2. Before We Begin
• Please turn to the CIA World Factbook, which is
available at
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-fact
• Use the pull down menu to select the country of
Nauru.
• Spend a few minutes looking through all the
information that is available on this country
before we begin.
3. Step 1: SOURCES/ REFERENCES
• A source is something that you use to get information from to write
a paper.
• A source can be an article, a blog, a radio broadcast, a
conversation, an email, or many other sources of information.
• Do not use Wikipedia as a source, ever. It's not reliable.
• The source we will use in this presentation is the information on
the island of Nauru from the CIA World Factbook.
4. References
• When you use a source, the first thing you should do is
write a good APA-style reference of the source.
• As you write a paper, your reference list will change as
you use/discard sources.
• Use the OWL at Purdue (keywords “OWL” “purdue”
“apa”) to help you write good references. Click HERE
for the link.
5. A Reference for Nauru
• The CIA World Factbook is somewhat like an
online encyclopedia. Thus, use the form for an
online encyclopedia, shown here:
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/10/
• REFERENCE:
– Nauru. (2012). In CIA World Factbook. Retrieved
from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-
world-factbook/geos/nr.html
7. Overview of Paraphrase
• Paraphrase is easy when you do it this way:
o Break the source down into simple clauses, each with
a finite (that is "complete") verb phrase.
o Change as many of the words in the simple clauses as
you can.
o Recombine the simple clauses into new sentences,
each with no more than two or three finite verb
phrases.
o Reorder parts of the text.
9. EXAMPLE: PARAPHRASE 2
• Sentence Breakdown (Make sure every sentence
has a complete verb phrase and a clear subject.)
– (Nauru has) limited natural freshwater resources
– Roof storage tanks collect rainwater.
– (The island is ) mostly dependent on a single, aging
desalination plant (for its water supply);
– Intensive phosphate mining during the past 90 years has left
the central 90% of Nauru a wasteland.
– (The mining has been done ) mainly by a UK, Australia, and
NZ consortium
– (This mining operation) threatens limited remaining land
resources
11. EXAMPLE: PARAPHRASE 4
• RECOMBINE CLAUSES/ADD CONNECTIONS
• People on Nauru use storage tanks on their roofs to collect rain because the island has
very few freshwater resources. The island gets most of its water supply from an old
desalination plant.
• Scarcity of water is not the only environmental problem. A consortium from England,
Australia and New Zealand has done extensive phosphate mining on the island. Only
10% of Nauru has not been destroyed by heavy phosphate mining but is, nevertheless, in
danger from this mining operation.
12. COMPARE
PARAPHRASE
ORIGINAL SOURCE
People on Nauru use storage tanks on their
limited natural freshwater resources, roofs to collect rain because the island has
roof storage tanks collect rainwater very few freshwater resources. The island
but mostly dependent on a single, gets most of its water supply from an old
aging desalination plant; intensive desalination plant.
phosphate mining during the past 90 Scarcity of water is not the only
years - mainly by a UK, Australia, environmental problem. A consortium from
and NZ consortium - has left the England, Australia and New Zealand has
central 90% of Nauru a wasteland and done extensive phosphate mining on the
threatens limited remaining land island. Only 10% of Nauru has not been
destroyed by heavy phosphate mining but is,
resources nevertheless, in danger from this mining
operation.
13. STEP 3: CITE
• Cite whenever you paraphrase. Even if you use your own words,
you must cite!
• In APA style, use the author's last name and the year date of the
source. If there is a page number, use that.
• If there is no author, use the first three words of the title. Use
quotations around the words.
15. EXAMPLE: CITATION
• People on Nauru use storage tanks on their roofs to collect rain
because the island has very few freshwater resources (“Nauru,”
2012). The island gets most of its water supply from an old
desalination plant (“Nauru,” 2012).
• Scarcity of water is not the only environmental problem. A
consortium from England, Australia and New Zealand has done
extensive phosphate mining on the island (“Nauru,” 2012) . Only
10% of Nauru has not been destroyed by heavy phosphate mining
but is, nevertheless, in danger from this mining operation
(“Nauru,” 2012).
• NOTE: Citing in English is done paragraph by paragraph. With each new paragraph have to re-establish the citing that you are doing.
• In all cases, you need to cite where the information from a source starts and cite again where it ends to show the way the information is
"framed."
16. STEP 4: Quotation
• Generally speaking avoid quotation and favor paraphrase.
• Keep these basics in mind:
o Keep your quotes as small as possible, striving for unusual and
text-specific phrases.
o If something is easily paraphrasable, that is a sign that you
should NOT quote it.
o Always quote precisely what the text says.
o Integrate quotes with material around the quotes.
o Do not start a sentence with a quote. Instead, introduce,
contextualize, and embed quotes.
o Always use quotation marks!
18. Quotation Mistake #1
• According to information in the CIA World Factbook, “intensive
phosphate mining during the past 90 years - mainly by a UK,
Australia, and NZ consortium - has left the central 90% of Nauru
a wasteland and threatens limited remaining land resources.”
• MISTAKE: The passage is too long. The student quoted too
much. Most of this could be paraphrased. Quotes should be
introduced and contextualized.
19. Quotation Mistake #2
• According to information in the CIA World
Factbook, long term phosphate mining by an
international consortium “has left 90% of Nauru
a wasteland and threatens limited remaining land
resources.”
• MISTAKE: That is not what the source said.
The source said, “. . . the central 90% of Nauru” .
. . You must use exactly the same words when
you quote. Also much of this could be
paraphrased.
20. A Good Quotation
• The CIA World Factbook calls much of
Nauru “a wasteland” because of the
devastation caused by a consortium that has
done phosphate mining on the island for the
past 90 years.
