Comparisons between the Accuracy of Sub-Maximal Estimations of VO2Max with Direct Measurements via Gas Analyses

Foundation Degree in Sports Coaching
Practical Report
SPO013–2 Physiological Control and Adaptation
Carl Page (1008889)
University of Bedfordshire
Ms. N Bretherton

Contents
Results and Analyses ................................................................................................................ 2
Discussion .................................................................................................................................. 5
Conclusion ................................................................................................................................. 8
References ................................................................................................................................. 9
Appendices .............................................................................................................................. 11
Bibliography ............................................................................................................................. 15
Results and Analyses
Seventeen participants with average age of 21.82 ± 3.8 years, height of 177.7 ±
6.5cm, weight of 73.5± 9.8kg and Body Mass Index (BMI) of 23.3 ± 2.4 kg/m2
participated in the investigation. Direct VO2max was measured through Douglas air
bags as oxygen and carbon dioxide collected and volume measured using a Monark
cycle ergometer. The indirect VO2max was measured the YMCA Cycle Ergometer
Submaximal Test was executed on the same type of Monark cycle ergometer.
ID Age Height
(cm)
Weight
(Kg)
Direct VO2 (ml /
Kg / Min)
Direct VO2
(L / min)
Indirect VO2
(ml / Kg / Min)
1 32 185 86 55.17 4.75 24.99
2 21 180 90 15.03 1.35 26.68
3 19 172 74 ? ? 38.89
4 20 180.3 72.7 54.45 3.931 57.6
5 19 183 67 39.85 2.67 16.89
6 26 182.1 86.6 17.34 1.502 ?
7 20 171 76.2 23.79 1.813 38.7
8 19 182 65 45.68 2.969 45.4
9 26 177.9 64.7 36.68 2.373 30.43
10 28 179.4 69.2 62.64 4.335 39
11 22 179.5 81.7 66.56 5.438 30.6
12 21 179 81.5 45.93 3.743 27.5
13 19 182 79.4 39.89 3.167 43.37
14 20 180.5 70.9 44.12 3.128 41.54
2 | P a g e Carl Page (1008889) Foundation Degree in Sports Coaching

15 20 180 71.6 41.02 2.937 20.46
16 20 159 53.6 23.84 1.278 30.4
17 19 168.7 60.6 15.94 0.966 ?
Table 1: VO2max results for each participant across every protocol.
The Descriptive Statistics Test Table 2 shows the summary statistics separately from
the sample size.
Descriptive Statistics
N Minimum Maximum Mean
Std.
Deviation Skewness Kurtosis
Statistic Statistic Statistic Statistic Statistic Statistic Std. Error Statistic
Table 2. – Sample size of VO2max measurement tests.
A Paired Samples Test (Appendix 1.) displays the level of significant difference
between the accuracy of submaximal estimations of VO2Max with direct was
measured via gas analyses. Results are relatively expressed in millilitres per
kilogram of body weight per minute. A paired sample t– test Table 3 revealed that
the indirect VO2max method shown a significantly decreased value (42 ± 15 ml / Kg–
1 / Min– 1 vs. 34 ± 11 ml / Kg– 1 / Min– 1) to the VO2max direct protocol (t = 1.980, Sig
p= <.069)
Std.
Error
Age 17 19 32 21.82 3.828 1.630 .550 1.925 1.063
Height_cm 17 159.0 185.0 177.729 6.5135 – 1.783 .550 3.305 1.063
Weight_Kg 17 53.6 90.0 73.571 9.8662 – .151 .550 – .425 1.063
BMI 17 19.70 27.80 23.3000 2.47563 .185 .550 – 1.276 1.063
DirectV02max 16 15.03 66.56 39.2456 16.29744 – .058 .564 – .940 1.091
IndirectV02max 15 16.89 57.60 34.1633 10.66547 .436 .580 .191 1.121
Valid N
(listwise)
14
T Sig. (2– tailed)
1.980 .069
Table 3. – Relationship between direct and indirect VO2max measurement tests.

The Q–Plots give a graphical representation about how good the sample is. This can
then be related to another population of participants. As Figure 1 illustrates the
plotted ages is a good indicator to the ‘line of best fit’. Whilst Figure 2 clarifies height
of the participants is of an S shape around the trend line which relates to normal
distribution of data. Also in Figure 3 when weight of all participants is applied it
shows that all participants are close to the trend line. Therefore it is assumed that
this applies to the general population. Conversely anomalies are present in the data
as some participants did not take part in the second phase of fitness testing.
Figure 1. Q–Plots of Age Figure 2. Q–Plots of Height
Figure 3. Q–Plots of Weight
The value p < 0.05 was considered as the statistical significance level when
comparing the accuracy of submaximal estimations of VO2max with direct was
measured via gas analyses. To assess the statistical results, prior to the participants
VO2max measured a hypothesis was generated. Hypothesis – I expect there to be
no significant difference between the direct and indirect VO2max results. Null
hypothesis – There will be a significant difference between direct and indirect

VO2max results. Following the T– Test result of .069 I accept my hypothesis which is
statistically accurate to 95% or 0.05 level. The results of this test can be obtained
and be the assessment of level of accuracy for both direct and submaximal protocols
been used for measurements of VO2max. Therefore I can be 95% assured that there
is a positive relationship regarding the VO2max was measured and comparisons
through direct and submaximal estimations. Consequently the Null Hypothesis is
rejected.
Discussion
The main aim of the practical report was to make comparisons of accuracy between
direct and indirect protocols. This involved direct being measured via gas analyses
and submaximal estimations of VO2max using Douglas bags. The biggest measured
VO2 is at the plateau phase, which signifies the participants VO2max (Sport Fitness
Advisor, 2012). Since when maximal exertion is reached once the participant is
unable to perform any faster VO2 will after a little delay be observed to plateau.
Wilmore, (1999) defines VO2max as the highest rate of oxygen consumption
attainable during maximal or exhaustible exercise; it is this peak value that can
sometimes be regarded as the best single measurement of cardio–respiratory
endurance and aerobic fitness.
Equally both submaximal and direct VO2max, the estimation calculations are greatly
affected by means of the participant’s heart rate. The (Met Office, 2012) show
Bedford’s altitude is 85 meters above mean sea level, whereas the average
elevation of Corby, United Kingdom is 76 meters (Mongabay, 2010). However when
performing at a higher altitude measurements with altitude training, this would help
each participant in fighting against the lower atmospheric pressure. Thus helps
develop performance and subsequently their VO2max, nevertheless in order to
standardise results, utilising the equation below to convert values measured at
Atmospheric Temperature and Pressure Saturated (ATPS) to Standard Temperature
and Pressure, Dry (STPD).

Gas volume STPD = VATPS ( 273 ) ( PB – PH2O)
273 + ToC 760
The VO2max measurements through two methods present advantages and
disadvantages: the direct and indirect protocols. Direct VO2max measurement
(Protocol found in appendix 3) is where participants perform an ergometric test with
progressive loads and the exhaled oxygen and carbon dioxide fractions during effort
as well as the pulmonary ventilation is analysed (Jaguaribe de Lima et al 2005).
Further backed up by (Cerritos College, 2012) who suggest this measurement
provides a more reliable result.
In contrast Athletics Wikia, (2012) recommends the direct maximal test is performed
in laboratory environment typically taking between 10–15 minutes. They also note
that needs the participant to be self–motivated and entirely rested before start of
measurements. While Shape Sense, (2012) says a participant performs a gradual
advancement to maximal physical exertion so tolerates the test long enough to
discover true reading of VO2max. With regard to the indirect VO2max measurement,
the so–called field test in Appendix 2 shows the calculation of this variable is
performed through equations based on pre–established time or distance. Additionally
Jaguaribe de Lima et al (2005) found that the indirect measurement is simple to
setup and with fewer expenses compared to any direct tests.
The randomness of participants presented in the report shows different performance
results, nonetheless the specific testing protocols was followed each time the tests
been conducted. Hence Voza, (2012) testifies submaximal (Indirect) testing is safer
since done with a controlled pace whereby motivation is not a factor with lower risk
being managed to individuals of every age and fitness levels. Furthermore the
indirect test offers quick assessment along with being cost effective since capable of
mass participant testing too.

Although Evetovich, (2012) describes the disadvantages are with VO2max not being
directly measured it has an error rate of 10–20% Likewise not being able to truly
measure participants maximal heart rate; since with estimations of maximum heart
rate typically uses 220–age, this can differ by +15 BPM for participants who are of
the same age. Unlike direct was measured according to (Sport Fitness Advisor,
2012) is only suggested for participants who are fit as this has highest associated
risks, with the measurements being time consuming and expensive since classed as
the finest gauge of individuals cardiovascular endurance.
McKay (1976) proposes peak VO2 during bicycle ergometry is considerably lower
than VO2max achieved in treadmill running. Following the YMCA Cycle Ergometer
Submaximal Test uses calculations to workout estimations of each individual VO2.
Besides the participants heart rate and their blood pressure can be continuously
monitored throughout the test. Though (Voza, 2012) reflects that the submaximal
test has specific protocols which must be understood for the tests to be deemed
valid.
YOGi Cycling (2012) believes the participants can expect a 5–7 percent loss in
VO2max from sea level to 5,000 feet with decreases in air density and partial
pressure or amount of oxygen in the air. Women Fitness (2012) and Wilmore (2008)
both agree that VO2max will lower when the individual’s age increases. Similarly
research Quinn, (2011) approves VO2max is peaked when at age 20. This even
drops nearly 30 percent when reaching 65. Nevertheless this is dependent of the
participant individualities and if they regularly follow training programs. Also Women
Fitness (2012) discovered one large cross sectional investigation established the
mean decrease was 0.54 ml/kg/min in women (1.7%).
Furthermore (Wilmore, 2008) reveals genetics build up to 40% of difference in
VO2max connecting participants. The same with a participant’s gender as YOGi
Cycling (2012) proposes there are differences in their heart size, blood volumes and
haemoglobin levels. For instance a woman's VO2max will be about 20 percent

weaker in contrast to a man's VO2max. Yet Quinn, (2011) testifies there are
numerous elite female athletes who have greater VO2max scores compared to
majority of men. Also the participant differences to their matching somatotype in
VO2max reflect the volume of muscle mass recruited. VO2max expressed relative to
body mass. More body fat mass = lower relative VO2max (Wilmore, 2008).
Conclusion
Correspondingly the results concluded that the indirect VO2max was measured
presenting strong relationship with the direct measurement. As equally was expected
that direct methods are similarly accurate with indirect when looking at VO2max
scores. Table 2. shows no significant differences were found between VO2max
values in the direct and indirect measurements.
Additionally current research shows the participants age, gender, genetics, previous
training, body size and composition either determines and/or influences in limiting
measurements. These factors that affect VO2max such as the participants fitness
level is under their control however others are not. As with unsuitable seat height
arrangement, faulty heart rate monitors, poor collection of readings and inputting
data this can lead to incorrect findings.
Nonetheless the protocols used could be used with the Live High Train Low theory
for improved performance. However hypoxic chambers can be made use of to
simulate different levels at before and after to check progress made. Plus being able
to maintain regulation of the temperature, this is set to the same for all of the tests.
Then discover whether the further involvement has produced a substantial variation
in their maximal oxygen uptake results.
It is important to regularly test athletes for optimal performance through their
maximal oxygen uptake. Studies reveal that VO2max considerably assesses

performance in endurance sports like running, cycling or triathlon, whereby the elite
athletes share similar VO2max scores. As the use of direct measurements with
analysing lactate threshold is observed for an improved outlook of participant’s
fitness and endurance performance capability.
References
Athletics Wikia (2012) Maximal Oxygen Uptake. [online] Available at:
http://athletics.wikia.com/wiki/Maximal_Oxygen_Uptake#cite_note– Quinn_vo2– 14
[Accessed: 23/05/2012]
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Appendices
Appendix 1. Paired Samples Test
Appendix 2.
Paired Samples Test
Paired Differences
Std.
Indirect Prediction of OV 2max
t Df
Submaximal cycle ergometer test (YMCA Bicycle Test)
1. Collect subject information; height, weight, age, and gender.
2. Adjust the cycle ergometer seat to the proper height.
3. Strap the heart rate monitor around the participants chest and prepare the
receiver for data collection.
4. Obtain a two– minute resting heart rate.
5. Have the subject begin cycling at 0.5 kg for 3 min at 50 rpm .
6. If the HR in the third minute is:
• Less than (<) 80, set load #2 at 750 kgm
• 80– 90, set load #2 at 600 kgm
• 90– 100, set load #2 at 450 kgm
• Greater than (>) 100, set load #2 at 300 kgm
7. Set the third and fourth workloads according to Figure 1.
8. The test is completed when two steady rate heart rates between 110 and 150
have been attained at two workloads.
9. Have the subject continue cycling at a light workload for one minute.
10. Determine predicted VO2max using the calculations below.
Calculations
Sig. (2–
Mean Deviation
tailed)
Std. Error
Mean
95% Confidence Interval of
the Difference
Lower Upper
Pair 1 DirectVO2max –
IndirectVO2max
8.64929 16.34695 4.36891 – .78916 18.08773 1.980 13 .069

Convert Power (Watts) to VO 2 for stage a and stage b
VO2 = ((power / bodymass)*10.8)+3.5
Calculate slope between final 2 points
b= (VO2b– VO2a)/(HR2– HR1)
VO2max = VO2b +b(HRmax– HR2)
Figure 4 YMCA Cycle progression
0.5KP
150kgm
1KP
300kgm
1.5KP
450kgm
1.5KP
450kgm
2.0KP
600kgm
<80 80-90
2.5KP
750kgm
2.5KP
750kgm
2.0KP
600kgm
3.0KP
900kgm
3.5KP
1050kgm
2.0KP
600kgm
2.5KP
750kgm
3.0 KP
900kgm
90-100 >100
Appendix 3.
Purpose:
To practice using the Douglas bags, then to calculate and compare oxygen
consumption and energy expenditure during 5 mins of rest and exercise using
indirect calorimetry.
Methods:
1. All participants read the information sheet and complete medical
questionnaire and informed consent form.

2. Record participants height, body mass and note their details on the data
record sheet, also recording the ambient conditions.
3. Obtain the necessary equipment: mouthpiece, falconia tubing, 2 Douglas
bags, stop clock.
4. Evacuate the Douglas bags and assemble the equipment.
5. Get the participants to sit at rest for five minutes prior to any data collection
and test the mouthpiece.
6. Collect 5 mins of expired air from the subject (wait until the subject has had
the mouthpiece in for 30 seconds first)
7. Analyse the Douglas bag and record the results
8. Repeat the above procedure while walking at 6km.hr– 1 after the subject has
been exercising for 5 minutes to ensure the subject is in steady state.
Procedure for collecting and analysing expired air:
Connect the mouth piece to the falconia tubing and obtain a nose clip. Give to the
subject to test.
Douglas bag evacuation. (this must be done before any data collection)
1. Connect the large grey/cream tube from the dry gas meter to the Douglas
bag.
2. Check the sample line valve is closed (the clamp is shut on the tube)
3. Turn the Douglas bag valve to open the route of air flow and turn on the pump
4. Watch for the volume counter to stabilize (this indicates the Douglas bag is
near empty)
5. Squeeze/roll the Douglas bag from bottom to top to ensure no air remains.
6. Turn the Douglas bag valve 180 degrees so the bag is now vacuumed.
7. Turn off the vacuum pump and reset the volume counter.
8. Attach the mouthpiece and falconia tubing to the Douglas bag to be ready for
data collection.
Data collection:
1. Give the subject the nose clip to put on and the mouthpiece to put into their
mouth

2. Allow 30 seconds to pass before collection data to allow the subject to get
used to the mouthpiece and stop mildly hyperventilating (this may not be
noticeable). During this time watch the black valve within the two way valve
move with each breath (if you can’t see this ask your subject to take a few
deep breaths
3. You should notice when the subject inhales the black valve moves down.
4. After the 30 seconds wait for the subject to inhale (black valve moves down),
swiftly turn the Douglas bag valve to open the route of air flow. Exactly at this
time a colleague should start the stop clock.
5. You are now collecting the participants expired air into the Douglas bag
whilst they inhale from the ambient air (due to the action of the black two way
valve). Also by waiting for the subject to inhale before starting collection you
are measuring whole expired breaths.
6. After approximately 5 mins stop data collection by turning the Douglas bag
valve 180 degrees again with simultaneous stopping of the stop clock. Now
you have collected ~5mins expired air with whole breaths. (Typically during
exercise Douglas bag measurements are recorded 1 min or just under 1 min,
but for today we will use 5 min to ensure a good volume in the Douglas bag.)
7. The subject can now remove the mouthpiece
Calculations:
Energy expended= VO2 (L.min– 1) x 5(5 Kcal are expanded per L of O2) x 5 mins
(data was collected for 5 min)
Energy expended at rest: ________ Kcal Energy expended walking:
____________ Kcal
RER at rest: ____________ RER Walking: _____________

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