scr

1. ------‫اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ‬ ،‫اﻟﺮاﻓﺪﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻮم‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ‬22‫اﻟﻌﺪد‬ ،3‫ص‬ ،111-121،2011------
111
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل‬ ‫ﻟﺸﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﺸﻭﺘﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﺜﻨﺎﺌﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬
( n-Malachite green )
‫ﻋﺒﺎ‬ ‫ﺨﻠﻑ‬ ‫ﺇﺴﻤﺎﻋﻴل‬‫ﺱ‬‫ﺯ‬‫ﺃﺤﻤﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﻼل‬ ‫ﻫﺭﺍﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﻜﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل‬ ‫ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ‬
)‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻼﻡ‬ ‫ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ‬12/11/2010‫ﺍﻟﻘﺒﻭل‬ ‫ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ‬ ‫؛‬25/4/2011(
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺨﺹ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬،‫ﻡ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ‬‫ﻋﻀﻭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻭﺼﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺸﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺸﻭﺘﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻲ‬)n-Malachite green(
‫ﻨﻘﻴﺔ‬‫ﻭﺒﺴﻤﻙ‬1.43 µm‫ﻋ‬‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻨﺩ‬‫ﺍﻟﻐﺭﻓﺔ‬،‫ﺍﻷﻨـﺩﻴﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﻤـﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻜﺎﻨـﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭﻤﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻗﻁﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺃﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﻟﻤﻨﻴﻭﻡ‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗﺏ‬‫ﻭﺒﺴﻤﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺨﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺭﺴﺒﺕ‬Å1000.‫ﺨـﻭﺍﺹ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺇ‬I-V‫ﺘﻤـﺕ‬ ‫ﻗـﺩ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺘﻬ‬‫ﺤﺎﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺭﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺍﻻﻀﺎﺀﺓ‬‫ﻭﺍﻟﻅﻼﻡ‬،‫ﻭﻗﺩ‬‫ﺃﻅﻬﺭ‬‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ‬‫ﺸﻭﺘﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻲ‬ ‫ﺨﻭﺍﺹ‬.‫ﺘـﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻤل‬ ‫ﺤﺴﺎﺏ‬(n)‫ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ‬3.3.‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼﻴﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ‬‫ﺤﺎﻟـﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺩ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﺠﺯ‬ ‫ﺤﺴﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻀﺎﺀﺓ‬)(ΦBn‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺸﻴﻁ‬ ‫ﻭﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬)(Ea‫ﻗﻴﻤ‬ ‫ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ‬‫ﺘﻴ‬‫ﻬﻤﺎ‬1.71 eV‫ﻭ‬0.22 eV‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﻐﺭﻓﺔﻋ‬‫ﻠﻰ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗﺏ‬‫ﻗﻴﻤ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻨـﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻨﺩ‬‫ﺘﻴ‬‫ﻬﻤـﺎ‬1.18 eV‫ﻭ‬0.368 eV‫ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗﺏ‬.‫ﺤﺴﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺨﻴﺭﺍ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ‬‫ﻭﺍﻟﻴﺔ‬(Rs)‫ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ‬2.09 kΩ.
‫ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ‬:‫ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل‬ ‫ﺸﺒﻪ‬،‫ﺸﻭﺘﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻲ‬،‫ﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻲ‬.
‫ــــــــــ‬‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬
Study of the Electrical Characteristics of Schottky Organic
Semiconductor (n-Malachite green), Diode
Ismail K. Abbas Zahraa H. Ahmed
Department of Physics
College of Science
Mosul University
ABSTRACT
In this research, Schottky diodes were fabricated using the pure organic semiconductor
n- malachite green with thickness 1.43 µm at room temperature. The electrodes and the

2. ‫ﺃﺤﻤﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﻼل‬ ‫ﺯﻫﺭﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺨﻠﻑ‬ ‫ﺇﺴﻤﺎﻋﻴل‬ 112
ohmic contacts were Indium and aluminum respectively. These materials were deposited by
vacuum evaporation process with thickness 1000Å. Current-Voltage characteristics were
studied at room temperature in dark and light, and the sample showed the characteristic of
schottky diode. The calculated value of ideal factor (n) is 3.3. We study the variation of
conductivity with temperature in light from which the potential barrier (ΦBn) and
activation energy (Ea) were calculated and their values are 1.71 and 0.22 eV at room
temperature respectively. But at higher temperature their values are 1.18 and 0.368 eV
respectively. Finally the series resistance (Rs) also had been calculated and its value is 2.09
kΩ.
Keywords : Organic Semiconductor, schottky diode, electrical .
‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺘﻤﻜﻥ‬‫ﻭﻤﻭﺕ‬ ‫ﺸﻭﺘﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﺎﻥ‬‫ﻋﺎﻡ‬1938‫ﻤـﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺫﻟـﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺤﺎﻭﻻﺘﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﺨﻼل‬‫ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺩ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﺠﺯ‬‫ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺞ‬‫ﻋﻠـﻰ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼـل‬ ‫ﺸـﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﺴـﻁﺢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻼﻋﻀﻭﻱ‬‫ﻤﺜل‬)Si, Ge(.‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﺸﺒﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺒﺩﻴل‬ ‫ﻜﺒﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﺼﺒﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺼﺭﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺨﻼل‬
‫ﺍﻟ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺼﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺯﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺸﺒﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻴﺎﺩﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻀﻭﻴﺔ‬)Seyd Abthagir and
Saraswathi, 2001(.‫ﺍﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻐﺭﺽ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺩ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ﺭﺓ‬‫ﺍﺴﺘﻤﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺌﻁ‬ ‫ﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬‫ﻭﺒﻠﻐﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺔ‬‫ﻤﺘﻘﺩﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺘﺼﺎل‬ ‫ﺃﺠﻬﺯﺓ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻤﺎﻭﺼﻠﺕ‬.‫ﺼـﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺘـﻡ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻴﺎ‬‫ﻭﻜﺫ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﺎﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺕ‬‫ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺌﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻙ‬‫ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻭﻴﺔ‬‫ﻟﻠﻀﻭﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻋﺜﺔ‬
)(Organic Light Emitting Diode)OLED(‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺭ‬‫ﺍﻟﻌـﻀﻭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻨﺯﺴـﺘﻭﺭﺍﺕ‬)Organic Field Effect
Transistors) (OFET(‫ﻭﺴـﻬ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻁﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺠﻬﺯﺓ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺯﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ‬‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺭﻭﻨـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘـﺼﻨﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴ‬‫ﺔ‬.(Wudyalew, 2007)‫ﻥ‬‫ﻷ‬ ‫ﻤﻭﺼـل‬ ‫ﺸـﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﻨﺒﻴﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻜل‬ ‫ﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺘﺼﺎل‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻀﺢ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺭ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺭﻗﺎﻗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺘﺼﺎل‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﻨﻴﺔ‬،‫ﺸـﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﻨﺒﻴﻁـﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﺘﺼﺎل‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺭ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺘﺤ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل‬-‫ﻓﻭﻟﺘﻴﺔ‬)I-V(‫ﻭﻤﺘﻤﺎﺜل‬ ‫ﺨﻁﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺠﻬﺎﺯ‬،‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗـﺔ‬ ‫ﻫـﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻨﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺇﺫﺍ‬
)I-V(‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻋﺎﺌﻘ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺘﺼﺎل‬ ‫ﻓﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺘﻤﺎﺜﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻏﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺨﻁﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺴﺕ‬،‫ﻭﻴﺴﻤﻰ‬‫ﺸﻭﺘﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺘﺼﺎل‬(Pfeiffer et al., 2003).
‫ﻋﺎﻤ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ل‬(Ideality factor n)‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﺭﺍﻭﺡ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺘﺸﻴﺭﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺒﺤﺜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻘﺎﺭﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻥ‬2‫ﺍﻟﻰ‬11.‫ﺇﻥ‬‫ﻋﻤـل‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ‬)‫ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻴﻁﺔ‬(‫ﺍﻟﻌـﻀﻭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤـﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺘﺭﺴﻴﺏ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻗﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤل‬ ‫ﺨﻼل‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﻤﻜﻥ‬.
‫ﹰ‬‫ﺓ‬‫ﻋﺎﺩ‬،‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﻭﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ‬،‫ﻭﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺴﻴﺏ‬(Langmuir-Blodgett)‫ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻴﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻤل‬ ‫ﺍﺩﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬،‫ﺇﻥ‬‫ﺩﻴﺭﻓـﺎﻟﺯ‬ ‫ﻓـﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻭﺍﺼـﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﺸﺒﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺂﺼﺭ‬ ‫ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬
‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﺸﺒﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻤﻭﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺫﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺘﺭﺒﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﻫﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻭﺍﺼﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺱ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ‬‫ﻟﻼ‬‫ﻋﻀﻭﻴﺔ‬.‫ﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺴﺘ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻭﺍﺼﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬‫ﺅ‬‫ﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺩﻱ‬‫ﻭﺍل‬‫ﺍﻟﻜ‬ ‫ﻤﻭﺠﺎﺕ‬‫ﻤﺘﻤﺭﻜـﺯﺓ‬ ‫ﻏﻴـﺭ‬ ‫ﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺔ‬(delocalized)‫ﺒـﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻀـﻌﻴﻔﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﺎﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ‬.‫ﺍﻻﻟ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻁﻴﺎﻑ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﺴﺒﺏ‬‫ﺍﻻ‬ ‫ﺒﺘﻠﻙ‬ ‫ﺘﺭﺒﻁ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﻫﺘﺯﺍﺯﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺔ‬‫ﻨﺘﻘﺎﻻﺕ‬

3. ‫ﺸﻭﺘﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﺜﻨﺎﺌﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬...........113
‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬.‫ﻤﻨﺫ‬1990‫ﺠﺭﺕ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬‫ﻤﻌﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺤﺎﻭﻻﺕ‬-‫ﺸﻭﺘﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻀﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﻤﻭﺼل‬ ‫ﺸﺒﻪ‬‫ﻭﺒﻁـﺭﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺭﺴﻴﺏ‬ ‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ‬‫ﺍﻟﻼﻋﻀﻭﻱ‬‫ﺘﻔﺴﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻡ‬‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺨﻭﺍﺼﻬﺎ‬.(Guirong et al.,2002)
‫ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﻼﺀ‬‫ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل‬ ‫ﺸﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﻏﺸﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺎﻟﺘﺩﻓﻕ‬n-Malachite
green‫ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺕ‬I-V‫ﻭﺍﻷ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺍﻟﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺒﻨﻅﺭ‬ ‫ﺨﺫ‬
‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﺎﻤل‬‫ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬.
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻨﺏ‬
‫ﻥ‬‫ﺇ‬‫ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ‬‫ﺤـﺎﺠﺯ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻨﺒﻌﺎﺙ‬ ‫ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻓﺘﺭﺍﺽ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﺸﻭﺘﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻭﺼﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺸﻭﺘﻜﻲ‬)Guirong et al., 2002(.‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬،‫ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺘﺭﺍﺽ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺒﺎﻨﺘﻘﺎل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﻁﺭ‬
‫ﻋﺒﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﻤﻼﺕ‬‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻴﺔ‬‫ﻟﻼﺘﺼﺎل‬،‫ﺍﻻﻨﺤﻴﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻭﻟﺘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ‬.
‫ﻭﺍﺴﻊ‬ ‫ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻜﺩﺍﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼﻴل‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺇ‬،‫ﺒـﺩل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼـﻴﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻀل‬ ‫ﻓﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺼﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﻷ‬ ‫ﻭﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼﻴل‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﺍﻻﺘﺼﺎل‬ ‫ﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ‬،‫ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺨـﺘﻼﻑ‬ ‫ﻓﺤﺹ‬ ‫ﻴﺠﺏ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ‬
‫ﹰ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻓﻀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ‬ ‫ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩ‬‫ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ‬ ‫ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬.‫ﻷﺸﺒﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼﻴﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻥ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬‫ﻤﻭﺼﻼﺕ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻟﻼ‬‫ﺍﻭ‬ ‫ﻋﻀﻭﻴﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬‫ﻌﻀﻭﻴﺔ‬‫ﺘﺘﺒـﻊ‬ ‫ﻋـﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬:
σ = σ0 exp[-Ea/KB T] ………. (1)
‫ﻥ‬‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺙ‬Ea‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺸﻴﻁ‬ ‫ﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬σ0‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ‬ ‫ﺜﺎﺒﺕ‬.‫ﺇ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼـﻴﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻭﻏـﺎﺭﻴﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻥ‬
‫ﻭ‬1/T‫ﺨﻁﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬،‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺸﻴﻁ‬ ‫ﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬.
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻤل‬ ‫ﺃﻤﺎ‬n‫ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻌﻁﻰ‬:
n=e/KBT[∂V/∂(lnI)] ……….(2)
‫ﻤﻥ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺔ‬‫ﺸﻭﺘﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﺜﻨﺎﺌﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬‫ﺘﻡ‬‫ﺤﺎﺠﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﻨﺒﺎﻁ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬‫ﺠﻬﺩ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻴﻁﺔ‬
:)Williams and Rhoderick,1988(.
ΦBn=(KBT/e) ln [A*
T 2
/JsT] ……….(3)
‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺙ‬ΦBn‫ﺘﻤﺜل‬‫ﺤﺎﺠﺯ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬‫ﺠﻬﺩ‬‫ﻭ‬A*
‫ﺜﺎﺒ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺭﻴﺠﺎﺭﺩﺴﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺕ‬JsT‫ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺸﺒﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬.

4. ‫ﺃﺤﻤﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﻼل‬ ‫ﺯﻫﺭﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺨﻠﻑ‬ ‫ﺇﺴﻤﺎﻋﻴل‬ 114
‫ﻭ‬‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻴﺠﺎﺩ‬‫ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺸﻴﻁ‬ ‫ﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬:
Ln[If/T2
]=ln(Ae A*
) - e(ΦBn-Vf)/KBT ............(4)
‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺙ‬‫ﻥ‬e(ΦBn-Vf)/kB‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺸﻴﻁ‬ ‫ﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬،‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻴل‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﻭﺃ‬ln[If / T2
]‫ﻤﻘﺎﺒل‬[103
/ T]‫ﺍﺭﺘﻔـﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﺴـﺘﻌﻁﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺠﺯ‬)ΦBn.(‫ﺇﻥ‬Ae‫ﺘﻜﺘﺏ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺤﻴﺎﻨﺎ‬Ad‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺌﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬.
‫ﺒﺎﻻﺴﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻼﻋﻀﻭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﺸﺒﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼﻴل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻥ‬‫ﻤﻥ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﺨﻼل‬،‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻔﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻤﺭﻜﺯﺓ‬( Localized states)،‫ﺍﻟﻔﻭﻨﻭﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺒﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻔﺯ‬.(Shaw and Seidler, 2001)‫ﺍﺸـﺒﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﻜﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻼﻋﻀﻭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻼﺕ‬،‫ﻓﺄﺸﺒﺎﻩ‬‫ﺘﻭﺼﻴﻠﻴﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻟﻐﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﺘﻁﻌﻴﻤﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻼﺕ‬.
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻨﺏ‬:
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل‬ ‫ﺸﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺘﻡ‬n-Malachite green‫ﻭ‬‫ﻫـﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺼـﻴﻐﺘﻪ‬C23H25N2Cl
‫ﻭﻜﺜﺎﻓﺘﻪ‬gm/cm3
3.8‫ﻤﻘ‬ ‫ﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺇﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻴﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺇﺤﺩﻯ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻴﺫﺍﺏ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬‫ﻁﺭ‬،‫ﺇﻴﺜﺎﻨﻭل‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻜﺤﻭل‬.‫ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻴﺜﺎﻨﻭل‬‫ﺘﺭﺴﻴﺏ‬ ‫ﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺙ‬‫ﺭﻗﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﻏﺸﺎﺀ‬‫ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬‫ﺒﺴﻤﻙ‬1.43 µm‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﻤﺭﺴـﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻨﻘـﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻴﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﻁﺒﻘﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﺘﻨﻅﻴﻑ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺩ‬ ‫ﺯﺠﺎﺠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ‬‫ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻭﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ‬،‫ﻭ‬‫ﻗﺩ‬‫ﺒﺎﻟﺘـﺩﻓﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁـﻼﺀ‬ ‫ﺘﻘﻨﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺕ‬
)Flow Coating Technique(‫ﻟﺘﺭﺴ‬‫ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻴﺏ‬‫ﺤﺴﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻡ‬‫ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻙ‬‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬:
.A ….…………(5)ρt = m /
ρ:‫ﺒﻭﺤﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬‫ﺓ‬gm/cm3
‫ﻭ‬A:‫ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻴﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ‬cm2
‫ﻭ‬m:‫ﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺴﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎﺀ‬gm
‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺘﺭﺴﻴﺏ‬ ‫ﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ‬‫ﺒﺴﻤﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻨﺩﻴﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﻗﻁﺎﺏ‬1000 Å‫ﺒﻘﻁﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺌﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺫﻭ‬ ‫ﻗﻨﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬(2 mm).
‫ﻭﺍﺴﺘ‬‫ﺨﺩﻤ‬‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺕ‬)1(‫ﺨﻭﺍﺹ‬ ‫ﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬I-V‫ﻟﻠﻨﺒﻴﻁﺔ‬.‫ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼـﻴﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﻜﺫﻟﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬‫ﺃﻨﺒﻭﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻴﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺈﺩﺨﺎل‬ ‫ﻭﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬‫ﺯﺠﺎﺠﻴﺔ‬‫ﻟﺘﻔﺭﻴﻐ‬ ‫ﻤﺼﻤﻤﺔ‬‫ﻬﺎ‬‫ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬‫ﻭﺇﺩﺨﺎﻟﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺌﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻓﺭﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺨل‬‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬‫ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻴﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻁﺭﺓ‬.

5. ‫ﺸﻭﺘﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﺜﻨﺎﺌﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬...........115
‫ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺌﻲ‬
‫ﻕ‬ ‫ﻤﺼﺩﺭ‬.‫ﺩ‬.‫ﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬1:‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺨﻭﺍﺹ‬ ‫ﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ‬I-V‫ﻟﻠﻨﺒﻴﻁﺔ‬.
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌ‬‫ـﺞ‬‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻠ‬‫ﻴﻥ‬)2(‫ﻭ‬)3(‫ﻴﻭﻀﺤ‬‫ﺎﻥ‬‫ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨـﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻜﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻤﺎﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻺﻨﺤﻴﺎﺯﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻭﻟﺘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬‫ﺍﻟﻐﺭﻓﺔ‬‫ﻟﻠﺜﻨﺎﺌﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻅﻼﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻀﺎﺀﺓ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻲ‬.‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺇ‬I-V‫ﻭﺠﺩﺕ‬‫ﺨﻁﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺭ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﺘـﺄﺜﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻅﻬـﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﻭﺃ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻀﺎﺀﺓ‬‫ﻀﻌﻴﻔﺎ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻥ‬‫ﻴﻌ‬ ‫ﻤﻤﺎ‬‫ﺍﻟﻜﻔـﺎﺀﺓ‬ ‫ﻻﺘﻤﺘﻠﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻁﻲ‬
‫ﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻬﺎ‬،‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺤﺎﻤﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻁ‬ ‫ﻻﺘﻤﺜل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼﻴل‬ ‫ﺸﺤﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﻭﺃ‬)‫ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻥ‬-‫ﻓﺠﻭﺓ‬(‫ﺃﺸـﺒﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻜﻤﺎ‬
‫ـﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺩﻭﺠـ‬ ‫ـﺎﺕ‬‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻭﻻﺭﻭﻨـ‬ ‫ـﺎﺕ‬‫ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻻﺭﻭﻨـ‬ ‫ـﺩ‬‫ﺒﺘﻭﻟﻴـ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ـﻀ‬‫ﺃﻴـ‬ ‫ـﺎ‬‫ﻭﺇﻨﻤـ‬ ‫ـﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺘﻴـ‬ ‫ـﻀﻭﻴﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﻼﻋـ‬ ‫ـﻼﺕ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼـ‬
)Patidar et al., 2006.(
‫ﺨﻭﺍﺹ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺇ‬I-V‫ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺌﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺫﺍ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﻡ‬ ‫ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﻀﺢ‬)Rectification(‫ﻁﺒﻘـﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻜـﻭﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﻟـﻰ‬ ‫ﺘﺸﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﻤﻌﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺘﺼﺎل‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﻨﺯﺍﻑ‬–‫ﻤﻭﺼل‬ ‫ﺸﺒﻪ‬،‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻜﺒﺭ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻭﻟﺘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻨﺩ‬)(1 Volt‫ﻴـﺼﺒﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻴـﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻀﺎﺀﺓ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺨﻁﻴ‬ً‫ل‬‫ﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﺫﺍ‬‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻴﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬‫ﺒﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌﺩﺓ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ‬‫ﻟـ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻴـﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼـل‬ ‫ﺸﺒﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻭﻱ‬(Syed and Saraswathi, 2000).
A
V

6. ‫ﺃﺤﻤﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﻼل‬ ‫ﺯﻫﺭﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺨﻠﻑ‬ ‫ﺇﺴﻤﺎﻋﻴل‬ 116
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬2:‫ﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺨﻭﺍﺹ‬-‫ﻟﺜﻨﺎﺌﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻭﻟﺘﻴﺔ‬Al/ Malachite green/In‫ﺍﻹﻀﺎﺀﺓ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬.
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬3:‫ﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺨﻭﺍﺹ‬-‫ﻟﺜﻨﺎﺌﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻭﻟﺘﻴﺔ‬Al / Malachite green/In‫ﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬‫ﺍﻟﻅﻼﻡ‬.
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻤل‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺸﻭﺘﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﺎﺠﺯ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻭﺼﻔ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﻁﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍل‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺇ‬)n(‫ﺍﻟﻌﻜـﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘـﺸﺒﻊ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬
)IsT(.‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗـﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺭﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻤل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل‬ ‫ﻡ‬‫ﺘ‬lnI-V‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟـﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺤـﺴﺏ‬)2(
‫ﻭ‬‫ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻨﺕ‬3.3‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﻭﻀﺢ‬ ‫ﻜﻤﺎ‬(4).‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻤﺘﺩﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺇ‬‫ﺃﻋﻁـﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻨﺤﻴﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﺘﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺒﻊ‬ ‫ﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﻜﺎﻨﺕ‬7
A3X10-
.
I(A)
-4.00E-05
-2.00E-05
0.00E+00
2.00E-05
4.00E-05
6.00E-05
8.00E-05
1.00E-04
1.20E-04
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
V(volt)
F.
R.
Light
Pure
I(A)
-4.00E-05
-2.00E-05
0.00E+00
2.00E-05
4.00E-05
6.00E-05
8.00E-05
1.00E-04
1.20E-04
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
V(volt)
Dark
pure
F.
R.

7. ‫ﺸﻭﺘﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﺜﻨﺎﺌﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬...........117
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬4:‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬lnI‫ﻟﺜﻨﺎﺌﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻤﺎﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻨﺤﻴﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻭﻟﺘﻴﺔ‬Al/ Malachite green/In.
‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺒﻤﺎ‬n‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻜﺒﺭ‬2‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺘﺼﺭﻓ‬ ‫ﻴﻅﻬﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺌﻲ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻤﺅﺸﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﺫﺍ‬‫ﻁﺒﻘـﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻌﻭﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺍﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل‬ ‫ﻭﺸﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ‬،‫ﺇﻋـﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻫـﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎل‬ ‫ﺁﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﻭﺃ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻤﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﺇﺘﺤﺎﺩ‬.‫ﻟﻠﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺍﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺇ‬I-V‫ﻭﺍﻟـﺸﻜل‬)5(‫ﻴﻭﻀـﺢ‬
‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬dV/dlnI‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬I.‫ﻤﻴل‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺙ‬‫ﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻁ‬Rs‫ﺃﺩﻨﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻜﻤﺎ‬:
……….(6)dV/dlnI=nkT/e +IRs
‫ـﺔ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻗﻴﻤ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ـﺄ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺒ‬ ‫ـﺩ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻭﻭﺠ‬Rs‫ـﺴﺎﻭﻱ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺘ‬)2.09 kΩ(‫ـﺼﺩﺭ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤ‬ ‫ـﻪ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺒ‬ ‫ـﺎﺀ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻤﺎﺠ‬ ‫ـﺩﻭﺩ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺤ‬ ‫ـﻲ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ـﻲ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻫ‬ ‫ـﺔ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤ‬ ‫ـﺫﻩ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻭﻫ‬
)Caglar et al., 2008(‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﻷﺸﺒﺎﻩ‬‫ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻭﻴﺔ‬.
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬5:‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬dV/dlnI‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬I‫ﻟﺜﻨﺎﺌﻲ‬Al/ Malachite green/In.
lnI(A)
-15
-14
-13
-12
-11
-10
-9
-8
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
V(volt)
F.
Light
Pure
dV/dlnI(volt)
-0.255
-0.205
-0.155
-0.105
-0.055
-0.005
0 0.00002 0.00004 0.00006 0.00008 0.0001
I(A)
light
pure

8. ‫ﺃﺤﻤﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﻼل‬ ‫ﺯﻫﺭﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺨﻠﻑ‬ ‫ﺇﺴﻤﺎﻋﻴل‬ 118
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬)6(‫ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼـﻴﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺤﻴـﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻀﺎﺀﺓ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼﻴﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻴﺒﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺘﻤﻭﻀﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﺒﺴﺒﺏ‬ ً‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﺯﺩﻴﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ‬π‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼﻴل‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺨﻼل‬‫ﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻨﺸﻴﻁ‬
‫ﻓﻌﻨﺩ‬‫ﻤﺩﻯ‬‫ﺩﺭﺠ‬‫ﺎﺕ‬‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬300-325 K‫ﻥ‬‫ﻓﺈ‬‫ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼﻴل‬‫ﺤـﺎﻤﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﻻﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻔﺯ‬ ‫ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬
‫ﻗـﺭﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻤﺭﻜﺯﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﺎﻤﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻔﺯ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼﻴل‬ ‫ﺍﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﻤﻭﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺤﺯﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻬﻴﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻴﺭﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻱ‬.‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻜﺒﺭ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻤﺎ‬325 K‫ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﺜﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﺴﺘﻘﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼﻴﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﻅﻬﺭ‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺙ‬
‫ﺘﻌﺯﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼﻴل‬ ‫ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﺒﻭﻁ‬ ‫ﻤﺤﺎﻭﻟﺔ‬‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻘﺭﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻰ‬)‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺒﻊ‬(‫ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨـ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﻤﻭ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻋﻨﺩﻤـ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺎ‬
‫ﺠﻤﻴ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﻜ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﺴﺘﻨﻔﺫ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻤﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﻊ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻤﺭﻜ‬ ‫ﺯ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺯﺓ‬‫ﻰ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼﻴل‬ ‫ﺤﺯﻤﺔ‬)Yakuphanoglu et al., 2004(.
‫ﺇﺫﻥ‬‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬)6(‫ﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﺒﻴﻥ‬‫ﺍﻟﻴﺘﻴﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬‫ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﻤﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎل‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺸﻴ‬ ‫ﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﻭﺃ‬‫ﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﻁ‬
‫ﺘﺼﺒﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻠﺔ‬0.22 eV‫ﻭﻋ‬‫ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻨﺩ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬‫ﻻ‬‫ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺒﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺸﻴﻁ‬ ‫ﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﻓﺈ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬0.368 eV.
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬)7(‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻴﻭﻀﺢ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼﻴﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻭﻏﺎﺭﻴﺘﻡ‬)1/T1/4
(‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺩﻯ‬300- 325
K‫ﺍﻟﻘﻔﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﺅﻜﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺨﻁﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺙ‬(VRH)‫ﻓﻴﺭﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻘﺭﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼﻴل‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺅﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬.
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬6:‫ﻟﺜﻨﺎﺌﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﻭﺼﻴﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻏﺎﺭﻴﺘﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬Al/ Malachite green/In.
ln(σ)
-20
-19
-18
-17
-16
-15
-14
2.9 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4
Ea=0.368 eV
Ea=0.22 eV
Light
pure
Vf=0.1 Volt
1000/T (K-1
)

9. ‫ﺸﻭﺘﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﺜﻨﺎﺌﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬...........119
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬7:‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻴﺒﻴﻥ‬ln(σ)‫ﻭ‬1/T1/4
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ‬Al/ malachite green /In
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬)8(‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻴﺒﻴﻥ‬)ln(If/T2
‫ﺍﻹﻀﺎﺀﺓ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬‫ﺍﺭﺘﻔـﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﺘﻐﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻴﻼﺤﻅ‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺙ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺩ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﺠﺯ‬(ΦBn)‫ﻤﻊ‬‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل‬ ‫ﺃﻤﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻴﻴﻥ‬‫ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺩ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﺠﺯ‬‫ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ‬1.71
eV‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬‫ﺍﻟﻐﺭﻓﺔ‬‫ﺒﻴﻨ‬‫ﻜﺎﻨﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬‫ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ‬1.18eV‫ﺘﻁـﺎﺒﻕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬)Zubair and Muhammad , 2008(.
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬8:‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬ln(If/T2
)‫ﻟﺜﻨﺎﺌﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬Al/ Malachite green/In.
-28
-27.5
-27
-26.5
-26
-25.5
-25
-24.5
-24
-23.5
2.9 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4
light
pure
Vf=0.1volt
1000/T (K-1
)
ln[If/T^2](A/T^2)
-19.5
-19
-18.5
-18
-17.5
-17
-16.5
-16
-15.5
0.2365 0.2375 0.2385 0.2395 0.2405
ln(σ)
light pureVf =0.1volt
1/T1/4
K-1/4

10. ‫ﺃﺤﻤﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﻼل‬ ‫ﺯﻫﺭﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺨﻠﻑ‬ ‫ﺇﺴﻤﺎﻋﻴل‬ 120
‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺠﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﺴﺘﻨ‬ ‫ﺃﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺤﺼﻠﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ‬ ‫ﻀﻭﺀ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬‫ﺍﻵﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﺎﺝ‬:
1.‫ﺨﻭﺍﺹ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺨﻼل‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬I-V‫ﻟﻠﻨﻤ‬‫ﻭﺫﺝ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ﺼﻨﻊ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻤل‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺄﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺠﺩ‬(n)‫ﻤـﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻜﺒـﺭ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻨﺕ‬2
‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻁﺎﺒﻕ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻤﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﺇﺘﺤﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺌﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻨﻘل‬ ‫ﺁﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﻌﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺁﺨﺭﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺤﺜﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ‬. (Nicholas and Neliza, 2007)
2.‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺍﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻥ‬(Rs)‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ‬‫ﺘﻘﻊ‬‫ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﻷﺸﺒﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻭﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻀﻤﻥ‬
(Caglar et al., 2008).
3.‫ﺨﻭﺍﺹ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺨﻼل‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬I-T‫ﻟﻠﻨﻤﻭﺫ‬‫ﺝ‬‫ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺘﻤـﺩ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻨﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺩ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﺠﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻡ‬ ‫ﺒﺄﻥ‬ ‫ﻅﻬﺭ‬
‫ﻓﻲ‬ ُ‫ﻪ‬‫ﻗﻴﻤﺘ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺘﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ِ‫ﻪ‬‫ﻋﻠﻴ‬ ‫ﻤﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻗل‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺭﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬‫ﻭﻫﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺁﺨﺭﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺤﺜﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻭﺍﻓﻕ‬)Zubair and Muhammad , 2008.(
4.‫ﻁـﺎﻗﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل‬ ‫ﺃﻤﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼﻴﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺨﻼل‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬‫ﺘﻨـﺸﻴﻁ‬(Ea)‫ﻫﻤـﺎ‬
0.22 eV‫ﻭ‬0.368 eV‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﺘﻌﺎﻗﺏ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﻘل‬ ‫ﺁﻟﻴﺘﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺠﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻴﺅﻜﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬.
5.‫ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬ln(σ)‫ﻭ‬1/T1/4
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘـﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻨﻤـﻭﺫﺝ‬Al/ malachite green /In‫ﺍﻟﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﺎﻜـﺩ‬
‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼﻴل‬‫ﺁﻟﻴﺔ‬‫ﻟﻠﺤﺎﻤﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﻗﻔﺯ‬(VRH)‫ﻓﻴﺭﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻘﺭﺏ‬.
‫ﺍﻷﺠﻨﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬
Caglar, Y.; Yakuphanoglu, F.; Ilican, S., Caglar, M. (2008). "Electrical
Characterization of ZnO/Organic Semiconductor Diode". J. Optoelectronics and
Advnced Materials, 10(10), pp. 2584-2587.
Guirong, L.; Tianhong, C.; Kody, V. (2002). "Fabrication and Electrical Characteristics of
Polymer-Based Schottky Diode" . 10th. Meeting of the Symposium on Polymers
for Microelectronics, Winterthur, Delaware.
Nicholas, P. P. ; Neliza, L. B. , (2007) ." Schottky Diode From A single Polyaniline
Nanofiber " , University of Puerto Rico at Humacao , Department of Physics and
Electronics , Fisi 4192 – 001.
Patidar, D.; Jain, N.; Saxena, N.S.; Sharma, T.P.; Kananbala, Sharma (2006). Electrical
properties of CdS/Polyaniline hetrojunction. Brazilian J. Physics , 36(4A), 106.
Pfeiffer, M.; Leo, K.; Zhou, X.; Huang, J.S. (2003). Doped organic semiconductor : physics
and application in light emitting diode. Organic Electronics. 4,
89-103.
Shaw,J.M ; Seidler, P.F.(2001). Organic electronics: Introduction, IBM, Res. and Dev. 45,
(1).
Syed, A. P.; Saraswathi, R. (2001). Junction Properties of Metal/Polypyrrole Schottky
Barriers. J. Applied Polymer Sci . 81, 2127-2135.

11. ‫ﺸﻭﺘﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﺜﻨﺎﺌﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬...........121
Syed, A. P. ; Saraswathi, R. (2000). Junction Properties of Metal/Polypyrrole Schottky
Barriers". Department of Materials Science, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai
625 021 , Tamilnadu , India.
Williams, R.H. ; Rhoderick, E.H. (1988). "Metal – Semiconductor Contacts ", 2nd. Edn. ,
Oxford University Press . New York , Toronto.
Wudyalew, W. (2007). Electrical Transport and The Schottky Effect In Organic
Nanoelectronic Materials and Devices. M.Sc thesis, New Mexico State University
Las Cruces, New Mexico.
yakuphanoglu, F. ; Aydin, M.; Arsu, N. ; Sekerci, M. (2004). "A Small-Molecule Organic
Semiconductor" .Фn3nka n TexHnka noлyΠpoBoДHnkoB,2004,TOM 38,BblΠ.4
Zubair, A. ; Muhammad, H. S. (2008). Investigation of the electronic properties of
(au/methyl – red/ag) surface type schottky diode by current – voltage method.
Proceedings of World Academy of Science , Engineering and Technology. 33, 2070
– 3740.