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第9回名古屋CVPRML勉強会
  CVPR2011論文紹介
         @y2squared
自己紹介
• 山田寛(やまだゆたか)
 立命館大学 島田白井研究室 D3
 手の形状推定の研究やってます
 趣味:お菓子作り




 Japan CVもLT発表するのでよろしくお願いします
紹介する文献
• “2D nonrigid Partial Shape Matching Using
  MCMC and Contour Subdivision”
• 変形や隠蔽を含む場合の部分輪郭の対応付
  けを行う(赤線部分は対応付けを行わない)




     テンプレート        隠蔽なし       部分隠蔽あり
結果例
緑:テンプレート 青:入力形状 赤:対応関係
論文の概要
• 輪郭の相違度に回転、並進、スケール変換に頑
  健なProcrustes Distanceを利用
• 入力形状(輪郭の点列)Z1とテンプレートの点列
  Z2の対応関係を表現したMatching Matrix Mを
  導入し,P(M|Z1,Z2)を最大化するようなMを
  Markov Chain Monte Carlo(MCMC)で推定
• 以下の2点を表現するMの事前分布を導入
  – 部分隠蔽は連続的に起き易い
  – 入力とテンプレートの対応点は多い
• 最初に大まかな輪郭点の照合を行った後に対
  応点列を分割してより細かな照合を行う
輪郭の相違度
• (full) Procrustes Distance   d F (Z1 , Z 2 ) を利用
  – スケール,並進,回転に不変
  – スケールや座標系が揃うようにした上で対応点
    間の距離の和に応じて距離が決まる
  – 値域は[0:1]
部分輪郭の対応付けと相違度
                               ˆ ˆ
• Matching Matrix Mで表現される対応点 Z1 , Z 2
  だけを用いたProcrustes Distanceを利用

Z1のi番目の点とZ2のj番目の点が対応する場合M(i,j)=1
Z1のi番目の点の対応点がZ2にない場合M(i,m2+1)=1
     Z1(m1=6) Z2(m2=8) 対応するM
                          1   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0
                          0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   1
                                                           
                          0   1   0   0   0   0   0   0   0
                       M                                  
                          0   0   0   0   0   0   1   0   0
                          0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   1
                                                           
                          0
                              0   0   0   0   0   0   0   1
                                                            
Z1,Z2の対応付けの尤度
•                                 を利用して
    下式で定義


     : precision parameter
     : fixed parameter (  1)
Matching Matrixに求められる性質
テンプレート点列と類似した点を対応付ける
 – 尤度関数の値を大きくすることに対応


出来るだけ多くの点を対応付ける
隠蔽による輪郭は連続的に出現する
 – 事前分布でこれを反映させる
事前分布の導入
        事後分布∝尤度関数×事前分布
  p(M , | Z1, Z 2)  L(Z 2 | Z1, M , ,  )  p(M | a, b)

  p(M | a, b)  exp( a  GN  b  GL)
   1   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   ギャップ:対応がない1点
   0                               1
       0   0   0   0   0   0   0       もしくは対応がない点で
   0                               0
M 
        0   1   0   0   0   0   0
                                        連続している集まり
   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   1
   0   0   0   0   0   1   0   0   0   GN:ギャップ数
                                    
   0
       0   0   0   0   0   0   1   0
                                        GL:ギャップ長
MCMCによる推定


入力点列とテンプレート点列から,πを最大化す
  るM,τをMCMCで求める
M:Metropolis-Hastingアルゴリズムでサンプル
τ:Gibbsサンプリングでサンプル
Mの更新

1. テンプレートと対応点がある点か対応点が
   ない点どちらを更新するかを½の確率で選択
2. 対応点がある点(ない点)の中からランダム
   に更新をする点を選択
3. 対応点がある場合とない場合それぞれルー
   ルに従ってMの要素の更新を行う


  ( M , )   q( |  ) ってどんな関数?
                 *
Mのサンプリング(1/3)
• 入力点から½の確率で対応点/対応点が見つ
  からない点(赤or青)どちらを更新するか選択
• 赤(青)の点の中からランダムで更新する点
  を選択
• それぞれの場合のルールの従ってMを更新
                  1   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0
                  0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   1
                                                   
                  0   1   0   0   0   0   0   0   0
               M                                  
                  0   0   0   0   0   0   1   0   0
                  0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   1
                                                   
                  0
                      0   0   0   0   0   0   0   1
                                                    
Mのサンプリング(2/3)
• 対応点がない点を選択した場合



 対応付けできる候補点(j+1,j+2,j+3)からランダムに
 選択して対応付け




 対応付けできる候補点がないのでそのまま
Mのサンプリング(3/3)
• 対応点がある点を選択した場合



 ねじれを生じないような対応付けの変更ができない場合
 対応付けを外す




 対応付けを変更できる候補点(j+1,j+3)
 もしくは対応付けを外す
τのサンプリング
• 下式で新たなτをサンプリング
輪郭の分割
• 大局的には最適でも局所的に合っていない
  部分ができることもあるので全体のマッチン
  グ→点列を2分割して再帰的にマッチングスコ
  アを計算
実験
• 40カテゴリーのテンプレートとそれらにノイズ
  や他のテンプレートによるオクルージョンを付
  加し,1カテゴリあたり40枚の対応付け




• 比較対象:Shape-context,Elastic Matching,
  Smith-Watermanによる手法
結果(1/2) (提案法は青)
結果(2/2)
まとめ
• MCMCを使ってテンプレートの輪郭と入力の
  輪郭の部分マッチングを行った

• Shape-contextやElastic Matching,Smith-
  Watermanらの手法よりも良い性能が得られ
  た

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第9回名古屋Cvprml勉強会