7. Maintenance of ongoing watch over VBD status
Detect changes in trends/distribution
Measuring the effectiveness of the programme
Prevention & Control of VBDs – ULTIMATE OBJECTIVE
12. The early warning signals communicated to MO PHCs
Weekly fever trends made available by the IDSP reports
Outbreak confirmed if :
Doubling in slide positivity rate
Increasing trend of malaria incidence
Increasing vector density
13. Once a strong degree of suspicion of outbreak is present, the
following steps taken - (should be completed in 7-10 days
period)
Rapid fever survey / Mass survey
Estimation of population involved
Measures for Liquidation of Foci
Follow up action – two consecutive follow up surveys
(after 21 days)
14.
15.
16. Measures to control adult mosquitoes:
Indoor Residual Spray ( IRS )
Anti-larval measures:
chemical,
biological and
environmental
Personal protection:
Bed nets, including insecticide treated nets
17. Effectiveness depends on -
Timing
adherence to the specified criteria of the insecticide
application procedure,
public acceptance of spraying,
use of well maintained equipment,
adequately trained personnel,
good coverage and
effective supervision.
18. S.No Name of Insecticide Preparation
of
suspension
in water
Dosage per
sq. metre of
active
ingredient
Residual
effect in
weeks
Area to be
covered by 10
lit. of
suspension
1. DDT 50% wp 1 kg/10 Lit 1 gm 10-12 500 sq.m
2. Malathion 25% wp 2 kg/10 Lit 2 gm 6-8 250 sq.m
3. Deltamethrin 2.5% wp 400 gm/10 Lit 20 mg 10-12 500 sq.m
4. Cyfluthrin 10%wp 125 gm/10 Lit 25 mg 10-12 500 sq.m
5. Lambdacyhalothrin
10% wp
125 gm/10 Lit 25 mg 10-12 500 sq.m
6 Alphacypermethrin
5%wp
250gm/10 Lit. 25 mg 10-12 500 sq.m
19.
20.
21. Environmental control : filling
ditches, areas, pits, low lying
areas, etc.
Chemical control : larvicides like
Temephos & Pirimiphos methyl
Biological control : larvivorous fish
– Gambusia affinis & Poecilia
reticulata
Bacillus thuringiensis var
israelensis (Bti)
Bacillus sphaericus
22. An insecticide-treated net is a
mosquito net that repels, disables
and/or kills mosquitoes coming
into contact with insecticide on the
netting material.
Avert around 50% of malaria
cases, compared to untreated
nets
Two categories of ITNs:
▪ Conventionally Treated Nets
▪ Long-lasting Insecticidal Nets
(LLINs)
It has been shown that around 60% coverage of all adults and
children can achieve equitable community-wide benefits
23. When full coverage is achieved, ITNs reduce all-cause
child mortality by an average 18% (14–29%) in sub-
Saharan Africa
5.5 lives could be saved per year for every 1000
children under 5 years of age protected
ITNs reduce clinical episodes of
malaria caused by P. falciparum
and P. vivax infections by 50%
(39–62%)
24. For areas with API <1
▪ Vector control by minor engineering processes
▪ Involvement of PRIs & Municipal bodies
For areas with API between 1 – 2
▪ Source reduction & Biological control
For areas having API between 2 – 5
▪ Vector control by LLIN distribution – 2 per 5
household members
▪ Quality IRS under supervision based on earlier
epidemiological impact
25. For areas having API >5
For areas having Perennial Transmission (>5 months /
year)
▪ 2 rounds of IRS with DDT or 3 rounds with
Malathion
▪ Priority distribution of LLINs
▪ Vector bionomic studies for future change of
strategy
For areas having Seasonal Transmission (<5 months /
year)
▪ 1 round of DDT before start of transmission
26.
27. Behavior change communication
Capacity building
Inter-sectoral collaboration
Public Private Partnership
Legislations
Monitoring and evaluation
Operational research and applied
field research.
28.
29.
30. Live attenuated SA 14-14-2 vaccine
0.5 ml, subcutaneous, single dose
In 2006, GoI initiated a pilot project of immunizing
children in hyperendemic districts of 4 states - UP,
Assam, West Bengal, Karnataka
FOR TRAVELLERS:
Aged >1 yr, visiting endemic areas for at least 2 wks-
▪ 3 primary doses – 0, 7 and 28 days
▪ 2 primary doses - 4 wks apart
31. RTS,S/AS02 (commercial name: Mosquirix) –
recombinant protein vaccine
Designed for children resident in malaria-endemic areas
Developed by PATH and GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) with
support from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
In October 2011 the group reported first findings from the
Phase III trial of RTS,S indicating that 46% of 15,460
inoculated infants and children were protected for 15
months
Editor's Notes
API depends upon the adequacy of ABER; in areas with low ABER, the significance of API is lost.
If ABER is satisfactory, API becomes the most important criterion to assess the malaria prevalence in the community.
API is also used under the MPO for decision on spray operations.
Identical vector control methods are used to control malaria and leishmaniasis in rural areas, and malaria and dengue in urban areas, to achieve cost-effectiveness and synergy.
Currently - IRS as the primary method of vector control in rural setting, and anti-larval measures in the urban areas.
To ensure its continued insecticidal (USUALLY PYRETHROID) effect, the net should be re-treated after three washes, or at least once a year.
A long-lasting insecticidal net is a factory-treated mosquito net made with netting material that has insecticide incorporated within or bound around the fibres.
The net must retain its effective biological activity without re-treatment for at least 20 WHO standard washes under laboratory conditions and THREE-FOUR years of recommended use under field conditions.
Available for JE, tick borne encephalitis, tularaemia, plague…….. But not widely used.
With the exception of malaria, few other VBDs have funding.