complicated the
treatment and care aboard the
ship.
‘‘Our poor soldiers, you’ve got
no idea what they put up with,’’ she
said.
After Gallipoli, Ms Tucker
served in France and England and
wrote in her diary of outings she
organised for the amputee
soldiers.
‘‘On Friday Sister McNeill and I
each got a taxi and took four of the
double amputation cases for a
drive into the country,’’ Ms Tucker
wrote.
‘‘You would have laughed to see
the car drivers, sister, and I pick-a-
backing the boys to our picnic
spot.
‘‘They did enjoy it.’’
Information sourced from the Australian
War Memorial, AANS Grave secrets
website, the Advertiser and the Weekly
Courier.
For more information and surprising facts take a look at this
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TA1505361

Australia’s Light Horse in action.
War’s atrocities
On the first day
alone, the British
suffered 20,000
dead and 40,000
wounded to mark
the bloodiest day
in the country’s
military history
Tasmanian troops with their mascot.
Standing guard.
THE BIG BATTLES
T
HE Great War
introduced the world
to names that
became synonymous
with suffering and
heroism, given to cataclysmic
battles the likes of which had
never been seen before.
Here are the major ones in
France, Denmark and Turkey.
Marne (1914): The first
battle of the Marne was fought
from September 5-12, 1914
and stopped the German
army’s advance on Paris in
extremis. The Allied victory
came at a heavy price, with
each side suffering some
250,000 killed or wounded.
Dardanelles (1915): A
maritime strait that gives
access to Istanbul and the
Black Sea which Turkey closed
at the start of the war. Winston
Churchill, the First Lord of the
Admiralty, launched a Franco-
British naval expedition to
unblock the straits and
underpin Russian exports in
hopes of getting Turkey to
withdraw from the war.
It was a failure however, and
marked by a disastrous
attempt to land troops from
Australia and New Zealand at
Gallipoli.
Jutland (1916): The biggest
naval battle of the war pitted
the Royal Navy’s Grand Fleet
with ships from Australia and
Canada against the German
navy’s High Seas Fleet in the
North Sea near Jutland,
western Denmark on May
31-June 1, 1916.
Britain lost more ships and
more sailors than the
Germans, but continued to
enforce a naval blockade that
made it harder for Berlin to
pursue the war. The debate
over who won the battle
continues to this day.
Somme (1916): The Battle of
the Somme was the most
deadly of the war, with total
casualties of around one
million, including 440,000
dead or missing.
It took place in northern
France between July and
November 1916, mainly
between British and German
forces, and barely moved the
front lines despite Allied
artillery barrages involving
more than 1.8 million shells.
On July 1, British troops
numbering 120,000 launched
an assault after tunnelling
under German positions and
blowing up 27 tonnes of
explosives, creating a crater
100 metres (yards) in diameter
and 30 metres deep.
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scar Europe
British troops pass through St Pierre Divion in France during the Battle of the Somme in 1916.
On the first day alone, the
British suffered 20,000 dead
and 40,000 wounded to mark
the bloodiest day in the
country’s military history.
Verdun (1916): The main
battle of the war for the
French, a symbol of the war’s
devastation. German forces
launched an offensive on
February 21, 1916 and tried to
bleed the French army dry to
force Paris to the negotiating
table.
French General Philippe
Petain rallied his troops to
contain the German drive and
win back most of the terrain
given up in early fighting.
The battle lasted until
December 18 at a staggering
cost of at least 770,000 dead,
missing or wounded.
Chemin des Dames or the
Nivelle Offensive (1917):
Named for a route that had
been used by daughters of
King Louis XV in the Aisne
region of northern France.
A French offensive was
launched on April 16, 1917 by
General Robert Nivelle to
pierce the German lines.
Despite some tactical
victories, the battle dragged
on until October 24, 1917 and
is considered to have been
lost by the French army.
France suffered 67,000
dead, missing or wounded,
and the loss of life provoked
mutinies among its troops.
Marne (1918): While the
first battle of the Marne
prevented an early German
victory, the second led to the
Allies winning the war.
German forces launched four
offensives in the first half of the
year, to which the Allies,
reinforced by US troops,
replied with a counter-
offensive in July and August
under the command of French
General Ferdinand Foch.
The Allies pierced the
German army’s flank and the
war ended in November.

Percy Cherry Lewis McGee John Whittle Alfred Gaby Stanley McDougall
Lauded acts of courageHistorian REG WATSON lists the
brave exploits of Tasmania’s
Victoria Cross winners.
DWYER, John James. Sergeant.
Dwyer was born at Lovett, Cygnet on
March 9, 1890, eldest of three sons.
The family moved to Bruny Island and later
John went to Queenstown where he enjoyed a
reputation as a first-class axeman.
He enlisted in Queenstown on Feb 8 1915
with the 15th following May with the rank of
lance-corporal.
He won his VC on September 26, 1917 at
Zonnebeke, Belgium.
Dwyer, in charge of a Vickers machine gun
advanced to obtain a commanding spot.
While doing so, he noticed an enemy
machine gun firing on the troops.
He rushed the enemy gun, killed the crew,
captured the gun and despite being shot at,
brought the gun back to the Australian front
line.
McGEE, Lewis. Sergeant.
Born in 1889, he lived at Avoca and was
employed as an engine driver. He enlisted in
the 40th Battalion in 1916 and left Tasmania
on July 1, 1916. He was killed in action of
October 13, 1917.
His VC was awarded posthumously for an
action east of Ypres, Belgium, on October 4,
1917. When leading his platoon under heavy
fire, McGee advanced on a German machine
gun post single-handed and with only a
revolver shot some of the crew and captured
the rest.
STATTON, Percy Clyde. Sergeant.
Statton was born at Beaconsfield on the
Tamar, the son of E. Stratton of Bendigo,
Victoria. As a farmer he lived at Tyenna in the
Derwent Valley and enlisted in February
1916 with the 40th Battalion.
He left Tasmania in July 1916 with the rank
of lance-corporal. After the war, he returned
to Tasmania and died in the Repatriation
General Hospital on December 5, 1959.
Statton was awarded his VC for action near
Proyart, France on August 12, 1918. In charge
of a platoon, he engaged two machine gun
posts which allowed the platoon to advance.
However, the advance to the left was held up
by more heavy enemy fire.
Armed with just a revolver, he rushed four
enemy machine gun posts in succession,
knocking out two and killing five of the
enemy. Later he brought in two badly
wounded men.
WHITTLE. John Woods. Sergeant.
Whittle was born at Huon Island, near Port
Cygnet, on August 3, 1883, but worked
mostly in Hobart. He enlisted in Launceston
and like Newland, served during the Boer
War in South Africa.
Returning to Australia, he spent five years
in the Navy, but when war broke out he
enlisted in the army as part of the
reinforcement for the 26th Battalion. In Egypt
he transferred to the 12th Battalion and
before being awarded his VC was wounded
twice.
He was discharged December 15, 1918 in
Tasmania, but spent most of his life in Sydney.
The Whittle Ward at the Repatriation
Hospital in Hobart was named after him. He
died on March 12, 1946.
Whittle was awarded his VC because of his
action April 9-15 1917 near Boursies, France.
While in charge of a small trench, an
enemy attack succeeded in entering it.
Organizing his men, Whittle counter attacked
and regained the trench as he did on a
second occasion.
Later he would leave the trench and rush
across fire-swept ground, attack an enemy
gun crew, killing the enemy and bring back
their machine gun.
NEWLAND, James Ernest. Captain.
Born at Camperdown, near Geelong, he
served as a trooper in South Africa in the
Boer War. After discharge, Newland became
a professional soldier and was stationed in
Tasmania when war was declared.
He left on October 20, 1914 as
Quartermaster-Sergeant with the 12th
Battalion and took part in the landing at
Gallipoli. He survived the war and died at
Caulfield, Victoria on March 19, 1948.
Newland won his VC west of Boursies,
France April 1917, when 36 years of age,
being the oldest member of the AIF to do so.
Under heavy fire he led his company,
which took heavy casualties. However,
Newland was one of the first to reach the
objective. In turn, they were attacked and
Newland, by personal exertion, dispersed
the enemy and regained the position.
Later, when his men were attacked from the
rear, he drew off the charge which was
Proud heritage
TASMANIANS have won 14 Victoria
Crosses out of a national total of 100.
Two Tasmanians won a VC during the
Second Anglo-Boer War in South Africa
(1899-1902) and 11 in World War I, and
our latest is that of Corporal Cameron
Baird in Afghanistan on June 22, 2013.
Taking into account that our population
to the rest of the nation on a ratio basis is
about 2.5 per cent, we therefore make up
14 per cent of Australia’s VC recipients.
Not a bad record showing that while
being the smallest state, we have one of
the highest bravery rates.
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Walter Brown Harry Murray Percy Statton James Newland John Dwyer
Bernard Gordon
renewed three or four times. It was because
of his encouragement that his men were able
to hold out.
CHERRY. Percy Herbert. Captain.
A brother officer described Cherry as ‘‘the
bravest man I ever met.’’ A big statement, but
by all accounts he was, indeed, fearless.
He was born at Drysdale, Victoria, on June
4, 1895 and with his family moved, when only
seven years old, to Cradoc, Tasmania, where
his family took to apple orcharding. Cherry
enlisted at Franklin on March 5, 1915 and was
posted to the 26th Battalion.
In France he was promoted to temporary
captain with the rank confirmed later.
His VC was awarded posthumously for an
action on March 26, 1917 at Lagnicourt,
France.
Detailed to storm a village, all his fellow
officers had became casualties. In the face of
enemy fire he cleared the village of
opposition. When advancing, he captured
enemy positions and beat off resolute and
heavy counter attacks. Wounded, he refused
to leave his post, but was eventually killed by
an enemy shell.
GORDON, Bernard Sidney. Lance-
Corporal.
Gordon was a native of Launceston and at
the age of 24 he enlisted on September 27,
1915 with the 41st Battalion in which he
served continuously. He was wounded in
France in October 1917 and promoted to
lance-corporal in January 1918.
Gordon’s life seems to be one of nine lives.
Before being awarded the VC, his conduct
just 18 days before, earned him the Military
Medal (MM). He returned to Australia in 1919
and took up residency in Queensland, where
he served with that State’s 31st Battalion
during WWII.
He was won his VC east of Bray on the
Somme River on August 26-27 1918. Leading
his section against the enemy, he single-
handedly attacked a machine gun post,
killed the gunner and captured the post
manned by one officer and 10 men. He then
took a further 29 prisoners and two machine
guns after clearing out a trench.
Later, in a similar action, he captured 22
more prisoners and three machine guns.
McDOUGALL. Stanley Robert. Sergeant.
At the age of 25, McDougall enlisted, firstly
with the 15th Battalion on August 30, 1915,
later transferring to the 47th.
He was the son of John McDougall, a
sawmiller who lived in Recherche Bay, Huon.
Stanley was a blacksmith and was known
locally as a good competitive boxer.
After being awarded the VC he transferred
again to the 41st Battalion.
He returned to Tasmanian on December
15, 1918 and moved to Scottsdale.
He earned his VC at Dernancourt, France,
on March 28, 1918. The enemy attacked the
line and after the second attack, McDougall
charged the enemy single-handedly with
rifle and bayonet, killing seven and
capturing a machine gun. This he turned on
them, firing from the hip and when the
ammunition ran out, grabbed a bayonet and
charged again, killing three more.
Obtaining another Lewis gun, he killed
many, enabling the other Australians to
capture 33 prisoners.
BROWN. Walter Ernest. Corporal.
Brown was a native of New Norfolk, born on
July 2 1885. He moved to Hobart to work as a
grocer and while still in the industry took up
residency in Sydney where he enlisted.
It was said of him that, ‘‘he was a born
soldier’’. He joined the 20th battalion and
had a special mate named Hughes who was
killed in the battle of Passchendaele. Brown
refused to leave for England before he found
the body of his friend. Finding it, he erected
a wooden cross over it.
Brown returned to Australia and was
discharged on February 15, 1920 but may not
ever have returned to Tasmania.
His VC was won on July 6, 1918 at Villers-
Bretonneux, France. While with a line of
relief his company captured an enemy
trench. A nearby enemy strong-post was
rushed by Brown on his own initiative and
despite a machine gun opening up, he
reached his objective.
With a grenade he called on the occupants
to surrender. He was physically attacked, but
knocked the attacker down with his fist.
The others surrendered. Brown brought
them back to his own lines under further
heavy enemy fire.
MURRAY. Henry William. Captain.
He was born and lived near Launceston at
Evandale, but when war was declared he was
in Western Australia working as a
timbergetter. There he enlisted firstly with
the 16th Battalion and later the 13th.
Joining as a private, he worked his way up
through the ranks to be promoted to Major
while serving in France in 1917.
Murray was extraordinarily brave and a
leader of men. In May 1917 he was created a
Companion of the Order of St Michael and St
George.
He returned to Australia and settled on a
property in Queensland. In WWII he served
with the 26th Battalion within Australia,
retiring from active service in 1944.
Murray won his VC north east of
Gueudencourt, France on February 4-5 1917.
He led his company and captured a
position. Fierce fighting followed and three
heavy counter attacks were beaten off.
During the night, his company suffered
heavy casualties, but by rallying his
command he saved the situation by sheer
valour. He not only encouraged his men, but
led bombing parties and bayonet charges
and led the wounded to a place of safety.
GABY, Alfred Edward. Lieutenant.
Gaby was born on January 25, 1892
Springfield near Scottsdale. His two brothers
served during the Boer War. When WWI was
declared, he was working as a labourer in
Western Australia and enlisted at Blackboy
Hill Camp where he joined the 28th Battalion.
His previous military experience in
Tasmania was with the 12th infantry
regiment, Launceston which brought him
promotion to corporal and he rose steadily in
the ranks, finally to Lieutenant. On one
occasion he was gassed. He is buried in
Heath Cemetery, Harbonniers, France.
Gaby’s posthumous award was for an
action on August 8, 1918 at Villers-
Bretonneux, France.
His company’s advance was checked by
the enemy. Finding a gap in the wire, he
single-handedly approached a strong point
while under fire. At point-blank range he
emptied his revolver into the garrison and
drove the crews from the guns and captured
50 of the enemy and four machine guns.
Reorganising his men, he took another
objective despite heavy machinegun fire
directed at them. While engaging the enemy
he was killed by a sniper.

Alfred Hearps was just one Tasmanian soldier of Aboriginal descent
who fought in World War I.
Aboriginal soldiers
served our country
Aboriginal descendants
played their part, writes
historian ANDREA
GERRARD
THE ABORIGINALS
Hearps survived his time there only to be
killed in action at Mouquet Farm
A
S the Geelong pulled
away from Ocean Pier
on October 20, 1914, on
board was a group of
men from Queenstown.
Around 60 men from the West
Coast had enlisted and were part
of the first contingent to leave
Tasmania.
Among this group was a young
19-year-old clerk who had within
days of war being announced
travelled to Hobart in the hope he
would be accepted into the
expeditionary force.
Alfred Hearps passed the
stringent medical examination and
was allotted to the 12th Battalion
being formed, being appointed as
a sergeant with D Company.
Mr Hearps was just one of
several men, descendants of
Tasmanian Aborigines, to serve at
Gallipoli.
Joining the battalion in Egypt was
John William Miller, of Hobart.
Mr Hearps was a descendant of
Mannalargenna through his
granddaughter Dalrymple
Johnson, while Mr Miller was a
grandson of Fanny Cochrane
Smith.
Mr Miller would be killed within
a short period of landing at
Gallipoli and lies buried in Baby
700 Cemetery.
Mr Hearps survived his time
there only to be killed in action at
Mouquet Farm as the newly
commissioned 2nd Lieutenant led
his men in to action.
Several other Tasmanian
Aborigines would also serve at
Gallipoli including Cyril Johnson,
of Sheffield, who died of wounds
received while learning to use a
machine gun.
He was later buried at sea.
Edward Lewis Maynard, son of
David Maynard, of Flinders Island,
was serving with the Battalion
when killed in action as part of the
attack on Hill 971.
His cousins Frank and William
Maynard would also serve and be
among 10 men from the Furneaux
Islands who didn’t return home.
Frank was killed while
undertaking fatigue duties near
Pozieres while serving with the
26th Battalion while William was
killed in action at Bullecourt while
serving with the 12th Battalion.
A total of 74 men, descendants of
Tasmanian Aborigines, would
enlist and serve during World War
I.
With a casualty rate of around 53
per cent, just over half of these who
enlisted either did not return or
sustained at least one wound
during their service.
01495046
OF NORTHERN TASMANIA
TA1504100

Vanished sub still an enigma
Even after 100 years, the
disappearance of the
Royal Australian Navy’s
submarine, AE1, remains
a mystery. JAYNE
RICHARDSON writes.
The last known image of the AE1 with the HMAS Yarra and Australia in
the background. Picture courtesy of the Royal Australian Navy.
AE1 and crew.
Picture: courtesy of the Australian
National Maritime Museum Collection
THE NAVY
O
N SEPTEMBER 14,
1914, the Royal
Australian Navy’s
submarine AE1 went
missing without a
trace off Duke of York Island in the
Pacific Ocean while on patrol.
Aboard the vessel were 32
sailors and three officers.
One of the sailors was
Tasmanian Cyril Baker, aka Buds,
a 22-year-old telegraphist.
The disappearance of the
submarine marks Australia’s first
loss of life during WWI.
AE1 was captained by
Lieutenant Commander Thomas
Besant and was one of two
submarines used by the RAN
during the war, the second was
her sister ship AE2.
The last sighting of AE1 was by
the warship Paramatta.
At 2.30pm visibility became
impaired by a thick haze and the
captain of the Paramatta,
Lieutenant WHF Warren thought it
would be best to keep sight of the
submarine.
It was at this time that AE1
signalled to the Paramatta asking
what the visibility was, to which
was given the reply ‘‘About five
miles.’’
The submarine then changed
course and the Paramatta lost
sight of her.
This was the last that was ever
seen of the sub and her crew.
The Commander of AE2, H.S
Stoker was upset and shocked by
the loss, as both the captains were
close.
He suggested the most likely
cause of her disappearance was
either mechanical failure or a
diving accident.
‘‘The sinking submarine would
slip away down into the vast
depths existing in those parts,
rapidly filling as the increasing
pressure of water outside forced
its way through the hull . . . there to
rest undisturbed by man and his
investigation,’’ Stoker said.
Both submarines were built by
Vickers Armstrong in England and
were considered state-of-the-art at
the time, able to carry more men
and more ammunition.
In reaching Sydney Harbour on
May 24, 1914, the two vessels
completed the longest journey for
a submarine at the time, 24,000
kilometres and 60 days at sea.
The press was eager to learn
more about the subs that were still
considered top-secret but
Lieutenant Commander Besant
did not give much away.
The Sydney Morning Herald
reported:
‘‘A submarine is a deadly thing.
A battleship may ride in the
majesty of the waves, and in a
moment be torn by a torpedo
hurled by a stealthy, invisible foe
beneath the water. It is because
this type of vessel is so valuable in
time of war that such pains are
taken to guard its secrets.’’
When war broke out the two
submarines and other vessels of
the RAN were tasked to the Pacific
in order to hunt down the German
Pacific squadron under the
command of Admiral Graf von
Spee.
The RAN found the harbour of
Rabaul empty so troops occupied
the shore and the vessels set off to
patrol the surrounding waters.
This was the first amphibious
attack of the war and on
September 14, the same day the
AE1 disappeared, the German
troops surrendered the colony.
There have been several
attempts made to find the ship, so
far all have been unsuccessful.
A short service
THE AE2, sister vessel to AE1,
was tasked to the Dardanelles
and was the first submarine to
make it into Turkish territory.
It operated for five days
before mechanical issues
forced it to surface, where it
was damaged by a torpedo.
All her crew surrendered and
were captured.
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TA1504094

Sandy the only horse to return
War was hell on horses.
Just one came home.
JAYNE RICHARDSON
writes.
LIGHT HORSE
The only horse to
make it back to
Australian shores
was Sandy
Sandy and General Bridges. Sandy was the only horse to return of more than 136,000 Australian horses.
M
ORE than 136,000
Australian horses
were used during
World War I, a small
number of these
hailing from Tasmania.
Of the entire equine troop, only
one came home.
The Third Light Horse Regiment
comprised three squadrons with C
squadron made up entirely of
Tasmanian soldiers.
This group of 154 brave men and
their trusty steeds sailed from
Hobart on October 20, 1914.
During the four years of war,
about 575 Tasmanians enlisted to
join the squadron but not all served
due to illness and other
requirements.
The light horse soldiers were
trained to fight with rifles and
bayonets like the infantry, as well
as charging on horseback.
These calvary-style charges
were instrumental in a number of
battles in the Middle East, most
notably Beersheba.
The smallest unit of a light horse
regiment was four men, three to
fight and one to hold the horses.
Most Australian horses used
during WWI were Walers – a sturdy
and resilient mount capable of long
distances with little water – but the
first Tasmanian contingent took
their own horses.
These horses were required to
be between 14.5 and 15.5 hands
with solid legs and chest.
Once they were passed, they
were bought by the army and then
issues back to their owners.
Horses generally need to drink
30 litres of water a day but on some
occasions, these loyal steeds had
to go 60 hours without water
carrying 130 kilograms.
At the end of the war, 13,000
Australian horses had survived but
could not return home due to
quarantine restrictions.
11,000 of these horses were on-
sold, the majority to the British
Forces in India, the remaining 2000
were deemed unfit for further
service.
The only horse to make it back to
Australian shores was Sandy.
Sandy belonged to Major
General Bridges who was killed at
Gallipoli, dying of wounds on May
18.
Sandy, however, remained
stationed in Egypt and then Europe
until May 18, 1918 when he was
sent to England at the request of
Senator George Pearce, Minister
for Defence.
After three months in quarantine,
Sandy was given a full bill of health
and was turned out to pasture at
Central Remount Depot,
Maribyrnong, Victoria.
Information from the Australian War
Memorial and Neville Thomas of the 3LH
-The Tasmanian Lighthorse renactment
group
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DIGITAL HEALTH
CHECK
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