It is caused by sporothrix schenckii(dimorphic fungus: exist as mould(conidia) and yeast cells)
The fungus generally enters the body at sites of trauma (implant) to the skin
The most common: scratches from thorns or splinters, sedge barbs handling of reeds, potting soil.
Also occur following cat scratches, parrot bites, dog bites, insect stings, handling fish, hammer blows, brick.
Coccidioidomycosis
(San Joaquin Valley Fever)
a) Coccidioides immitis
b) C.posadasii species (newly proposed):
C.posadasi (non-california): differences in genotype, no differences in phentype remarkable, no differences in antigenicity, virulence or morphology with C.immitis
3. Sporotrichosis
• It is caused by sporothrix schenckii(dimorphic
fungus: exist as mould(conidia( and yeast cells(
• The fungus generally enters the body at sites of
trauma (implant( to the skin
• The most common: scratches from thorns or
splinters, sedge barbs handling of reeds, potting
soil.
• Also occur following cat scratches, parrot bites,
dog bites, insect stings, handling fish, hammer
blows, brick.
4. Sporothrix schenckii
A dimorphic fungus (yeast of cigar- shaped cells and
large spherical bodies in tissues and produce a
hyphal flower – like form in 27ºc
Temperature, aeration, CO2 tension, pH, carbon
source, presence of divalent cations may influence
the morpholigical transition.
5.
6. The factors of development of
Sporotrichosis
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The size of the initial fungal inoculum
The immune state of the host
The virulence of the fungus
The depth of traumatic inoculation
The thermal tolerance
7. Clinical manifestations
1. Lymphocutaneous
On the hands (right(
and fingers but on the face of the children
2. Fixed cutaneous
In highly endemic areas.
the commonest sites are face, neck and trunck:
(reaction to sporotrichin skin test(
3. Mucocutaneous
In the mouth, pharynx,
nose (involvment secondary to dissemination(
4. Extracutaneous and disseminated
Skeletal
system (next to the cutaneous forms(, eye, sinuses
5. Primary pulmonary
Among alcoholics
8. • تركيبات ديواره سلولي و اگزوآنتينژناهاي بدست
ه ه
آمده از اسپوروتريكس شنكئي نقش بسيار
مهمي در پاسخ سيستم ايمني دارند.
• تركيبات ليپيدي ديواره سلولي موجب مهار كردن
فاگوسيتوز و نيز تحريك آزادسازي نيتريك اكسايد
) (NOو TNF-αدر ماكروفانژاها ميشود.
• احتماال پ ً پراكسيدارگسترول در فرم مخمري نقش
مهمي در ويروالنس اين پاتونژن داشته باشد.
9. Cell wall of S.Schenkii
1. Alkali – soluble and insoluble glucans: (both
morphological phases( with links of ß (1,3(: 44
to 66%, ß(1,6( and ß(1-4(, no variations in
ß – glucan with morphological transition.
2. Melanin (pigment(: protective role (scavenger
of free radicals(
3. Amorphous microfibrillar material (capsule(:
in outermost layer
a( release in the medium
b( adhesion of fungus to host cells
10. 4. Peptidorhamnomannan: (33.5% rhamnose, 57%
mannose, 14.2% protein(, glycopeptide (in
oligosaccharid chains( fraction react with sera
Patients and with concavalin A (inhibition of
fungus adhesion(
• Rhamnomannans showe no reactivity with conA
• Mannopyranoside units react with conA
• O – glycoside chains (X-D- glucuronic acid
residues( mono – and di substituted by rhamnose
are important antigenic determinants
11.
12. 5) Peptidorhamnogalactan
6) Lipid compound:
•
•
•
inhibit the phagocytic process
Induce a high level of release of nitric oxide
Induce a high level of release tumor necrosis
factor alpha (TNF- α) in macrophage cultures
S.schenckii (yeast cells and conidia ) in systemic
sporotrichosis can bind to fibronectin, laminin,
and type II collagen
13. • تركيبات ليپيپدي بدست آمده از اسپوروتريكس
شنكئي در يك تحقيق توسط روشهاي
كروماتوگرافي ليه نازك، كروماتوگرافي گاز-
مايع و Massاسپكترومتري:
اسيدهاي چرب توتال:,)%5.2(0:51C
,)%2(0:71C16:1(2.5%) C16:0(64.5%), C
C18:1(18 %), C18:0(5.3%), 2-Me%1.5(0:61,(C
اسيدهاي چرب آزاد: )%1.4(1:51C14:0(2%), C
,)%6.0(0:71C16:1(7.5%), C16:0(68.5%), C
%9.0(0:81,(C18:2(2%), C18:1(14.5%), C
14. • Rhamnomannan structure in mycelium and
conidia is different
• Galactomannans have been isolated from many
fungal species but rhamnomannan have been
isolated from no other species
• Antibody appears largely to mannans
• Large capsul whitin infected human tissue
(produce abundant extracellular antigen)
15. Function of Melanin in S.Schenkii
Sporothrix produces melanin via the 1,8
dihydroxynaphtalene pentaketide pathway
(DHN) that increase virulence.
• Melanized conidia are less susceptible to killing
by chemically generated oxygen and nitrogen –
derived radicals and by UV light
16. • Also more resistant to phagocytosis and killing
by human monocytes and murine macrophages
(chrged polymers)
• Enable them to bind metals and function as
physiological redox buffer
• Provide structural rigidity to cell walls
• Store water and ions
26. Coccidioidomycosis
(San Joaquin Valley Fever)
a) Coccidioides immitis
b) C.posadasii species (newly proposed):
C.posadasi (non-california): differences in
genotype, no differences in phentype remarkable,
no differences in antigenicity, virulence or
morphology with C.immitis
27. Coccidioides immitis
in the semiarid regions of the southwestern United
Soil
states, Mexico, Central and South America
The saprobic phase is mycelia
arthrocandidia (soil and air)
spherules (host)
)The agents that stimulates spherulation (72 - 96 h
Temperature 34-41ºca)
)Co2 concentration (10-20%b)
Surface – active agent such as Taml Nc)
28.
29. Risk factors for severe, disseminated
coccidioidomycosis
:Genetically determined susceptibility •
a) HLA- A9 and B9 antigens, blood group B
phenotype (in persons of Filipino and black descent)
b) HLA class II DRB1*1301 allele
• Gender: Males 3.5-5 fold – increased compared to
females
• Age: children younger than 5 years and adults older
than 50 years were more susceptible
30. • Pregnancy: (in areas of high endemicity)0.1% of
pregnancies (88% mortality):
a) immunosuppressive state of the gestation
b) progesterone and 17ß- estradiol stimulate
spherule/endospore phase (in vitro)
• Immunocompromising diseases or conditions:
HIV – infected persons (8% to 41%), Hodgkin‘s
disease, malignant neoplasms, collagen vascular,
organ transplant recipients
32. FKS and 27K are used as vaccine (heterogeneous) in
mice and monkeys
Ag2/PRA vaccine (single – antigen) protect only
against pulmonary challenge susceptible mice
SOWgp (spherule outer wall glycoprotein) contains
tandemly repeated proline- and aspartic acid-rich
motifs, functions as an adhesin, and contributes to the
pathogenicity,but elicits both humoral and cellular
immune responses in patients
33. كيتيناز
.1
از اسفرولها و ميسليومها جدا شده است.
2. داراي فعاليت فيكساسيون كمپلمان ) (CFو
ايمنوديفيوژن- CFاست.
34. -ßگلوكوزيداز
• در 73 تا 04 درجه سانتيگراد داراي بيشترين
فعاليت است.
• با ايمونوگلبولين M (IgM) tube
(precipitin(TPواكنش ميدهد.
د
• از مرحله ميسليال جدا شده است.
35. متالوپروتئيناز )1 (Mep
• Coccidioides posadasiiآن را ترشح مي.كند
• در فرار قارچ از سيستم ايمني ميزبان نقش
دارد.
• در زمان تشكيل آندواسپورها ترشح ميشود و
د
آنتيژن سطحي غالب SOWgpرا هضم كرده و
د
نميگذارد آندواسپورها توسط ميزبان شناسايي
د
شوند.
36. اوره آز )(Urease
• Coccidioides posadasiiآن را ترشح مي.كند
• شدت التهاب در ريه را افزايش ميدهد و موجب
د
افزايش ويرولنس اين قارچ ميشود.
د
• اسفرولها از اوره اطراف ضايعه استفاده كرده
د
و موجب افزايش آمونيوم در محل ضايعه
ميشوند )آسيب بيشتر به ريه(
د