Rhys treats the two central characters, Antoinette and the Man, differently in their naming. She gives Antoinette her "real" name while denying the Man any name at all. This mirrors Bronte's treatment of Bertha in Jane Eyre and is part of Rhys' critique of English imperialism. By denying the Man a name, Rhys suggests he represents English colonialism and its fear of the unfamiliar. She exercises authorial power over him by refusing him an identity, in contrast to her reclaiming of Antoinette's identity.
presenting Harold Pinter's Masterpiece: Mountain Language
By Haleh Esmailian Jan2016
Dedicated to my Kurdish Friends who are the Best of the Men I have ever known
presenting Harold Pinter's Masterpiece: Mountain Language
By Haleh Esmailian Jan2016
Dedicated to my Kurdish Friends who are the Best of the Men I have ever known
Revolution 2020: Love, Corruption, Ambition is a 2011 novel by Chetan Bhagat. Its story is concerned with a love triangle, corruption and a journey of self-discovery. R2020 has addressed the issue of how private coaching institutions exploit aspiring engineering students and how parents put their lifetime's earnings on stake for these classes so that their children can crack engineering exams and change the fortune of the family. While a handful accomplish their dreams, others sink into disaster.[1] The book is available as an Audiobook on Amazon.[2]
The novel weaves together the stories of people navigating some of the darkest and most violent episodes of modern Indian history, from land reform that dispossessed poor farmers to the 2002 Godhra train burning and Kashmir insurgency.[3] Roy's characters run the gamut of Indian society and include an intersex woman (hijra), a rebellious architect, and her landlord who is a supervisor in the intelligence service.[4] The narrative spans across decades and locations, but primarily takes place in Delhi and Kashmir.
The novel weaves together the stories of people navigating some of the darkest and most violent episodes of modern Indian history, from land reform that dispossessed poor farmers to the 2002 Godhra train burning and Kashmir insurgency.[3] Roy's characters run the gamut of Indian society and include an intersex woman (hijra), a rebellious architect, and her landlord who is a supervisor in the intelligence service.[4] The narrative spans across decades and locations, but primarily takes place in Delhi and Kashmir.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Revolution 2020: Love, Corruption, Ambition is a 2011 novel by Chetan Bhagat. Its story is concerned with a love triangle, corruption and a journey of self-discovery. R2020 has addressed the issue of how private coaching institutions exploit aspiring engineering students and how parents put their lifetime's earnings on stake for these classes so that their children can crack engineering exams and change the fortune of the family. While a handful accomplish their dreams, others sink into disaster.[1] The book is available as an Audiobook on Amazon.[2]
The novel weaves together the stories of people navigating some of the darkest and most violent episodes of modern Indian history, from land reform that dispossessed poor farmers to the 2002 Godhra train burning and Kashmir insurgency.[3] Roy's characters run the gamut of Indian society and include an intersex woman (hijra), a rebellious architect, and her landlord who is a supervisor in the intelligence service.[4] The narrative spans across decades and locations, but primarily takes place in Delhi and Kashmir.
The novel weaves together the stories of people navigating some of the darkest and most violent episodes of modern Indian history, from land reform that dispossessed poor farmers to the 2002 Godhra train burning and Kashmir insurgency.[3] Roy's characters run the gamut of Indian society and include an intersex woman (hijra), a rebellious architect, and her landlord who is a supervisor in the intelligence service.[4] The narrative spans across decades and locations, but primarily takes place in Delhi and Kashmir.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
TESDA TM1 REVIEWER FOR NATIONAL ASSESSMENT WRITTEN AND ORAL QUESTIONS WITH A...
Authorial obeah and_naming_in_jean_rhys
1. Authorial “Obeah” and Naming in Jean Rhys’ Wide Sargasso Sea
ABSTRACT:
Building on the critical discussion around the importance of naming and mirrors in Wide
Sargasso Sea, the essay focuses on Rhys’ differing treatment of the two central
characters, contrasting Bertha’s “real” name of Antoinette with the Man, who is denied
a name and a human identity, even while giving him a voice and agency. It is argued
that this mirrors Bronte’s treatment of Bertha, and is a component of her critique of
English imperialism. At issue, in part, is a character’s “right” to a name, which the
author/creator reserves for herself, exploring that question through the confusion and
slippage of character names throughout the novel, and instances where characters
question each other’s right to name themselves. Ultimately, the magic or “obeah” of
the novel revolves around the power of language, and in naming/non-naming her
central characters, the author exercises that power, reversing the power dynamic of
Jane Eyre by giving Antoinette identity while making it clear that the Man has no right to
his own name.
KEY WORDS:
Literature, English. Rhys, Jean (1894-1979), Wide Sargasso Sea (1966), Bronte, Charlotte
(1816-1855), Jane Eyre (1847), naming, identity, mirroring, obeah.
Since the publication of Gayatri Spivak’s “Three Women’s Texts and a
Critique of Imperialism” there has been a good bit of writing about the
importance of naming and mirrors in Wide Sargasso Sea,1 centering around the
function of character and place names and their political implications. I’d like to
2. 2
extend that discussion by examining the names/identities of the two main
characters and how the author uses them to aid understanding of the text. Rhys
tells the story of Antoinette’s re-creation as “Bertha” of Jane Eyre, by The
Man/Rochester, but she also denies him his own name, exerting a final meta-
power reserved by the author.
Rhys uses several characters from Jane Eyre, but Antoinette/Bertha and
The Man/Rochester are the only ones she chooses to re-name. In doing so, she
signals that the relationship between these two characters is central to her
commentary on Bronte’s work. Rhys, however, handles their re-naming in
different ways. While giving Bertha a new name, which she posits as her original
and true name, she deliberately withholds a name from her male leading
character. These are powerful acts of re-writing, indicating the specific ways
that she wants to re-cast those characters. Her rejection of Bronte’s name for
the character Bertha tells us that Bronte’s “madwoman in the attic” was not
born that way, she had to be made into Bertha by her contact with The Man and
what he represents.
The Man is a different case, but also relates to her commentary on Jane
Eyre. By denying him a name while acknowledging his narrative centrality, she
effectively reproduces Bronte’s treatment of Bertha. First, he is “Other” to
Antoinette, as Bertha is “Other” to both Jane and Rochester. And ultimately she
doesn’t even become a “real” character – she is a flat, terrifying embodiment of
what is abhorred by Rochester and English society. Compare this to “The Man”
3. 3
relative to Antoinette’s Creole society. His namelessness suggests that he is not
really a character either – he is the embodiment of the English colonial project,
its preoccupation with power, money and control, and its fear of and
unwillingness to try to understand what is alien to it. Bronte’s Bertha has a kind
of power, but it is only negative and destructive, although her exercising of that
power inadvertently benefits the protagonist. The Man’s power is likewise
negative and destructive, although (an important difference) it first benefits the
female protagonist, both sexually and emotionally, and then destroys her. Rhys’
treatment of her “Rochester” character in this similar but mirrored fashion
invites us to look at Bronte’s treatment of Bertha and Rochester differently.
Rhys’ association of naming with power is most evident in the man’s
“violent” attempt to rename Antoinette as Bertha, and I would like to examine
the context in which the first instance of this re-naming occurs. Following her
visit to Christophine, she returns home and lays bare a number of her secrets in
an attempt to engage him emotionally. After she finishes, there is the following
exchange:
After a long time I heard her say as if she were talking to herself, ‘I
have said all I want to say. I have tried to make you understand. But
nothing has changed.’ She laughed.
‘Don’t laugh like that Bertha.’
‘My name is not Bertha; why do you call me Bertha?’
4. 4
‘Because it is a name I’m particularly fond of. I think of you as Bertha.’
(81)
It is her laughter, which he dislikes, that initially provokes this re-naming. Later
in the scene, after he has rejected her verbally but tried to comfort her physically (which
she then rejects), we have this dialogue, after she asks him to come in and say
goodnight to her:
‘Certainly I will, my dear Bertha.’
‘Not Bertha tonight,’ she said.
‘Of course, on this of all nights, you must be Bertha’
‘As you wish,’ she said. (82)
He will do as she asks, but she must “be Bertha” or he won’t engage with her in
any intimate way. In essence, he is personalizing the financial basis of their marriage,
demanding the right to determine her identity in exchange for his intimacy with her.
She recognizes the power he is trying to exercise over her through this re-naming. Here
she acquiesces, and it costs her. In their next encounter, she appears in a way that
could describe Bronte’s Bertha:
Her hair hung uncombed and dull into her eyes which were inflamed and
staring, her face was very flushed and looked swollen. Her feet were
bare. (87)
In narration, he refers to her as Antoinette, but again calls her “Bertha.” Her
response articulates her recognition of the ways that he uses language for power:
5. 5
“Bertha is not my name. You are trying to make me into someone else,
calling me by another name. I know, that’s obeah too.” (88)
She hopes, by naming his sorcery (using words to control another is a “magical”
exercise of power) to combat it, but because he is “a stone” (89), he can not/will not
respond. I will return to this point, as it illustrates part of what Rhys is doing by not
naming him.
Antoinette is given other names as well. Daniel, in his letter to the Man calls her
“Antoinetta” (57) and he later picks up on that in his conversation with Christophine
(100) conflating “Antoinette” and “Antoinetta” with “Marionette” and “Marionetta,”
suggesting another facet of the identity he wishes to project onto her – that of a puppet
whose actions are dictated by him. In that same letter, Daniel identifies himself as a
Cosway (Antoinette’s birth surname), but both she and Christophine dispute that.
Christophine says, “He is no Cosway either.” (94) When the Man tells Antoinette he had
a letter from “a man who calls himself Daniel Conway,” she says: “He has no right to
that name…(my emphasis) His real name if he has one, is Daniel Boyd.” (77) The “right”
to a name reflects power, weight, and identity. This question of the “right” to a name
brings us back to the Man.
By the act of non-naming, Rhys invites us to view him not as Bronte’s Rochester,
but as a stand-in or embodiment of English colonialism, especially his fear and hatred of
what he doesn’t understand and his need to control it (in part by naming or re-naming),
and certainly his need for power. Spivak mentions his lack of patronymic, but a further
reading is suggested by the fact that he has no name at all. Although he “wins” his
6. 6
battle for Antoinette’s money and identity, he ultimately flees the islands to return to
England. He recognizes the threat to his sanity and identity (which are closely linked)
that life in the islands holds for him. And in an act of authorial “obeah,” Rhys tells us he
has no “right” to a name. He may have the material wealth and power to destroy
Antoinette, but his own identity is so uncertain (even to himself) that he can’t face and
live in the fluid, dynamic, “sun-filled” world of his wife or release her to make a life
without him. He, therefore, has forfeited his right to a name. Or, put another way, his
need to fix identity through naming ultimately denies him his own. The artist, or author,
wields her mystical power, denying him a name even while giving him his own voice.
Antoinette/Bertha’s final act of destruction and self-assertion might be read as
liberating sacrifice -- Rhys wrote to a friend: “Her End—I want it in a way triumphant!”2 -
- Rhys’ choice to deny him a name tells us that, in the broadest sense, he is truly Other
and less worthy than the deeply flawed but “too-alive” world that has built her own and
Antoinette’s identity. She, as author, has a meta-power that trumps his “obeah” and
positions Bronte’s “madwoman in the attic” as a kind of tragic heroine, with both
characters standing in for important aspects of the cultures they represent. In re-
writing Bronte’s Bertha and Rochester, she now has a story; he doesn’t even have the
“right” to a name.
NOTES:
1. Spivak, Gayatrie, “Three Women’s Texts and a Critique of Imperialism,” Critcal Inquiry,
Vol. 12, No. 1, Autumn, 1985. Other examples include: Erwin, Lee, "’Like in a Looking-
Glass’: History and Narrative in Wide Sargasso Sea”, NOVEL: a Forum on Fiction, Vol. 2,
Number 22, Winter 1989; Fumagalli, Maria, “Names Matter,” Journal of Caribbean
Literatures, Vol. 3, Number 3, Summer, 2003; Rody, Caroline. “Burning Down the
House: The Revisionary Paradigm of Jean Rhys’s Wide Sargasso Sea.” Included in Wide
7. 7
Sargasso Sea. Page numbers for Wide Sargasso Sea refer to: Rhys, Jean. Wide Sargasso
Sea. Norton Critical Edition. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1999.
2. Letter to Selma Vaz Dias, 137