Case Study Rubric Criteria / Score Distinguished Competent Basic/Pass Poor Failing Content Knowledge 20 18 15 13 0 Case is addressed expansively in reference to assignment instructions, and demonstrates mastery of the subject matter appropriate to the assignment. Case is addressed according to assignment instructions, and demonstrates mastery of the subject matter appropriate to the assignment. Case is addressed according to assignment instructions but does not demonstrate mastery of the subject matter appropriate to the assignment. Case is addressed but does not adhere to assignment instructions and does not demonstrate mastery of the subject matter appropriate to the assignment. Case is not addressed and/or does not adhere to assignment instructions and does not demonstrate mastery of the subject matter appropriate to the assignment. Use of Evidence 10 9 8 6 0 Ideas are supported with evidence and demonstrate a clear understanding of the research and theory behind the topic. Ideas are somewhat supported with evidence to demonstrate a basic understanding of the research and theory behind the topic. Ideas are not fully supported with evidence and demonstrate some confusion about the research and theory that support the case study topic. Ideas are not fully supported with evidence and lack understanding of the research and theory behind the topic. Ideas are not supported with evidence. Writing 10 9 8 6 0 Assignment is well written and well organized. Mechanics (spelling and punctuation) and grammar are excellent. Assignment is well written and well organized and contains few minor errors in mechanics and/or grammar. Assignment is well written and well organized but contains some minor errors in mechanics and/or grammar. Assignment is not clear and/or lacks organization and/or contains several errors in mechanics and/or grammar. Assignment lacks evidence of clear, organized scholarly writing and needs extensive additional work to meet assignment needs. Standard Writing Style 6 5 4.5 4 0 Assignment demonstrates appropriate in-text citations of sources (where appropriate) and references in proper formatting style. Assignment demonstrates appropriate in-text citations of sources (where appropriate) and references in proper formatting style and contains few minor formatting errors. Assignment demonstrates appropriate in-text citations of sources (where appropriate) and references in proper formatting style but contains some minor formatting errors. Assignment does not provide either in-text citations (where appropriate) or reference sources and/or contains several formatting errors. Timeliness 4 3.5 3 2.5 0 *Students who initiate communication regarding individual circumstances for lateness will be graded at instructor’s discretion. Assignment submitted on time. Assignment submitted one day late. Assignment submitted two days late. Assignment submitted three days late. Assig.

1. Case Study Rubric
Criteria / Score
Distinguished
Competent
Basic/Pass
Poor
Failing
Content Knowledge
20
18
15
13
0
Case is addressed expansively in reference to assignment
instructions, and demonstrates mastery of the subject matter
appropriate to the assignment.
Case is addressed according to assignment instructions, and
demonstrates mastery of the subject matter appropriate to the
assignment.
Case is addressed according to assignment instructions but does
not demonstrate mastery of the subject matter appropriate to the
assignment.
Case is addressed but does not adhere to assignment instructions
and does not demonstrate mastery of the subject matter
appropriate to the assignment.
Case is not addressed and/or does not adhere to assignment
instructions and does not demonstrate mastery of the subject
matter appropriate to the assignment.
Use of Evidence
10
9
8

2. 6
0
Ideas are supported with evidence and demonstrate a clear
understanding of the research and theory behind the topic.
Ideas are somewhat supported with evidence to demonstrate a
basic understanding of the research and theory behind the topic.
Ideas are not fully supported with evidence and demonstrate
some confusion about the research and theory that support the
case study topic.
Ideas are not fully supported with evidence and lack
understanding of the research and theory behind the topic.
Ideas are not supported with evidence.
Writing
10
9
8
6
0
Assignment is well written and well organized. Mechanics
(spelling and punctuation) and grammar are excellent.
Assignment is well written and well organized and contains few
minor errors in mechanics and/or grammar.
Assignment is well written and well organized but contains
some minor errors in mechanics and/or grammar.
Assignment is not clear and/or lacks organization and/or
contains several errors in mechanics and/or grammar.
Assignment lacks evidence of clear, organized scholarly writing
and needs extensive additional work to meet assignment needs.
Standard Writing Style
6
5
4.5
4

3. 0
Assignment demonstrates appropriate in-text citations of
sources (where appropriate) and references in proper formatting
style.
Assignment demonstrates appropriate in-text citations of
sources (where appropriate) and references in proper formatting
style and contains few minor formatting errors.
Assignment demonstrates appropriate in-text citations of
sources (where appropriate) and references in proper formatting
style but contains some minor formatting errors.
Assignment does not provide either in-text citations (where
appropriate) or reference sources and/or contains several
formatting errors.
Timeliness
4
3.5
3
2.5
0
*Students who initiate communication regarding individual
circumstances for lateness will be graded at instructor’s
discretion.
Assignment submitted on time.
Assignment submitted one day late.
Assignment submitted two days late.
Assignment submitted three days late.
Assignment submitted more than three days late.
Total
50
Case Study Rubric
Criteria / Score

4. Distinguished
Competent
Basic/Pass
Poor
Failing
Content Knowledge
20
18
15
13
0
Case is
addressed
expansively in reference
to assignment
instructions, and
demonstrates mastery
of the subject matter
appropriate to the
assignment.

5. Case
is addressed
according to
assignment
instructions, and
demonstrates
mastery of the
subject matter
appropriat
e to the
assignment.
Case
is addressed
according to
assignment
instructions but does
not demonstrate
mastery of the subject
matter appropriate to
the assignment.
Case
is addressed but
does not adhere to
assignment instructions
and does not
demonstrate mast
ery of
the subject matter
appropriate to the
assignment.

6. Case
is not addressed and/or
does not adhere to assignment
instructions and does not
demonstrate mastery of the
subject matter appropriate to
the assignment
.
Use of Evidence
10
9
8
6
0
Ideas are
supported
with evidence and
demonstrate a clear
understanding of the
research and theory
behind the topic.
Ideas are somewhat
supported with
evidence to
demonstrate a basic
understanding of the

7. research and theory
behind the topic.
Ideas are not fully
supp
orted with
evidence and
demonstrate some
confusion about the
research and theory
that support the case
study topic.
Ideas are not fully
supported with
evidence and lack
understanding of the
research and theory
behind the topic.
Ideas are not supported with
evidence.
Writing
10
9
8
6
0

8. Assignment is well
written and well
organized. Mechanics
(spelling and
punctuation) and
grammar are excellent.
Assignment is well
written and well
organized and
contains few minor
errors in mechanics
and/or grammar.
Assignment is well
written and well
organized but
contains some minor
errors in mechanics
and/or grammar.
Assignment is not clear
and/or lacks
organization and/or
contains several errors
in mechanics and/or
grammar.
Assignment lacks evidence of
clear, orga
nized scholarly writing
and needs extensive additional
work to meet assignment needs.

9. Standard Writing Style
6
5
4.5
4
0
Assignment
demonstrates
appropriate in
-
text
citations of sources
Assignment
demonstrates
appropriate in
-
text
citations of sources
Assignment
demonstrates
appropriate in
-
text
citations of sources
Assignment does not
provide either in
-
text
citations (where

10. appropriate) or
Case Study Rubric
Criteria / Score
Distinguished Competent Basic/Pass Poor Failing
Content Knowledge 20 18 15 13 0
Case is addressed
expansively in reference
to assignment
instructions, and
demonstrates mastery
of the subject matter
appropriate to the
assignment.
Case is addressed
according to
assignment
instructions, and
demonstrates
mastery of the
subject matter
appropriate to the
assignment.
Case is addressed
according to
assignment
instructions but does
not demonstrate
mastery of the subject
matter appropriate to
the assignment.
Case is addressed but
does not adhere to
assignment instructions
and does not
demonstrate mastery of

11. the subject matter
appropriate to the
assignment.
Case is not addressed and/or
does not adhere to assignment
instructions and does not
demonstrate mastery of the
subject matter appropriate to
the assignment.
Use of Evidence 10 9 8 6 0
Ideas are supported
with evidence and
demonstrate a clear
understanding of the
research and theory
behind the topic.
Ideas are somewhat
supported with
evidence to
demonstrate a basic
understanding of the
research and theory
behind the topic.
Ideas are not fully
supported with
evidence and
demonstrate some
confusion about the
research and theory
that support the case
study topic.
Ideas are not fully
supported with
evidence and lack
understanding of the
research and theory

12. behind the topic.
Ideas are not supported with
evidence.
Writing 10 9 8 6 0
Assignment is well
written and well
organized. Mechanics
(spelling and
punctuation) and
grammar are excellent.
Assignment is well
written and well
organized and
contains few minor
errors in mechanics
and/or grammar.
Assignment is well
written and well
organized but
contains some minor
errors in mechanics
and/or grammar.
Assignment is not clear
and/or lacks
organization and/or
contains several errors
in mechanics and/or
grammar.
Assignment lacks evidence of
clear, organized scholarly writing
and needs extensive additional
work to meet assignment needs.
Standard Writing Style 6 5 4.5 4 0
Assignment
demonstrates

13. appropriate in-text
citations of sources
Assignment
demonstrates
appropriate in-text
citations of sources
Assignment
demonstrates
appropriate in-text
citations of sources
Assignment does not
provide either in-text
citations (where
appropriate) or
The class project will be a short paper (no more than 5pp) on
the global protests of 1968, analyzing political unrest in one
country and connecting it to broader events taking place in
other countries around the world.
In order to write this paper you will identify a country of
interest, primary sources such as government documents,
newspaper articles, visual images, and other materials, and put
these in conversation with at least one scholarly article to
develop your argument about how the protests in your country
fit in to what scholars now call the “global protests of 1968.”
Format: you can write this in Word, or you can prepare a web-
based version of your paper, which will provide you with
the opportunity to display other kinds of sources (images,
posters, music, art). I will post details about this in the next
week or so. Here is an example of a web-based version of a
scholarly student paper on Brazil in
1968. https://stmuhistorymedia.org/the-march-of-the-one-
hundred-thousand-the-brazilian-student-protest-of-1968/
Description: For your class project this semester you will be
exploring the global protests of 1968. The goal of this paper is

14. to examine the protests that took place in one of the countries
that witnessed unrest in 1968, the events or dynamics that
produced them, and how these connect to global events.
Here are the countries you can choose from: France, Germany,
Canada, Japan, Czechoslovakia, Mexico, Senegal, China, Brazil,
Nigeria, Pakistan, Ireland and/or England, Italy, Poland, Spain,
and the University of Connecticut in the United States.
In a paper of from 1250-1500 words (roughly 4-5 pages) you
will put into conversation primary sources (evidence produced
at the time in 1968) and secondary sources (articles or maybe a
book written about the events by scholars). These primary
sources can consist of government documents, newspaper
articles, images, art, music, or personal accounts.
Where to find primary sources:
FRUS
The best place to go to find out what is happening in 1968 in
your country is the Foreign Relations of the United States
(FRUS) series: https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/joh
nson. These volumes, which are edited collections of sources
compiled by historians at the State Department, contain lots of
US government reporting and discussion on what is happening
in various countries. If you wanted to write about Pakistan in
1968, for example, you could go
here: https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-
68v25, and go to the document section on India and Pakistan
(https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-
68v25/ch1) and scroll forward to 1968.
CIA Electronic FOIA reading room: This site gathers
declassified CIA cables and analysis from the agency's
historical
files. https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/advanced-
search-view. Use the advanced search function and put in
"protest" and the name of your country. Under "publication
date" use the drop down menu and select "is between" and type
in 1968-01-01 and 1969-01-01. The CIA's landmark study on
"restless youth" is particularly

15. uesful: https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/LOC-
HAK-1-2-21-4.pdf
National Security Archive (https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/). The
National Security Archive is a non-profit research organization
that declassifies US documents on foreign policy. It has many
projects that concern countries where protests took place in
1968, especially
Mexico: https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu//NSAEBB/NSAEBB10/intro
.htm, and Czechozlovakia (https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/prague-
spring-68)
Cold War International History
Project: (https://www.wilsoncenter.org/program/cold-war-
international-history-project) has documents produced in other
countries around the world. Many of these are translated. You
can browse documents by country here
(https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/browse and browse by
year along the bottom, for example 1968 here:
(https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/search-
results/1/%7B%22start_date%22:%2219680101%22,%22end_dat
e%22:%2219681231%22%7D?from_map=1&value=562)
Newspaper Articles: Proquest Historical Newspapers is a
database that collects English language newspapers from around
the world. You can search here by country and by year:
Secondary sources:
The main academic database for searching scholarly articles is
JSTOR: https://www.jstor.org/action/showAdvancedSearch.
Here you can search by country (France) and other keywords
(protests, 1968). You should find at least one scholarly article
on the protests taking place in your country during 1968.
1. 交稿时间：美国东时区周五（4.3）下午四点之前
2. 四页，MLA Format
3. 所选的国家是Italy，因此写的内容是1968 global protest in Italy
4. 尽量多用sources （把primary和secondary
sources结合起来），并把它们列在‘‘works cited’’那页里
GERD

16. Case study 3.1
1) What anatomic problem most likely leads to gastroesophageal
reflux?
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is the abnormal reflux
of gastric contents back up into the esophagus, and is frequently
found in those with regurgitation and heartburn issues (Badillo
& Francis, 2016). Therefore, it is likely that the anatomic
problem that causes GERD is an abnormally high production of
gastric juices, or the body not being able to properly digest and
empty gastric juices quickly enough (Scott & Gelhot, 1999).
This anatomic problem could be an issue with the sphincter in
the lower esophagus. For example, if there is a pressure
abnormality or transient sphincter relaxation, this can lead to
the reflux of gastric juices in the esophagus (DeGiorgi,
Palmiero, Esposito, Moscow, & Cuomo, 2006). In a normally
functioning esophagus, the sphincter works with the diaphragm,
creating a barrier that does not allow for gastric juices to enter
the esophagus (Scott & Gelhot, 1999). However, if a sphincter
is relaxing at inappropriate times, this can lead to the abnormal
reflux that characterizes GERD (Scott & Gelhot, 1999).
2) What is the injury in gastroesophageal reflux?
Ongoing reflux injury triggers hyperplasia, which is an increase
in the number of cells being produced (Braun & Anderson,
2017). Hyperplasia is triggered in GERD because as the reflux
is consistently happening, it is killing surface esophageal cells
(Souza, 2012). This creates a need for more cells quickly to
promote tissue healing, which explains why hyperplasia occurs.
Hyperplasia and hypertrophy, or increase in cell size, go hand
in hand, making hypertrophy likely to happen with GERD as
well (Braun & Anderson, 2017). Hyperplasia and hypertrophy
are examples of the body’s response/adaptation to stress. The
overproduction and enlargement of cell size can to inflammation
if uncontrolled, which is a symptom of GERD (Braun &
Anderson, 2017). Additionally, when surface esophageal cells
die, the tight junctions between the cells are dilated, weakening
the epithelial barrier (Souza, 2012). This is what allows acid

17. and pepsin to penetrate deeper and cause greater injury, leading
to chronic GERD symptoms, such as heartburn (Souza, 2012).
3) What would the acute inflammatory response look like?
The acute inflammatory response is triggered by the tissue
injury incurred in GERD, the hyperplasia described above. The
first step in the acute inflammatory response is increasing blood
flow to the esophageal area (Braun & Anderson, 2017). Next,
the cellular response is triggered, in which the products of
healing are alerted to move towards the esophageal area (Braun
& Anderson, 2017). At this point, the injured tissue is removed,
and formation of new tissue can begin (Braun & Anderson,
2017). Specifically, in the case of GERD, neutrophils infiltrate
the esophageal area to prompt healing and repair tissue (Souza,
2012). Hyperplasia in the basal cells commences to replace cells
that were killed by the reflux of acid (Souza, 2012).
4) Why might this condition become a chronic problem?
GERD can occur as often as once an hour (Scott & Gelhot,
1999). When occurring this frequently, this constant
regurgitation can lead to the epithelial cells in the esophagus
being worn down and dying at an abnormally fast rate
(DiGiorgi, et al, 2006). If the relaxation issue with the sphincter
or pressure abnormality is not resolved, this could lead to
recurring reflux issues. Additionally, if epithelial cells are not
replaced in a timely manner, acid and pepsin will continue to
penetrate this barrier and cause greater damage. When left
untreated, the damage will become more severe, and could even
result in ulcers (DiGiorgi, et al., 2006).
5) What pathophysiologic changes would most likely occur with
chronic gastroesophageal reflux?
GERD can lead to a development of esophagitis (inflammation
of the esophagus) (Scott & Gelhot, 1999). Inflammation leads to
vasodilation at the site of injury and the release of inflammatory
mediators (Braun & Anderson, 2017). Inflammatory mediators
help with increasing vascular permeability, promoting clotting
factors, initiating phagocytosis, and repairing injured tissue by
promoting new cellular generation (Braun & Anderson, 2017).

18. Inflammation can also lead to pyrexia, or an elevated body
temperature, which can manifest as a fever (Braun & Anderson,
2017).
6) What would you expect for clinical manifestations?
Clinical manifestations for GERD are likely to be more
commonly present after meals and can range from mild to
severe (Badillo & Francis, 2016). These include heartburn, acid
regurgitation, pain, bloating, nausea, chronic coughing, dental
erosion, vomiting, asthma, laryngitis, ulcer development, and
gastritis (Badillo & Francis, 2016). The inflammation resulting
from GERD can also lead to clinical manifestations, including
fever, swelling, redness, heat at the inflamed site, and chronic
pain (Braun & Anderson, 2017).
7) What diagnostic tests might be used?
Patients presenting with atypical symptoms, such as dyspepsia,
nausea, bloating, and epigastric pain, are eligible for a proton
pump inhibitor (PPI) test (Wilson, 2016). In more typical cases,
physicians tend to use typical presenting symptoms, such as
heartburn, acid regurgitation, and chest pain to diagnose GERD,
once cardiac causes have been ruled out (Wilson, 2016).
Endoscopy can be used for GERD diagnosis, but should be
reserved for patients presenting with more alarming symptoms
(Wilson, 2016). These alarming symptoms can include anemia,
dysphagia, and unintended weight loss (Wilson, 2016).
Endoscopy is invasive, but useful for those who PPI diagnostics
have not been adequate or helpful for. (Wilson, 2016).
8) What treatment measures would you anticipate?
One of the most common ways to treat GERD is through
lifestyle changes. This can include not going to bed right after
eating, elevating the head of the body while sleeping, weight
loss in certain cases, avoiding caffeine, taking acid reflux
medication when prescribed, and avoiding alcohol, as well as
spicy and fatty foods (Wilson, 2016). Proton pump inhibitors
are helpful in moderate GERD cases, and should be dosed thirty
to sixty minutes prior to eating a meal to be most effective
(Wilson, 2016). Histamine 2 receptor antagonists can provide

19. relief from significant nighttime symptoms to supplement the
use of PPI medications during the daytime (Wilson, 2016). In
severe cases of GERD, surgical intervention may be necessary.
Surgery is reserved for patients who exhibit evidence of ulcer
development and erosive esophagitis (Wilson, 2016).
References
Badillo, R., & Francis, D. (2014). Diagnosis and treatment of
gastroesophageal reflux disease. World journal of
gastrointestinal pharmacology and therapeutics, 5(3), 105-112.
Retrieved from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4133436/.
Braun, C.A. & Anderson, C.M. (2017). Applied
Pathophysiology: A conceptual approach to disease. (3rd
edition). Wolters Kluwer Health.
De Giorgi, F., Palmiero, M., Esposito, I., Mosca, F., & Cuomo,
R. (2006). Pathophysiology of gastro-oesophageal reflux
disease. Official organ of the Italian Society of
otorinolaringologia and cervico-facial surgery 26(5), 241-246.
Retrieved from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2639970/.
Scott, M. & Gelhot, A. (1999). Gastroesophageal reflux disease:
diagnosis and management. Am Fam Physician 59(5), 1161-
1169. Retrieved from
https://www.aafp.org/afp/1999/0301/p1161.html.
Souza, R. (2012). The pathogenesis of gastroesophageal reflux
disease. Gastroenterology & hepatology, 8(4), 263-265.
Retrieved from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3380261/.
Wilson, J.L. (2016). Gastroesophageal reflux disease: Treating

20. wisely. North Carolina Medical Journal, 77(3).Pp 202-205.
Retrieved from
http://www.ncmedicaljournal.com/content/77/3/202.full.