1. PANEL A r
•The IS schedule is steep, investment is LMo
relatively
interest inelastic
r1
•Less sensitive the investment is to interest
rate, more effective fiscal policy.
r0 ∆G= 1
• The horizontal distance of the shift in the (1-b)
schedule ∆G [1/ (1-b) ] meaning that the size
of the policy action as well as the
autonomous expenditure multiplier that the
simple Keynesian model as equal. ISo ISı
y
• When G rises, Y rises
 r must rises to keep the money market in y0 yı
equilibrium
 The rise in r causes investment to fall,
partially offsetting the expansionary effect of
the increase in G.
 Interest rate induced declined in I causes
income response given by the multiplier.
• Income rises by less than the horizontal
shift in IS

2. r
PANEL B
• Shows the effects of an increase in
government spending in the case of a LMo
relatively flat IS schedule.
• The increase in government spending shifts r1
∆G= 1
r0
the IS schedule from IS0 to IS1 (1-b)
• The horizontal distance of the shift in the
schedule ∆G [1/ (1-b) ] meaning that the size ISı
of the policy action as well as the autonomous ISo
y
expenditure multiplier that the simple y0 yı
Keynesian model as equal.
• This fiscal policy action is much less effective
in panel B, where the IS schedule is relatively
flat.
• Income in Panel B, increased less than
income Panel A because fiscal policy more
effective when IS steep(low interest elasticity).

3. r
ISo ISı
PANEL C LMo
•The case of the vertical IS schedule shown
that
r0
investment completely interest- insensitive.
•Increase in G r1 ∆G= 1
(1-b)
 interest rate rises but does not result in any
decline in investment.
Investment increases by full amount of the y
distance of horizontal shift in IS. yı y0
There is no crowding out of investment.
• The increase in government spending
causes the interest rate to rise, but this rise
does not result in investment.
• In conclusion, fiscal policy more effective
when IS steep(low interest elasticity)