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Jabs 0708 85
1.
VOL. 3, NO.
4, JULY 2008 ISSN 1990-6145 ARPN Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science ©2006-2008 Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN). All rights reserved. www.arpnjournals.com AWARENESS OF CASHEW PRODUCTS POTENTIALS AND MARKET INFORMATION AMONG FARMERS IN KOGI STATE, NIGERIA Agbongiarhuoyi Anthony E.1, Aigbekaen E.O.1 and Akinbile L.A.2 1 Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria (CRIN), Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria 2 Department of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria E-mail: toniagbons@yahoo.com ABSTRACT The inadequate recognition and exploitation of cashew potentials pose serious problems to farmers and stakeholders in Nigeria in terms of sustainability of the sub sector. The study investigated the awareness of cashew products potentials and marketing information among farmers. Sixty respondent farmers were sampled in Kogi State, which accounts for a total cultivated area of above 30,000ha of cashew in Nigeria. A systematic random sampling technique was employed in selecting the respondents. Data were collected with the use of well-structured questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive statistics as well as Pearson product moment correlation co-efficient (PPMC). Average age of respondents was 49 years and 88.3% were males. Also, 90.7 percent had some form of education and an average farmer had 17 years of farming experience. However, 48.3 % of the respondents cultivates between 0.8-8ha. All the respondents were aware of most cashew products: kernels, juice, wine, fuel wood and Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL). Access to market information was 96.7%. Farm size (0.0512), farming experience (0.0001) and farmers’ knowledge (0.0025) significantly (p<0.05) influenced awareness of cashew products. To harness the enormous potential of cashew products, the National cashew association of Nigeria and other bodies of cashew producers should adopt sensitization campaigns. Keywords: cashew products, awareness, marketing information, farm size. INTRODUCTION also import for internal processing despite being major Cashew (Anacardium occidentale) is an producers. important industrial and export crop whose potential is yet In Nigeria, cashew grows successfully in virtually to be fully exploited in Nigeria (Asiru, et al 2005). The all agro-ecological zones including the semi-arid areas but name cashew is from the Portuguese Caju, which in turn with high concentration in the middle belt areas in comes from the Tupi-Indian word acaju. Cashew is smallholder farms and plantations. Cashew production indigenous to Brazil but India nourished it and made it a comes from over 20 States. These include: Kogi, Kwara, commodity of international trade. The native Indians Oyo, Edo, Ondo, Anambra, Enugu, Benue, Cross River, valued both the cashew nut and the apple (Deckers, et al Imo, Sokoto, Nassarawa, Ogun, Osun, Plateau and Kebbi 2001 and Crusoe, 2006). The annual world production of among others (Ezeagu, 2002). It was reported by Onuchi cashew nut according to Opeke (2005), the main and Aiyelabowo (2006) that in 1995, total hectares of land commercial product of the cashew plant is about 400,000 under cultivation was estimated at 40,000 with about 60% tonnes and more than 50 percent of this production comes of the holdings owned by smallholders; another 30% were from South Asia and East Africa, especially India, available in the wild; while 10% was in the large and Vietnam and Tanzania. Umoh, et al (2005), reported that medium size commercial plantation sector. By the year India was rated as the world’s largest producer of cashew, 2,000 there were indications that total hectarage had producing about 32 percent of world’s 1.178 million increased significantly to about 100,000 ha due to the tonnes in 2001-2002 with the entire African continent involvement of some State Governments in cashew sharing some 28% of worlds total within the same period. cultivation (Crusoe, 2006). This expansion was a direct Among 13 countries included in cashew result of the cashew production expansion programme of production as noted by (Krishnaswamy, 2006) in the their various Agricultural Development programmes African zone, Nigeria ranks fourth after Tanzania, Cote d’ (ADPs), National Land Development Authority (NALDA) Ivoire and Guinea Bissau, having a total area of 100,000ha and Tree crop units (TCUs). With a yield estimated at and an average annual production of 80,000MT 700kg per hectare. The Cocoa Research Institute Nigeria contributing almost 16% of the total production of this (CRIN), which has national mandate on cashew particular zone. Its production is 5% of the global production estimates national production to be around situation. During the last three years, Nigeria has been one 70,000MT annually. She maintains a cashew observatory of the suppliers of raw cashew nuts exported to India. in Ochaja, Kogi State, where lots of cashew are harvested Nearly 18,000 to 23,000MT of raw nuts per annum have annually (Crusoe, 2006). been exported. The nut exported is negligible when compared with its total production. Kumo, at al (2005), Economic uses of cashew also pointed out that the USA and Europe (mainly UK, Cashew has for many years been used for food The Netherlands and France) account for 75% of world and income generation. The trees are usually grown for imports. Other major importers included Canada, Japan, their kernels which when roasted have a very pleasant Pakistan, United Arab Emirate, South Africa and Kenya taste. Rehm and Espig (1991); Deckers et al (2001) and 10
2.
VOL. 3, NO.
4, JULY 2008 ISSN 1990-6145 ARPN Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science ©2006-2008 Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN). All rights reserved. www.arpnjournals.com CTA (2007), reported that raw nuts which are much in determine the factors influencing cashew marketing in the demand in industrialized countries are processed into study area. kernels that constitute a valuable export product for confectionery. They are used as an ingredient for making Hypothesis fruit paste, candied fruit, canned fruit, cashew apple, It was hypothesized that: resins, jams and jellies, chutney, fruit juice, alcohol and There is no significant relationship between cashew vinegar. Cashew kernels rank third after almonds and farmers’ socio-economic characteristics and hazelnuts in the international trade of tree nuts. awareness of cashew products; and Wine and pulp are produced from cashew apple. There is no significant relationship between Apple is eaten as a raw fruit or is fermented to produce a knowledge of cashew farmers and awareness of delicious alcoholic drink. The pulp is the fibrous part cashew products. obtained after extracting juice from the apple and could be used as animal feed or dried and processed into diet fiber MATERIALS AND METHODS biscuit. Another product of cashew is the Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL). It is greatly valued in the Study area international market as a raw material for brake and clutch The study was carried out in Kogi state in the linings, paints, and vanishes. It is also used in lacques, middle belt (North-Central) region of Nigeria. It is agglutinants, insecticides and fungicides (Rehm and Espig, popularly called the confluence of River Niger and River 1991 and Deckers, et al 2001). Shomari and Topper Benue with its capital, Lokoja, which was the first (2003) noted that cashew is considered one of the luxury administrative capital of modern-day Nigeria. It lies nuts along macadamia and pistachio. between latitude 70N and 8.50N and longitude 50E and It has been used for re-afforestation purposes 7.50E of the Greenwich meridian (Osotimehin, et al 2006). (e.g. in Nigeria, Cote d’Ivoire, and Madagascar) to combat Kogi is a major cashew producing state in the country. The soil erosion and reclaim marginal land. Cashew tree is state has a total cultivated area above 30,000ha with each found useful in making live fence, shade trees, firewood farmer holding about 3ha of established plantations and charcoal. From the bark extract, a black dye can be (Onuch and Aiyelabowo, 2006). Two large farms of 100ha made that is used locally for tattooing and tanning. Rehm each dominate commercial cashew farming in the state. and Espig (1991) added that in Indian, a gum is obtained These large farms promote an informal out growers’ from the trunk, which can be used as a substitute for gum scheme involving farms owned by some secondary Arabic. schools and small holders in the area. Agriculture is the In spite of the above economic uses of cashew, mainstay of the people and the principal crops grown are there are twin issues of value addition in cashew produce cashew, coffee, cocoa, oil palm, peanuts, maize, cassava, and lack of recognition of Nigeria as a producer and yam, rice, and melon (Wikipedia, 2007). exporter of cashew kernel to the international markets which pose serious challenge to its sustainability, income Sampling procedure and data analysis and job creation. Most farmers lack knowledge in handling For this study, data was collected using purposive the crop for maximum yield (Crusoe, 2006). In many and systematic random sampling techniques. Three Local cashew farms, a lot of the fleshy apple and some nuts Government Areas: Igalamala, Dekina, and Ankpa waste away despite their potential economic uses; because dominant for cashew production were randomly selected. many farmers do not have the capacity to adequately turn From them, five main communities noted for high cashew the produce into valuable products for local and production were now purposively selected. These are international consumption and marketing. The selling of Ajaka, Ankpa, Egume, Ochaja and Odolu. A systematic raw nuts mainly for export by farmers at give away prices random sampling was used to select 60 respondents using could hinder its development. The export of non-value well-structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics added and low value added products may result in low (frequencies, percentage, mean) and Pearson product foreign exchange earnings and loss of employment. This moment correlation co-efficient (PPMC) were used to situation could also hinder the achievement of a proposed analyze the data. long term goal by Chemonics international incorporated prepared for USAID in Nigeria to transform Nigeria from RESULTS AND DICUSSIONS a low-priced commodity producer to a supplier and exporter of high quality cashew products Socio-economic characteristics of respondents (Chemonics/USAID, 2002). The data collected from the sixty respondent The present study aimed at investigating the farmers in Kogi State revealed that 88.3 percent of cashew awareness of farmers in cashew products potentials and farmers were male while 11.7 percent were female ascertains the type of market information available to the indicating that more males were involved in cashew farmers. The Specific objectives were to determine the production than the female (Table-1). A higher percentage socio-economic characteristics of cashew farmers; of the respondents 93.3 percent were married while 6.7 ascertain the knowledge of cashew value addition; identify percent were single. The mean age of the respondents was the market information on cashew production and 49 years indicating that more old people were involved in the production of cashew. Table-1 showed that most 11
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4, JULY 2008 ISSN 1990-6145 ARPN Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science ©2006-2008 Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN). All rights reserved. www.arpnjournals.com (45%) of the farmers have had long farming experience in cultivate between 0.8-8ha while 25.3 of farmers cultivate cultivating cashew, as the mean was 17 years. Those who between 8.1-15.3 ha. Also, 15% cultivate 15.4-22.6 ha and had some form of formal education were mainly in the 8.4% farmers cultivate over 22.6 ha. It means that the primary and secondary school categories of 41.7 and 38.3 small-scale farmers constitute about 50% in the lot of percent. Table-1 also revealed that 48.3% of the farmers cashew farmers in Kogi State. Table-1. Socio-economic characteristics of respondents. Characteristics Frequency Percentage Mean Sex Male 53 88.3 Female 7 11.7 Marital status Married 56 93.3 Single 4 6.7 Age (years) 49.0 30-40 16 26.7 41-51 21 35.0 52-62 13 21.7 63-73 10 16.6 Farming experience (years) 17.0 7-15 27 45.0 16-24 22 36.7 25-33 11 18.3 Educational status No formal education 5 8.3 Primary education 25 41.7 Secondary education 23 38.3 Tertiary education 1 1.7 Adult education 6 10.0 Farm size (ha) 0.8-8.0 29 48.3 8.1-15.3 17 28.3 15.4-22.6 9 15.0 Above 22.6 5 8.4 Source: Field survey, 2007. Distribution of respondents according to social group Awareness of cashew products membership Table-3 showed that all the respondents were Majority (96.7%) of the respondents belong to aware that kernels, juice and fire wood (100%) each could Cashew Association of Nigeria (Table-2). This be derived from nuts, apple and cashew shell respectively. development is likely to enhance farmers’ knowledge Also, 95 percent knew that wine is produced from cashew about cashew crop, since such apex body will have a good apple while the same percentage is aware of CNSL being linkage with Government organizations and other farmers made from cashew shell. Only pulp and prunes were of unions. lower awareness to the respondents. This implies that there is high level of awareness of cashew products among Table-2. Distribution of respondents according to social farmers and this could enhance its potentials when fully group membership. developed by local processors in the study area. Group membership Frequency Percentage Cashew Association 58 96.7 Cooperative Society 2 3.3 Source: Field survey, 2007. 12
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4, JULY 2008 ISSN 1990-6145 ARPN Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science ©2006-2008 Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN). All rights reserved. www.arpnjournals.com Table-3. Distribution of respondents according to awareness of cashew products. Products Awareness No Awareness Kernels from nuts 60 (100) - Wine from apple 57 (95.0) 3 (5.0) Juice from apple 60 (100) - Pulp from apple 1 (1.7) 59 (98.3) Prunes from apple 1 (1.7) 59 (98.3) CNSL from shell 57 (95.0) 3 (5.0) Fuel wood from shell 60 (100) - - Source: Field survey, 2007. Figures in parentheses are percentages. Cashew market information by respondents supply (96.7%) of cashew in different areas of production Table-4 revealed that most of the respondents in Kogi State. Though the respondents seem to have had (96.7%) claimed to have had access to cashew market high knowledge of selling price of cashew nuts, the mean information. This result corroborates the findings of selling price per kg/bag and basket were N3,040 and N272 Uwagboe, et al (2006) that market information is only. It implies that the purchase price for cashew nuts is considered very vital as it ensures prompt evacuation of low irrespective of their knowledge level. The inadequate produce to avoid spoilage when there is proper linkage knowledge of demand and supply within the state could between the farmers and buyers. The principal types of make buyers dictate prices for producers. information respondents were knowledgeable of are Table 4 further showed that a reasonable amount consumption of kernel and export of cashew nuts (100%) (95%) of the respondents obtained information on cashew each, cashew selling price (98.3%) and adding value to marketing from Cashew Association of Nigeria. It means cashew produce (96.7%). Majority of the respondents that the social group proved to be more effective than however did not have knowledge of demand (98.3%) and other sources. Table-4. Access to cashew market information by respondents. Knowledge No knowledge Variable Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage Market information access 58 96.7 2 3.3 Type of information Cashew selling price 59 98.3 1 1.7 Supply in different areas 2 3.3 58 96.7 Demand in different areas 1 1.7 59 98.3 Cashew nut consumption 60 100 - - Cashew value addition 58 96.7 2 3.3 Export of cashew nut 60 100 - - Information source Cashew association 57 95.0 3 5.0 CRIN 1 1.7 59 98.3 Fellow farmers 2 3.3 58 96.6 Source: field survey, 2007. Factors influencing cashew marketing important. It means that both the severe and most severe In Table-5, the most important factors militating factors could be serious constraints to cashew marketing in against cashew marketing are poor price of cashew nuts the study area. They could affect prospects and (100%), inadequate government policy (98.3%) and low opportunities of cashew industry. The result is in line with awareness of cashew potentials (76%). Other factors Chemonics/USAID (2002), which reported that Nigeria include poor extension contact (100%), small nut size needs to be transformed from a low-priced commodity (96.7%) and inadequate processing (75%) while low producer to a supplier and exporter of high quality cashew. production and low nut supply were categorized as not 13
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4, JULY 2008 ISSN 1990-6145 ARPN Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science ©2006-2008 Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN). All rights reserved. www.arpnjournals.com Table-5. Factors influencing cashew marketing. Factors Most important Important Not Important Low awareness of cashew potentials 46 (76.0) 14 (23.3) - Poor price from buyers 60 (100) - - - Inadequate processing 15 (25.0) 45 (75.0) - Poor extension contact - - 60 (100) - Low production - - - - 60 (100) Low nut supply - - 1 (1.7) 59 (98.3) Small nut size 2 (3.3) 58 (96.7) - Inappropriate Government policy 59 (98.3) 1 (1.7) - - Source: Field survey, 2007. Figures in parentheses are percentages. Correlation of awareness and knowledge of cashew characteristics such as farm size r = 0.25. This means that products on farmers’ socio-economic characteristics the more knowledgeable a farmer is on cashew products, Table-6 revealed that, awareness of cashew the more the farm holding would be. products is significantly related to knowledge of farmers r In Table-6, there is a positive correlation between = 0.38. The null hypothesis was rejected. It implies that farming experience in cashew production and awareness the more a cashew farmer is aware of cashew products of cashew products. It means that the higher the potentials, the more his knowledge about them. The table experience of a cashew farmer, the higher would be his also indicated that knowledge directly influence farmers awareness on cashew products and potentials. Table-6. Correlation of farmers’ socio-economic characteristics and awareness of cashew products. Variables p r Decision Knowledge of farmers 0.0025∗∗ 0.38 S Farm size 0.0512∗∗ 0.25 S Farming experience 0.0001∗∗ 0.68 S Age of farmer 0.7984 0.03 NS Source: Field survey, 2007. ∗∗ Significant at p<0.05. p = Probability r = Coefficient S = Significant NS = Not significant CONCLUSIONS The study showed that farmers were quite aware REFERENCES of most of the cashew products: kernels, juice, fuel wood, wine and CNSL but with low awareness of its potentials. Asiru W.B., Komolafe A.O. and Akinose R. 2005. The main types of markets information which farmers had Processing of cashew. In: Raw Materials update. Cocoa knowledge of were cashew nut consumption, export of Rebirth of Major Economic Cash Crop. Raw materials nuts, selling price and value addition. There is less update. (Eds): Abdullahi, A.K., Thompson K., Omotoso knowledge on demand and supply of cashew in different O., Asanga E. and S.C. Obasi. A Bi-annual publication of areas. This could have some implication on farmers’ the Raw Materials Research and Development Council, market price and income. The factors influencing cashew Abuja. 6(1): 32. marketing were poor price of nuts, inappropriate Government policies, poor extension contacts and Chemonics/USAID. 2002. Available online at inadequate processing. Farm size and long years of www.unctad.org farming experience were significantly related to awareness of cashew products. Crusoe O. 2006. Nigerian Investment Guide. A bi-annual It is recommended that to harness the enormous investment journal. Cashew Processing in Nigeria. 1(1): potentials of cashew products, sensitization and training be 10-12. January-June 2007. given by cashew association of Nigeria and other development agencies to assist cashew producers. CTA. 2007. CTA spore food sovereignty the right to food (128). 4 April. Published by CTA, The Netherlands. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We greatly appreciate the management of Cocoa Deckers J., Cundall S.H., Shomari., Ngatunga A. and Research Institute of Nigeria for the permission granted to Bassi G. 2001. Cashew Crop Production in Tropical publish this work and Mr. Okaisabor, J.O. for his logistic Africa. Romain H. Reamaekers (Ed.) Published by support. 14
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4, JULY 2008 ISSN 1990-6145 ARPN Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science ©2006-2008 Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN). All rights reserved. www.arpnjournals.com Directorate General for International Cooperation (DGIC), processing in Kogi State, Nigeria. Livestock Research for Brussels, Belgium. pp. 236-238. Rural Development Journal. 18(11). Available online at www.Cipav.org.co Ezeagu W. 2002. Assessment of the situation and development prospects for cashew nut sector. A report. Rehm S. and Espig G. 1991. The cultivated plants of the Nigerian Export Promotion Council, Abuja, Nigeria. Tropics and subtropics published by verlag Josef Margraf Available online at www.unctad.org scientific books-CTA, Weikersheim, West Germany. pp. 236-238. Kumo K.S., Ofem U.U. and Musa S. 2005. Agro Raw materials cashew. In: Raw materials Update. Cocoa Umoh C.E., Jadesimi A.A. and Ajani O. 2005. Agro Raw Rebirth of major Economic cash crop. Raw materials materials cashew. In: Raw Materials Update. Cocoa update. (Eds.): Abdullahi A.K., Thompson K., Omotoso Rebirth of major Economic cash crop. Raw materials O., Asanga E. and Obasi S.C. A bi-annual publication of Update. (Eds.): Abdullahi A.K., Thompson. K., Omotoso the Raw Materials Research and Development Council, O., Asanga E. and Obasi. S.C. A bi-annual publication of Abuja. Vol. 6 (1). 5 July. the Raw Materials Research and Development Council, Abuja. 6(1). 5 July. Krishnaswamy L. 2006. Nigerian Investment Guide. A bi- annual investment journal. Cashew processing in Nigeria. Uwagboe E, Obatolu B. and Adeogun S. 2006. 1(1): 7-8. January-June 2006. Information delivery and its effects on production of cashews in Oyo State. In: Proceedings of the Farm Opeke L.K. 2005. Tropical Commodity Tree Crops. Management Association of Nigeria (FAMAN), held at Spectrum books limited, Ibadan, Nigeria. 360: 371-373. Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria, Federal College of Forestry, Plateau State. (Eds.) Shola O. Adepoju. and Peter Onuchi E. and Aiyelabowo V. 2006. Nigerian Investment Bola Okuneye. Published by Farm Management Guide. A bi-annual investment journal. Cashew processing Association of Nigeria. pp. 147-151. in Nigeria. 1(1): 16-17. January-June 2006. Wikipedia. 2007. Kogi State. Wikipedia Encylopedia. Osotimehin K.O., Tijani A.A. and Olukomogbon E.O. Available online at www.en.wikipedia.org 2006. An economic analysis of small scale dairy milk 15
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