3. Puberty Early Middle Late
adolescence adolescence adolescence
Female 8-11 years 12-14 14-17 18-21
Male 9-11.5 years 12-14 14-17 18-21
4. Nutrition needs should be determined by the
degree of sexual maturation and biological
maturity instead of chronological age .
Unhealthy eating behaviors common among
adolescence including frequent dieting, meal
skipping, high consumption of foods high in
fats
5. Concrete thinking and abstract reasoning
abilities do not develop fully until late
adolescence or early adulthood
6. Adjustment to a new body image, adaptation
to emerging sexuality
Concrete thinking, early moral concepts
Strong peer effect
7. Establishment of emotional separation from
parents
Expansion of verbal abilities, adjustment to
increased school demands
Increased health risk behavior, sexual
interests, early vocational plans
8. Personal identity, further separation from
parents
Complex thinking
Increased impulse control, emerging social
autonomy, vocational capability
9. 50% of ideal body weight is gained during
adolescence
Growth spurt in 3-6 months
Girls will gain approximately 18 lbs
( 8.3 kg ) year
Weight gain slows during late adolescence,
will gain around 14 lbs ( 6.3 kg )
10. Lean body mass falls from 80% to 74%
Body fat increases form 16% to 27%
During puberty, females experience 44%
increase in lean body mass and 120% of body
fat mass each year.
11. Males gain 20 lbs ( 9 kg ) per year during
puberty
Fat decreases in males during adolescence to
reach 12%
By age 18, more than 90% of skeletal mass
has been formed
A variety of factors contribute to the
accretion of bone mass including genetics,
hormonal changes, smoking and nutrition
12. Eating patterns and behaviors of adolescents
are affected by many factors:
Peer influence
Parental modeling
Food availability
Food preference
14. Eating habits of adolescents are not static
They fluctuate throughout adolescence in
relation to psychological and cognitive
development
Adolescents lead busy lives
Many involved in extracurricular sport or
academic activities
This leave little time to sit and eat meal
Snacking or meal skipping are common
15. Almost all adolescents consume one snack
per day ( range 1- 7 )
One study showed that adolescents ate 18.2
meals and 10.9 snacks in a week
Snacks account foe 25% to 33% of daily
energy intake
Snacks consumption has risen during the past
decade
16. The occurrence of meal skipping increases as
adolescents mature
Breakfast is the most commonly skipped
meal
29% of female adolescents tend to eat
breakfast
Skipping breakfast can dramatically
decreases intakes of energy, protein, fiber,
Ca, and folate
25% of adolescents skip lunch
17. As adolescents mature, they spend less time
with the family and more time with peer
Eating away from home
Females eat 1/3 of meals away from home
Fast food accounts for 33% of food eaten
18. Eating at fast food restaurant has a direct
bearing on the nutritional status of the
adolescents
Fast foods are high in fats
Low in fiber and nutrients
19. Vegetarian diets are consumed in 1% of
adolescents
Vegetarian diets are consumed for many
reasons
Vegetarian adolescents found to be shorter
and leaner than omnivores during childhood
and early puberty age
Menarche occurs 6 months later in vegetarian
females
20. Vegetarian adolescents are taller or as tall as
the omnivores but generally leaner
When well-planned, vegetarian diets provide
health benefit to adolescents such as
complex CHO intake , high vitamin intake
and protein
With supplements from small amounts of
animal foods such as milk and its products,
21. Vegetarian diets should include adequate fats
and essential fatty acids ( DHA, EPA )
22. Type of vegetarian diet Food excluded
Semi- or partial vegetarian Red meat
Lacto-ovo-vegetarian Meat, poultry, fish, seafood
Laxctovegetarian Meat, poultry, fish, seafood and eggs
Vegan ( total vegetarian ) Meat, poultry, fish, seafood, eggs, dairy
products ( may exclude honey )
Macrobiotic Meat, poultry, eggs, dairy, seafood, fish
( fish may be included in some
macrobiotic vegetarians)
24. Food source Alph-lenolenic acid, g
Flaxseed, 2 tb 4.3
Walnuts, 1 oz`` 1.9
Walnut oil, 1 tb 1.5
Canola oil, 1 tb 1.6
Soybean oil, 1 tb 0.9
Soybean, ½ cup cooked 0.5
Tofu, ½ cup 0.4
25. Most diets do not match the dietary
guidelines
1% of teens consume diets that meet the
recommendations for all food groups
45% of teens meet recommendations for one
group or more
7% of males and 18% of females adolescents
do not meet any of the recommendations
27. Increases in lean body mass, skeletal mass
and body fat during puberty result in energy
and nutrient needs that exceed those of any
other point of life
Energy and nutrient requirements
correspond with the degree of physical
maturation
28. Influenced by:
Activity level
BMR
Increased requirements to support pubertal
growth
29. Influenced by many factors
RDA for protein intake is:
9-13 years old 0.95/g/kg/day
14-18 years old 0.85/g/kg/day
When protein is inadequate, growth, sexual
maturity delay and reduced accumulation of
lean body mass
30. Primary source of energy
From fruits, vegetables, whole grains and
legumes
55-60% of total energy
< 10% form sweeteners but adolescents
consume about 16% of total energy for soft
drinks
31. Ounces per day Adolescents %
> 26 oz per day 22
13-25 oz per day 28
0.1 12 oz per day 32
0 oz per day 18
33. AAP Recommends 0.5 g/kg/day of fiber
Or 15.5-34.5 g/ day for 10-18 years old males
16-28.5 g/day for 10-18 years old females
National data shows consumption is:
11.5-15.4 g/day for males
10-14 g/day for females
Because low intake of fruits and vegetables
34. Essential for growth and development
National cholesterol education program
NCEP recommends no more than 30% of
total energy should come from fat
< 10% from saturated fat
DRI recommendations:
4-18 years old should consume 25-35% of
total fats
35. Teens consume around 33% of total energy
from fats
Over 12% from saturated fats
36. adequate intake is important for growth and
development
Important for bone mass
Females have the greatest capability of
absorbing calcium at time of menarche then
decreasing after
By age 24 for females and 26 for males
calcium accretion is almost nonexistent
37. DRIs for 9-18 years is 1300 mg/day
Adolescents females consume 536-815
mg/day
Adolescents males consume 681-1146
mg/day
Milk is the best source followed by cheese,
ice cream and frozen yogurt
Consumption of soft drinks may displace the
consumption of more nutrient dense
beverages such as milk and fortified juices
38. Growth at this stage increases blood volume
Menarche increases the need for iron
39. Group Ca P Mg Vit D Iron B1 B2 B3
mg/d mg/d mg/d mcg/d mg/d mg/d mg/d mg/d
Males
9-13 1300 1250 240 5 8 0.9 0.9 12
14-18 1300 1250 410 5 11 1.2 1.3 16
Females
9-13 1300 1250 240 5 8 0.9 0.9 12
14-18 1300 1250 360 5 15 1.0 1.0 14
40. Group B6 B9 B12 B5 B7 Vit A Vit C Vit E Se
mg/d mg/d mg/d mg/d mcg/d mcg/d mg/d mg/d mcg/d
Males
9-13 1.0 300 1.8 4 20 600 45 11 40
14-18 1.3 400 2.4 5 25 900 75 15 45
Females
9-13 1.0 300 1.8 4 20 600 45 11 40
14-18 1.2 400 2.4 5 25 700 65 15 55