Driving Design through Examples

Driving Design through Examples
Ciaran McNulty at PHPNW 2015

Modelling by
Example
Combining BDD and DDD
concepts

BDD is the art of using
examples in
conversations to
illustrate behaviour
— Liz Keogh

Requirements as Rules
We are starting a new budget airline flying between
London and Manchester
→ Travellers can collect 1 point for every £1 they
spend on flights
→ 100 points can be redeemed for £10 off a future
flight
→ Flights are taxed at 20%

Ambiguity
→ When redeeming points do I still earn points?
→ Can I redeem more than 100 points on one ﬂight?
→ Does tax apply to the discounted fare or the full
fare?

Examples
If a ﬂight from London to Manchester costs £50:
→ If you pay cash it will cost £50 + £10 tax, and you
will earn 50 new points
→ If you pay entirely with points it will cost 500
points + £10 tax and you will earn 0 new points
→ If you pay with 100 points it will cost 100 points +
£40 + £10 tax and you will earn 0 new points

Examples are
Objectively
Testable

Gherkin
A formal language for
examples

Feature: Earning and spending points on flights
Rules:
- Travellers can collect 1 point for every £1 they spend on flights
- 100 points can be redeemed for £10 off a future flight
Scenario: Earning points when paying cash
Given ...
Scenario: Redeeming points for a discount on a flight
Given ...
Scenario: Paying for a flight entirely using points
Given ...

Gherkin steps
→ Given sets up context for a behaviour
→ When speciﬁes some action
→ Then speciﬁes some outcome
Action + Outcome = Behaviour

Given a flight costs £50
When I pay with cash
Then I should pay £50 for the flight
And I should pay £10 tax
And I should get 50 points
Scenario: Redeeming points for a discount on a flight
When I pay with cash plus 100 points
And I should pay 100 points
Scenario: Paying for a flight entirely using points
When I pay with points only
And I should pay 500 points

Who writes examples?
Business expert
Testing expert
Development expert
All discussing the feature together

When to write scenarios
→ Before you start work on the feature
→ Not too long before!
→ Whenever you have access to the right people

Reﬁning scenarios
→ When would this outcome not be true?
→ What other outcomes are there?
→ But what would happen if...?
→ Does this implementation detail matter?

Scenarios
→ Create a shared understanding of a feature
→ Give a starting deﬁnition of done
→ Provide an objective indication of how to test a
feature

DDD tackles complexity
by focusing the team's
attention on knowledge
of the domain
— Eric Evans

Invest time in
understanding
the business

Ubiquitous Language
→ A shared way of speaking about domain concepts
→ Reduces the cost of translation when business
and development communicate
→ Try to establish and use terms the business will
understand

By embedding Ubiquitous
Language in your
scenarios, your scenarios
naturally become your
domain model
— Konstantin Kudryashov (@everzet)

Principles
→ The best way to understand the domain is by
discussing examples
→ Write scenarios that capture ubiquitous language
→ Write scenarios that illustrate real situations
→ Directly drive the code model from those
examples

Directly
driving code
with Behat?

UI tests
→ Slow to execute
→ Brittle
→ Don't let you think about the code

Background:
Given a flight from "London" to "Manchester" costs £50
When I fly from "London" to "Manchester"
And I pay with cash
And I should get 50 points

Actively seek
terms from
the domain

→ What words do you use to talk about these
things?
→ Points? Paying? Cash Fly?
→ Is the cost really attached to a ﬂight?
→ Do you call this thing "tax"?
→ How do you think about these things?

Background:
Given a flight "XX-100" flies the "LHR" to "MAN" route
And the current listed fare for the "LHR" to "MAN" route is £50
When I am issued a ticket on flight "XX-100"
And I pay £50 cash for the ticket
Then the ticket should be completely paid
And the ticket should be worth 50 loyalty points

Lessons from the conversation
→ Price belongs to a Fare for a speciﬁc Route
→ Flight is independently assigned to a Route
→ Some sort of fare listing system controls Fares
→ I get quoted a cost at the point I purchase a ticket
This is really useful to know!

Driving the
domain model
with Behat

Conﬁgure a Behat suite
default:
suites:
core:
contexts: [ FlightsContext ]

Create a context
class FlightsContext implements Context
{
/**
* @Given a flight :arg1 flies the :arg2 to :arg3 route
*/
public function aFlightGoesFromTo($arg1, $arg2, $arg3)
{
throw new PendingException();
}
// ...
}

class FlightsContext implements Context
{
/**
* @Given a flight :flightnumber flies the :origin to :destination route
*/
public function aFlightGoesFromTo($flightnumber, $origin, $destination)
{
$this->flight = new Flight(
FlightNumber::fromString($flightnumber),
Route::between(
Airport::fromCode($origin),
Airport::fromCode($destination)
)
);
}
// ...
}

Transformations
/**
* @Transform :flightnumber
*/
public function transformFlightNumber($number)
{
return FlightNumber::fromString($number);
}
/**
* @Transform :origin
* @Transform :destination
*/
public function transformAirport($code)
{
return Airport::fromCode($code);
}

/**
* @Given a flight :flightnumber flies the :origin to :destination route
*/
public function aFlightGoesFromTo(
FlightNumber $flightnumber,
Airport $origin,
Airport $destination
)
{
$this->flight = new Flight(
$flightnumber, Route::fromTo($origin, $destination)
);
}

> vendor/bin/behat
PHP Fatal error: Class 'Flight' not found

class AirportSpec extends ObjectBehavior
{
function it_can_be_represented_as_a_string()
{
$this->beConstructedFromCode('LHR');
$this->asCode()->shouldReturn('LHR');
}
function it_cannot_be_created_with_invalid_code()
{
$this->beConstructedFromCode('1234566XXX');
$this->shouldThrow(Exception::class)->duringInstantiation();
}
}

class Airport
{
private $code;
private function __construct($code)
{
if (!preg_match('/^[A-Z]{3}$/', $code)) {
throw new InvalidArgumentException('Code is not valid');
}
$this->code = $code;
}
public static function fromCode($code)
{
return new Airport($code);
}
public function asCode()
{
return $this->code;
}
}

/**
* @Given the current listed fare for the :arg1 to :arg2 route is £:arg3
*/
public function theCurrentListedFareForTheToRouteIsPs($arg1, $arg2, $arg3)
{
}

Model boundaries
with Interfaces

interface FareList
{
public function listFare(Route $route, Fare $fare);
}

Create in-memory versions for testing
namespace Fake;
class FareList implements FareList
{
private $fares = [];
public function listFare(Route $route, Fare $fare)
{
$this->fares[$route->asString()] = $fare;
}
}

/**
* @Given the current listed fare for the :origin to :destination route is £:fare
*/
public function theCurrentListedFareForTheToRouteIsPs(
Airport $origin,
Airport $destination,
Fare $fare
)
{
$this->fareList = new FakeFareList();
$this->fareList->listFare(
Route::fromTo($origin,$destination),
Fare::fromString($fare)
);
}

/**
* @When Iam issued a ticket on flight :arg1
*/
public function iAmIssuedATicketOnFlight($arg1)
{
}

/**
* @When I am issued a ticket on flight :flight
*/
public function iAmIssuedATicketOnFlight()
{
$ticketIssuer = new TicketIssuer($this->fareList);
$this->ticket = $ticketIssuer->issueOn($this->flight);
}

> vendor/bin/behat
PHP Fatal error: Class 'TicketIssuer' not found

class TicketIssuerSpec extends ObjectBehavior
{
function it_can_issue_a_ticket_for_a_flight(Flight $flight)
{
$this->issueOn($flight)->shouldHaveType(Ticket::class);
}
}

class TicketIssuer
{
public function issueOn(Flight $flight)
{
return Ticket::costing(Fare::fromString('10000.00'));
}
}

/**
* @When I pay £:fare cash for the ticket
*/
public function iPayPsCashForTheTicket(Fare $fare)
{
$this->ticket->pay($fare);
}

PHP Fatal error: Call to undefined method Ticket::pay()

class TicketSpec extends ObjectBehavior
{
function it_can_be_paid()
{
$this->pay(Fare::fromString("10.00"));
}
}

class Ticket
{
public function pay(Fare $fare)
{
}
}

The model will be
anaemicUntil you get to Then

/**
* @Then the ticket should be completely paid
*/
public function theTicketShouldBeCompletelyPaid()
{
}

/**
* @Then the ticket should be completely paid
*/
public function theTicketShouldBeCompletelyPaid()
{
assert($this->ticket->isCompletelyPaid() == true);
}

PHP Fatal error: Call to undefined method Ticket::isCompletelyPaid()

{
function let()
{
$this->beConstructedCosting(Fare::fromString("50.00"));
}
function it_is_not_completely_paid_initially()
{
$this->shouldNotBeCompletelyPaid();
}
function it_can_be_paid_completely()
{
$this->pay(Fare::fromString("50.00"));
$this->shouldBeCompletelyPaid();
}
}

class Ticket
{
private $fare;
// ...
public function pay(Fare $fare)
{
$this->fare = $fare->deduct($fare);
}
public function isCompletelyPaid()
{
return $this->fare->isZero();
}
}

class FareSpec extends ObjectBehavior
{
function let()
{
$this->beConstructedFromString('100.00');
}
function it_can_deduct_an_amount()
{
$this->deduct(Fare::fromString('10'))->shouldBeLike(Fare::fromString('90.00'));
}
}

class Fare
{
private $pence;
private function __construct($pence)
{
$this->pence = $pence;
}
// ...
public function deduct(Fare $amount)
{
return new self($this->pence - $amount->pence);
}
}

{
// ...
function it_knows_when_it_is_zero()
{
$this->isZero()->shouldReturn(true);
}
function it_is_not_zero_when_it_has_a_value()
{
$this->isZero()->shouldReturn(false);
}
}

class Fare
{
private $pence;
private function __construct($pence)
{
$this->pence = $pence;
}
// ...
public function isZero()
{
return $this->pence == 0;
}
}

class TicketIssuerSpec extends ObjectBehavior
{
function it_issues_a_ticket_with_the_correct_fare(FareList $fareList)
{
$route = Route::fromTo(Airport::fromCode('LHR'), Airport::fromCode('MAN'));
$flight = new Flight(FlightNumber::fromString('XX001'), $route);
$fareList->findFareFor($route)->willReturn(Fare::fromString('50'));
$this->beConstructedWith($fareList);
$this->issueOn($flight)->shouldBeLike(Ticket::costing(Fare::fromString('50')));
}
}

class TicketIssuer
{
private $fareList;
public function __construct(FareList $fareList)
{
$this->fareList = $fareList;
}
public function issueOn(Flight $flight)
{
return Ticket::costing($this->fareList->findFareFor($flight->getRoute()));
}
}

interface FareList
{
public function listFare(Route $route, Fare $fare);
public function findFareFor(Route $route);
}

class FareList implements FareList
{
private $fares = [];
public function listFare(Route $route, Fare $fare)
{
$this->fares[$route->asString()] = $fare;
}
public function findFareFor(Route $route)
{
return $this->fares[$route->asString()];
}
}

/**
* @Then I the ticket should be worth :points loyalty points
*/
public function iTheTicketShouldBeWorthLoyaltyPoints(Points $points)
{
assert($this->ticket->getPoints() == $points);
}

{
function let()
{
}
// ...
function it_calculates_points()
{
$this->getPoints()->shouldBeLike(Points::fromString('100'));
}
}

{
function let()
{
$this->beConstructedCosting(Fare::fromString("100.00"));
}
// ...
function it_gets_points_from_original_fare()
{
$this->pay(Fare::fromString("50"));
$this->getPoints()->shouldBeLike(Points::fromString('100'));
}
}

<?php
class Ticket
{
private $revenueFare;
private $fare;
private function __construct(Fare $fare)
{
$this->revenueFare = $fare;
$this->fare = $fare;
}
// ...
public function getPoints()
{
return $this->revenueFare->getPoints();
}
}

Feature: Earning and spending points on flights
Rules:
- Travellers can collect 1 point for every £1 they spend on flights
- 100 points can be redeemed for £10 off a future flight
Background:
Given a flight "XX-100" flies the "LHR" to "MAN" route
And the current listed fare for the "LHR" to "MAN" route is £50
When I am issued a ticket on flight "XX-100"
And I pay £50 cash for the ticket
Then the ticket should be completely paid
And I the ticket should be worth 50 loyalty points

> bin/phpspec run -f pretty
Airport
10 ✔ can be represented as a string
16 ✔ cannot be created with invalid code
Fare
15 ✔ can deduct an amount
20 ✔ knows when it is zero
26 ✔ is not zero when it has a value
31 ✔ calculates points
FlightNumber
10 ✔ can be represented as a string
Flight
13 ✔ exposes route
Points
10 ✔ is constructed from string
Route
12 ✔ has a string representation
TicketIssuer
16 ✔ issues a ticket with the correct fare
Ticket
15 ✔ is not completely paid initially
20 ✔ is not paid completely if it is partly paid
27 ✔ can be paid completely
34 ✔ gets points from original fare

default:
suites:
core:
contexts: [ FlightsContext ]
web:
contexts: [ WebFlightsContext ]
filters: { tags: @ui }

With the domain already modelled
→ UI tests do not have to be comprehensive
→ Can focus on intractions and UX
→ Actual UI code is easier to write!

Modelling by Example
→ Focuses attention on use cases
→ Helps developers understand core business
domains
→ Encourages layered architecture
→ Speeds up test suites

Use it when
→ Project is core to your business
→ You are likely to support business changes in
future
→ You can have conversations with stakeholders

Do not use when...
→ Not core to the business
→ Prototype or short-term project
→ It can be thrown away when the business
changes
→ You have no access to business experts (but try
and change this)

Thank you!
→ @ciaranmcnulty
→ Lead Maintainer of PhpSpec
→ Senior Trainer at:
Inviqa / Sensio Labs UK / Session Digital / iKOS
→ https://joind.in/talk/view/15436
Questions?

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