Learn the business of LNG from liquefaction through regasification in this 146-page book. Written in clear, concise and easy-to-understand language, with graphics throughout, this book will help you to understand the business of LNG. You will learn the natural gas supply/demand situation in each part of the world, details on liquefaction, shipping and regasification (technologies, costs, infrastructure, and key issues), safety and environmental issues, how the LNG business is regulated and permitted, and the dynamics of today's LNG marketplace (market participants, contract structure, risk management, and financing). And as an added bonus, a comprehensive listing of existing and planned worldwide liquefaction and regasification terminals.
3. U N D E R S TA N D I N G T O D AY ’ S G L O B A L L N G B U S I N E S S
LNG and Terrorism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67
Risks Relative to Other Industries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68
The Historical Safety Record of LNG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69
Handling Safety and Security Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70
Environmental Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72
Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72
S E C T I O N S E V E N : R E G U L AT I O N A N D P E R M I T T I N G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 5
Regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75
Liquefaction Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77
Shipping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78
Regasification Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79
Offshore Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82
Permitting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83
S E C T I O N E I G H T: M A R K E T D Y N A M I C S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 7
The LNG Value Chain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87
Market Participants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90
Contract Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91
Risk Management in the LNG Marketplace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96
Financing LNG Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98
The Current State of the LNG Market . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100
SECTION NINE: THE FUTURE ..................................................105
Technology Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105
Geopolitical Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107
Market Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108
Will LNG Demand Continue to Grow? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109
Will Investment be Available to Construct the Necessary Infrastructure? . .109
How Will the LNG Business Adapt to Short-term Markets? . . . . . . . . . . . . .110
How Will Future Prices be Determined? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110
Who Will Dominate the Future Marketplace? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111
Global Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111
APPENDIX A: GLOSSARY .......................................................115
APPENDIX B: LNG UNITS ......................................................125
APPENDIX C: ACRONYMS ......................................................127
A P P E N D I X D : W O R L D W I D E L I Q U E FA C T I O N T E R M I N A L S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3 1
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4. CONTENTS
A P P E N D I X E : W O R L D W I D E R E G A S I F I C AT I O N T E R M I N A L S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3 7
APPENDIX F: INDEX .............................................................143
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