This document defines key terms related to sand casting processes, including patterns, molding materials, flasks, cores, risers, and the gating system used to pour molten material into molds. It explains that patterns are used to form mold cavities, into which molding material like sand is packed around the pattern. The gating system includes pouring cups, sprues, runners and gates to deliver molten material from pouring vessels to mold cavities in a controlled manner. Cores can be inserted into molds to form internal features in castings.

3. Pattern: An approximate duplicate of the
final casting used to form the mold cavity.
Molding material: The material that is
packed around the pattern and then the
pattern is removed to leave the cavity
where the casting material will be poured.
Flask: The rigid wood or metal frame that
holds the molding material.
Cope: The top half of the pattern, flask,
mold, or core.
Drag: The bottom half of the pattern,
flask, mold, or core.

4. Core: An insert in the mold that produces
internal features in the casting, such as
holes.
Core print: The region added to the pattern,
core, or mold used to locate and support the
core.
Mold cavity: The combined open area of
the molding material and core, where the
metal is poured to produce the casting.
Riser: An extra void in the mold that fills
with molten material to compensate for
shrinkage during solidification.
Gating system: The network of connected
channels that deliver the molten material to
the mold cavities.

5. Pouring cup or pouring basin: The part of the gating system that receives
the molten material from the pouring vessel.
Sprue: The pouring cup attaches to the sprue, which is the vertical part of
the gating system. The other end of the sprue attaches to the runners.
Runners: The horizontal portion of the gating system that connects the
sprues to the gates.
Gates: The controlled entrances from the runners into the mold cavities.