Important agriculture extension teaching method defined By Mr Allah Dad Khan Agriculture Expert Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province Pakistan

2. Important Agricultural Extension
Teaching Methods
A Lecture By
Mr. Allah Dad Khan
Visiting professor
The University of Agriculture Peshawar

3. Extension Teaching Method Defined
Extension teaching methods may be defined as:
Devices used to create situations in which new information can pass
freely between the extension worker and the rural communities
the tools and techniques used to create situations in which
communication can take place between the rural people and the
extension workers

4. Extension Teaching Method s Defined Cont.
Are the methods of extending new knowledge and skills to the rural
people by :
1) Drawing their attention towards them,
2) Arousing their interest and
3) Helping them to have a success Extension Teaching Method s
Defined Cont.

5. Conditions For Effective Use Of Teaching Methods
Four conditions are necessary for effective use of teaching methods:
1. learning situation,
2. learning objectives,
3. learning experiences and
4. use of a variety of teaching methods

6. LEARNING SITUATION
An effective learning situation requires the following essential elements:
1) An instructor (an extension worker)
2) Learners (the farmers).
3) Subject-matter (Research Recommendation)
4) Teaching material, such as a flannel-board, aback-board, charts,
models, samples, slides, film strips, etc.
5) Physical facilities, such as sitting accommodation, good visibility,
etc.

7. LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Any purposeful teaching has specific objectives which must contain four
basic elements
1. People to be taught,
2. Behavior changes to be made,
3. Subject matter to be taught and
4. Life situation in which action is to take place

8. LEARNING EXPERIENCE
A learning experience is defined as the mental or physical reaction one
makes in a learning situation through
1. Seeing,
2. Hearing or
3. Performing activities
4. During a learning process

9. USE VARIETIES OF TEACHING METHODS
provision should be made for the opportunity to use a variety of
extension methods.
i. Cater for people who learn differently
ii. To reinforce learning
iii. To make learning more lasting
iv. To make learning more effective

10. CLASSIFICAION OF EXTENSION METHODS
Extension teaching methods can be classified on the basis of:
a. Outreach: Number of people it design to reach
b. Form or nature of teaching method.

11. Classification based on Outreach
Extension methods may be classified in three groups on the basis of the
number of people they are designed to reach:
these are:
Individual method
Group methods and
Mass Method

12. Individual Methods
Individual methods include :
farm and home visits
I. Office calls
II. Telephone calls
III. Personal letters
IV. Informal contacts
V. Result demonstrations

13. Farm and Home Visits
Farm and home visits
1. Are essential elements of extension education.
2. They provide a means of: personal communication discuss matters
of common interest in privacy Avenue for addressing problems of
the marginalized in society

14. Purposes of Farm and home visits
For the Agent to acquaint with the farm family
1) To answer specific requests for help
2) To gain first hand knowledge of problems faced by the farmer or
villager
3) To explain a recommended practice
4) To follow up and observe the results of recommended practices

15. Purposes of Farm and home visitscont.
To plan an activity such as demonstration, or a meeting
To invite the farmer or villager to participate in a planned activity
To discuss policies and programmes
 To recruit, train or encourage local volunteer leader

16. Office calls
Office calls
1) Are made by the farmer for the purpose of:
2) Satisfying a felt need.
3) Expression of interest by the farmer
4) Providing the extension worker with knowledge of the needs
of the farming community

17. Result demonstration
1. Is method of teaching designed to show, by example the practical
application of an established fact or group of facts.
2. „The result demonstration”
3. “Is one which shows after a period of time what happened after
practice is adopted

18. Advantages Of Result Demonstration
1) Furnishes local proof of the desirability of adopting are
commended practice
2) Is an efficient method for introducing a new subject
3) Appeals to the eye and reaches the
4) “show me” individual

19. Advantages Of Result Demonstration cont.
i. Provides a good source of information for meetings, news items,
pictures, radio talks.
ii. Furnishes cost data and other basic information
iii. A high percentage of people will understand
iv. Aids in developing local leadership
v. Establishes confidence in the extension worker and
the rural people

20. Limitations of Results Demonstration
A. Result demonstration requires a largeamount of extension workers
time
B. The cost is high per practice changed
C. Good demonstrations are hard to find
D. Few people see the demonstration at anot-convincing stage
E. The teaching value is frequently destroyedby unfavorable weather.

21. Group Teaching Methods
Group methods take into account:
the inclination of the individual to respond to;
pressures and opinions of groups

22. Group Teaching Methods
Group method include
1. general meetings,
2. group discussion,
3. exhibits,
4. tours and field trips,
5. Method Demonstration
6. extension schools and farmer training centre.

23. General meetings
General meetings include all kinds of meetings held by
theextension worker except demonstration meetings.During the
meeting, provision should be made for use of
1. models,
2. charts,
3. specimens,
4. pictures etc to illustrate points.
5. Towards the end of the meeting allowance should be made
for questions and answers which would help clarify specific
ideas

24. General meetings contd
1. the extension worker should enlist the help oflocal leaders to:
2. agree on the purpose of the meeting and todraw up tentative
programme;
3. decide on and secure speakers;
4. arrange for social and recreational aspectsof the meeting;
5. agree on the place and time of the meeting;
6. select the chairman and advertise themeeting.

25. Group discussion
1. is the process by which
2. two or more persons pool their knowledge and feelings
3. through mutual agreement
4. clarify the issues under consideration

26. Exhibits
Exhibits are systematic displays of
specimens, models, charts, posters, etc.
Their main purpose is to develop the interest of those
who see them,
influence their attitude,
increase their knowledge and
stimulate them to action

27. Tours and field trips
Tours and field trips
Are methods of extension teaching which appeal to man’s desire to “go
places and see things”.
A tour can be made to a research station, demonstration farms and
similar places of educational interest.

28. How to organize Fieldtrips
1.Decide exactly what you wish to accomplish
2. Work out a detailed plan for the tour well in advance
3. Go through a rehearsal or “dry run” of the entire programme well in
advance
4. On the day of the tour, keep the party together and keep
them moving briskly from point to point.

29. Method Demonstration
1. It teaches how to do certain work.
2. It is always interesting to the farmers and especially when the
demonstration is concluded by the extension worker,
3. it increases their respect forth worker.
4. A method demonstration is to teach a skill

30. Step in method demonstration
1.Outline operations in logical steps
2. Identify key points
3. Carefully select materials and tools
4. Arrange for diagrams or other teaching aids.
Rehearse demonstration until
5.Make sure all the audience can see and hear him
6. Explain purpose and show application to localproblem
7. Show each operation slowly, step by step
8. Emphasize key points
9. Invite members of audience to repeat demonstration

31. Demonstration
1.. It teaches needed skill to many people at one time
2. Seeing, hearing, discussing and participating stimulate action.
3. It builds confidence in extension worker if demonstration is skillfully
performed

32. Advantages of Method Demonstration cont.
4. Local leaders easily learn simple demonstrations
and can repeat them with other groups.
5. It promotes personal acquaintance between the
demonstrators and the farmers
6. It influences changes in practice with many people at a single
meeting.

33. Limitations
1. It is frequently difficult to ensure that all members of the group can
see clearly
2. With certain demonstrations considerable equipment must be
transported to the meeting places
3. Requires a certain amount of showmanship not possessed by all
extension workers.

34. Mass Methods
1. radio,
2. television,
3. cinema vans and
4. public address systems,
5. newspapers,
6. posters and other printed materials are used to reach large numbers of people quickly.

35. Advantage o Radio an Television
1.Radio programmes are especially fitted to handle emergency
information
2. Reach people who cannot read
3. Reach people who cannot attend extension meetings
4. Build interest in other extension activities

36. Advantage of TV
1. Broadcasting facilities are not everywhere available
2. Active involvement of the audience in the teaching process is impossible
3. Frequently extension programmes are given poor time for farm listeners
4. Direct and immediate feedback from the audience to the teacher is not
possible
5. Frequently extension programmes loose out in
competition with entertainment
6. Specific local needs cannot be given adequate attention and there is
often cultural gap (e.g. language, dialect) between the speaker and the
audience.

37. Classification Based on Form
1. Extension-teaching methods are also classified according to their
forms, such as
2. written,
3. spoken and
4. audio-visual

38. Categories
1. Written Spoken visual
2. Bulletins meeting Result Demonstration
3. Leaflets Home visit Demonstration poster
s
4. Articles Office calls Motion-picture
5. Personal letters Radio slides/filmstrips m
odel exhibits

39. Emerging Technologies in Information Dissemination
1. Multimedia Technologies
2. Mobile telephoning Technology
3. Participatory extension video documentaries
4. Internet

40. ICT and Efficiency Ext. Service