1. Workshop On CCNA Simulations
On Packet Tracer
By
Bhushan Jadhav
Assistant Professor
Thadomal Shahani Engineering
College,Bandra
(CCNA/MCSA/RHCE)
bhushan.jadhav@tsec.edu
2. Sr.No Topic Name
1 Study of Packet Tracer software interface
2 Basic Configuration of router
3 Assigning ipv4 & ipv6 addresses to the interfaces of the routers
4 Configuration of DHCP
5 Configuration of NAT
6 Configuration Of RIPv2
7 Configuration Of EIGRP
8 Configuration Of OSPF
9 Configuration of PPP
10 Access List Configuration
11 Configuration of switch and Configure VLANs on the router
3. 1) Packet Tracer
Packet Tracer is a Cisco router simulator that can be
utilized in training and education, but also in research
for simple computer network simulations.
The tool is created by Cisco Systems and provided for
free distribution to faculty, students, and alumni who
are or have participated in the Cisco Networking
Academy
Packet Tracer is commonly used by Cisco Networking
Academy students working towards Cisco Certified
Network Associate (CCNA) certification. Due to
functional limitations, it is intended by Cisco to be
used only as a learning aid, not a replacement for
Cisco routers and switches.
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8. DTE Cable DCE Cable
Configuring a serial interface
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9. A router is a special type of computer. It has the
same basic components as a standard desktop
PC. It has a CPU, memory, a system bus, and
various input/output interfaces.
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10. Startup and Boot sequence
summary
Checks hardware -POST
Loads bootstrap
Loads operating system
Loads configuration file
Stored in NVRAM after setup
Also available from TFTP server
If not Configuration enters setup mode through the
console
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11. Router Components: RAM
RAM has the following characteristics and functions:
Stores routing tables
Holds ARP cache
Holds fast-switching cache
Performs packet buffering as shared RAM
Maintains packet-hold queues
Provides temporary memory for the configuration file
of a router while the router is powered on
Loses content when a router is powered down or
restarted
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12. Router Components: NVRAM
NVRAM has the following characteristics and
functions:
Provides storage for the startup configuration file
Retains content when a router is powered down
or restarted
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13. Router Components: Flash memory
Flash memory has the following characteristics
and functions:
Holds the IOS image
Allows software to be updated without
removing and replacing chips on the
processor
Retains content when a router is powered
down or restarted
Can store multiple versions of IOS software
Is a type of electrically erasable
programmable read-only memory (EEPROM)
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14. Router Components: ROM
ROM has the following characteristics and
functions:
Maintains instructions for power-on self test
(POST) diagnostics
Stores bootstrap program and basic operating
system software
Requires replacing pluggable chips on the
motherboard for software upgrades
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15. Router Components: Interfaces
Interfaces have the following characteristics and
functions:
Connect routers to a network for packet entry and
exit
Can be on the motherboard or on a separate
module
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16. Router LED indicators
If a LED is off when the interface is active and is
correctly connected, a problem may be indicated
If an interface is extremely busy, its LED will always be
on
The green OK LED to the right of the AUX port will be
on after the system initializes correctly
24. Router#copy running-config startup-config
Destination filename [startup-config]?
Building configuration...
Router#show startup-config
!
version 12.0
service timestamps debug uptime
service timestamps log uptime
no service password-encryption
!
hostname Router
!
!
ip subnet-zero
!
interface Ethernet0
no ip address
no ip directed-broadcast
shutdown
!
The startup-config file now
identical to running-config
and the router will also have
these changes if the router
reboots.
copy running-config startup-config
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25. Router# copy running-config startup-config
Or
Router# copy running startup
OR
Router# copy run start
OR
Any usage of the command or parameters, so that they are still uniquely recognizable.
WARNING
Using an incorrect configuration file name could overwrite the router’s IOS in flash, as the router believes you
are trying to copy a blank file into flash.
Router#copy running-config start-up
**** NOTICE ****
Flash load helper v1.0
This process will accept the copy options and then terminate
the current system image to use the ROM based image for the copy.
Routing functionality will not be available during that time.
If you are logged in via telnet, this connection will terminate.
Users with console access can see the results of the copy operation.
---- ******** ----
Proceed? [confirm]^C
%Copy cancelled by user request.
Router#
Incorrect file name!
Press <control> C
copy running-config startup-config
26. Router# copy running-config startup-config
Or
Router# copy running startup
OR
Router# copy run start
OR
Any usage of the command or parameters, so that they are still uniquely recognizable.
WARNING
This is also incorrect, and will overwrite the startup-config with a blank file.
Router#copy runningconfig startup-config
Destination filename [startup-config]?
?Bad filename
Router#
Incorrect file name!
Press <control> C
copy running-config startup-config
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show startup-config
show running-config
These commands can only be done in privilege mode
because they display password information.
1
Displaying the config files
28. Router>ena
Router#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#?
Configure commands:
aaa Authentication, Authorization and Acc..
access-list Add an access list entry
alias Create command alias
appletalk Appletalk global configuration commands
arap Appletalk Remote Access Protocol
arp Set a static ARP entry
<text omitted>
Router(config)#exit
00:03:20: %SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by con
Router#
Router(config)#interface interface
Router(config-if)#exit
Router(config)#router routing-protocol
Router(config-router)#exit
Router(config)#exit
Router#
Message each time you exit “global
configuration mode”
Must be in privileged mode
Using exit, end and Control-Z
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29. Router# conf t (abbreviated)
Router(config)# router protocol
Router(config-router)# (commands)
Router(config-router)# exit
Router(config)# exit
Router#
Router(config)# interface type port
Router(config-if)# (commands)
Router(config-if)# end (or Control-Z)
Router#
Using exit, end and Control-Z
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30. Examining the show commands
show interfaces – Displays all the statistics for all the interfaces on the
router. To view the statistics for a specific interface, enter the show
interfaces command followed by the specific interface and port number.
show controllers serial – Displays information-specific to the interface
hardware
show clock – Shows the time set in the router
show hosts – Displays a cached list of host names and addresses
show users – Displays all users who are connected to the router
show history – Displays a history of commands that have been entered
show flash – Displays information about flash memory and what IOS files are
stored there
show version – Displays information about the router and the IOS that is
running in RAM
show ARP – Displays the ARP table of the router
show protocol – Displays the global and interface specific status of any
configured Layer 3 protocols
show startup-configuration – Displays the saved configuration located
in NVRAM
show running-configuration – Displays the configuration currently
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31. Router>show interface ethernet 0
Ethernet0 is administratively down, line protocol is down , using hub 0
Hardware is Lance, address is 0010.7b3a.cf84 (bia 0010.7b3a.cf84)
MTU 1500 bytes, BW 10000 Kbit, DLY 1000 usec, rely 255/255, load 1/255
Encapsulation ARPA, loopback not set, keepalive set (10 sec)
ARP type: ARPA, ARP Timeout 04:00:00
Last input never, output 01:05:35, output hang never
Last clearing of "show interface" counters never
Queueing strategy: fifo
Output queue 0/40, 0 drops; input queue 0/75, 0 drops
5 minute input rate 0 bits/sec, 0 packets/sec
5 minute output rate 0 bits/sec, 0 packets/sec
0 packets input, 0 bytes, 0 no buffer
Received 0 broadcasts, 0 runts, 0 giants, 0 throttles
0 input errors, 0 CRC, 0 frame, 0 overrun, 0 ignored, 0 abort
0 input packets with dribble condition detected
63 packets output, 11676 bytes, 0 underruns
0 output errors, 0 collisions, 1 interface resets
0 babbles, 0 late collision, 0 deferred
0 lost carrier, 0 no carrier
0 output buffer failures, 0 output buffers swapped out
Status MAC Address
Routing
metric
information
(later)
Data link
encapsulation
(Ethernet-II)
ARP cache entries timer
show interfaces <interface>
command
32. Configuring a serial interface
Router(config)#interface serial 0/0
Router(config-if)#ip address <ip address> <netmask>
Configuring an IP Address on an interface…
33. show ip interface
command
A serial interface will not show “up” and “up” unless
both ends are properly configured (mostly) and a the
no shutdown command is used.
If one router’s configuration looks okay, check the
other router’s configuration.
Router# show ip interface brief
Interface IP-Address OK? Method Status Protocol
Ethernet0 131.108.1.11 YES manual up up
Serial0 198.135.2.49 YES manual administratively down down
What is wrong here? The administrator has either done a
“shutdown” on the interface or has forgotten to do a “no shutdown”.
34. Lab
Real world
On serial links that are directly interconnected, as in a lab environment,
one side must be considered a DCE and provide a clocking signal.
The clock is enabled and speed is specified with the clock rate
command.
Router(config)#interface serial 0/0
Router(config-if)#clock rate 56000
Router(config-if)#no shutdown
Configuring a serial interface
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RouterB(config)#inter serial 1
RouterB(config-if)#clock rate ?
Speed (bits per second)
1200 2400 4800 9600 19200 38400 56000 64000 2000000 4000000
<300-4000000> Choose clockrate from list above
RouterB(config-if)#clock rate 64000
RouterB(config-if)#
RouterB DCE
cable
RouterA DTE
cable
Configuring a serial interface
36. Configuring a router name
Router#config t
Router(config)#hostname Tokyo
Tokyo(config)#
Mistake…
Should be…
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37. Configuring router passwords
Not recommended, clear text
Router(config)#enable secret <password>
Use this command instead, password is encryped
Encrypts the passwords
above, but…
38. Deleting Your Router’s
Configuration
To delete your router’s configuration
Router#erase startup-config
OR
Router#write erase
Router#reload
Router will startup again, but in setup mode, since
startup-config file does not exists
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39. Router# Configuration Of terminal
Router(config)#
Type exit or Ctrl-Z to return
Router(config)#hostname SVIT
Tokyo(config)#
Router(config)#line console 0
Router(config-line)#login
Router(config-line)#password <password >
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40. 3) Assigning IPV4 Address on
Router
Router(config)#interface serial 0/0
Router(config-if)# ip address <ip address > <netmask >
Router(config)#interface serial 0/0
Router(config-if)#clock rate 56000
Router(config-if)#no shutdown
Router#copy running-config startup-config
Router#erase startup-config
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41. Assigning IPV6 Address on
Router
The preferred form is x:x:x:x:x:x:x:x, where the
'x's are one to four hexadecimal digits of the eight
16-bit pieces of the address.
Examples:
ABCD:EF01:2345:6789:ABCD:EF01:2345:6789
2001:DB8:0:0:8:800:200C:417A
_________________________________________
____
2001:DB8:0:0:8:800:200C:417A a unicast
address FF01:0:0:0:0:0:0:101 a multicast
address 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 the loopback
address 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 the unspecified
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49. NAT
Router>enable
Router#configure terminal
Router(config)#int f
Router(config)#int fastEthernet 0/0
Router(config-if)#ip address 209.157.1.1 255.255.0.0
Router(config-if)#ip nat outside
Router(config-if)#exit
Router(config)#int fastEthernet 1/0
Router(config-if)#ip address 10.100.1.1 255.255.0.0
Router(config-if)#ip nat inside
Router(config)#ip nat inside source static 10.100.1.1 209.157.1.1
Router(config)#exit
Router#show ip nat translations
Pro Inside global Inside local Outside local Outside global
--- 209.157.1.1 10.100.1.1 --- ---
50. Routing
Static Routing
Static routing is simply
the process of manually
entering routes into a
device's routing table
via a configuration file
that is loaded when the
routing device starts up
Can be implemented
using ip route
command
Dynamic Routing
Routing table is updated
autometically
Dynamic routing protocols are
supported by software
applications running on the
routing device (the router) which
dynamically learn network
destinations and how to get to
them and also advertise those
destinations to other routers.
Can be implemnted using
following routing protocols .
RIP
IGRP
EIGRP
OSPF
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51. Routing and Routing Protocols
A) Static routing
ip route command to manually Configuration Of a static
route.
administrative distance is an optional parameter that
indicates the reliability of a route.
Route can be Configuration Of by outgoing interface or
next hop ip address.
default route is given by ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 [next-
hop-address | outgoing interface ]
router(config)# ip route 172.16.3.0 255.255.255.0
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57. Routing After Configuration On Router 0
Router(config)#router rip
Router(config-router)#network 192.168.10.0
Router(config-router)#network 192.168.20.0
Router(config-router)#network 192.168.50.0
Router(config-router)#exit
Output on router 0
Router#show ip route
C 192.168.10.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
R 192.168.20.0/24 [120/1] via 192.168.50.2, 00:00:05,
Serial2/0
C 192.168.50.0/24 is directly connected, Serial2/0
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58. Routing After Configuration On Router 1
Router(config)#router rip
Router(config-router)#network 192.168.10.0
Router(config-router)#network 192.168.20.0
Router(config-router)#network 192.168.50.0
Router(config-router)#exit
Output on router 1
Router#show ip route
R 192.168.10.0/24 [120/1] via 192.168.50.1, 00:00:14,
Serial2/0
C 192.168.20.0/24 is directly connected,
FastEthernet0/0
C 192.168.50.0/24 is directly connected, Serial2/0
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59. 7a) IGRP
IGRP uses the following metrics:
Bandwidth – The lowest bandwidth value in the
path
Delay – The cumulative interface delay along the
path
Reliability – The reliability on the link toward the
destination as determined by the exchange of
keepalives
Load – The load
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62. EIGRP
EIGRP is a Cisco proprietary enhanced distance
vector routing protocol.
It is an enhanced distance vector routing protocol.
It uses unequal cost load balancing.
It uses a combination of distance vector and link-state features
(hybrid).
It uses Diffused Update Algorithm (DUAL) to calculate the
shortest path.
Routing updates are multicast using 224.0.0.10 triggered by
topology changes. Max hop 255
RA(config-router)# router eigrp
autonomous-system-number
RA(config-router)# network network-number
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63. Router 0
Router>enable
Router#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with
CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#interface s2/0
Router(config-if)#clock rate 56000
Router(config-if)#ip address 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.0
Router(config-if)#no shut
Router(config-if)#exit
Router(config)#int fa0/0
Router(config-if)#ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0
Router(config-if)#no shut
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65. Routing After Configuration On Router 0
Router(config)#router eigrp 10
Router(config-router)#network 192.168.2.0
Router(config-router)#network 192.168.3.0
Router(config-router)#network 192.168.1.0
Router(config-router)#exit
OUTPUT
Router#show ip route
C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected,
FastEthernet0/0
C 192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, Serial2/0
D 192.168.3.0/24 [90/20514560] via 192.168.2.2,
66. Routing After Configuration On Router 1
Router(config)#router eigrp 10
Router(config-router)#no auto-summary
Router(config-router)#network 192.168.2.0
Router(config-router)#network 192.168.1.0
Router(config-router)#network 192.168.3.0
Router(config-router)#exit
OUTPUT
Router#show ip route
C 192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, Serial2/0
C 192.168.3.0/24 is directly connected,
FastEthernet0/0
67. 8) OSPF
OSPF is a nonproprietary link-state routing
protocol.
It is a link-state routing protocol.
It is an open standard routing protocol described in
RFC 2328.
The SPF algorithm is used to calculate the lowest
cost to a destination.
Routing updates are flooded as topology changes
occur.
# router ospf process-id
# network net-address wildcard-mask area area-id
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69. Router 0
Router>enable
Router#conf t
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with
CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#int s2/0
Router(config-if)#ip address 192.168.20.1 255.255.255.0
Router(config-if)#clock rate 64000
Router(config-if)#no shut
Router(config-if)#exit
Router(config)#int fa0/0
Router(config-if)#ip address 192.168.10.1 255.255.255.0
Router(config-if)#no shut
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70. Router 1
Router>enable
Router#conf t
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with
CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#int s2/0
Router(config-if)#ip address 192.168.20.2 255.255.255.0
Router(config-if)#no shut
Router(config-if)#exit
Router(config)#int s3/0
Router(config-if)#ip address 192.168.40.1 255.255.255.0
Router(config-if)#clock rate 64000
Router(config-if)#no shut
Router(config)#int fa0/0
Router(config-if)#ip address 192.168.30.1 255.255.255.0
71. Router 2
Router>enable
Router#conf t
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with
CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#int s2/0
Router(config-if)#ip address 192.168.40.2 255.255.255.0
Router(config-if)#no shut
Router(config-if)#exit
Router(config)#int fa0/0
Router(config-if)#ip address 192.168.50.1 255.255.255.0
Router(config-if)#no shut
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72. Routing After Configuration On Router 0
Router(config)#router ospf 10
Router(config-router)#network 192.168.0.0 0.0.255.255
area 0
OUTPUT
Router#show ip route
C 192.168.10.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
C 192.168.20.0/24 is directly connected, Serial2/0
O 192.168.30.0/24 [110/782] via 192.168.20.2, 00:02:05,
Serial2/0
O 192.168.40.0/24 [110/1562] via 192.168.20.2, 00:02:05,
Serial2/0
73. Routing After Configuration On Router 1
Router(config)#router ospf 10
Router(config-router)#network 192.168.0.0 0.0.255.255
area 0
OUTPUT
Router#show ip route
O 192.168.10.0/24 [110/782] via 192.168.20.1, 00:03:38,
Serial2/0
C 192.168.20.0/24 is directly connected, Serial2/0
C 192.168.30.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
C 192.168.40.0/24 is directly connected, Serial3/0
O 192.168.50.0/24 [110/782] via 192.168.40.2, 00:02:12,
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74. Routing After Configuration On Router 2
Router(config)#router ospf 10
Router(config-router)#network 192.168.0.0 0.0.255.255
area 0
OUTPUT
Router#show ip route
O 192.168.10.0/24 [110/1563] via 192.168.40.1, 00:03:06,
Serial2/0
O 192.168.20.0/24 [110/1562] via 192.168.40.1, 00:03:06,
Serial2/0
O 192.168.30.0/24 [110/782] via 192.168.40.1, 00:03:06,
Serial2/0
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