1. During the last 30 years in Australia, there have been major changes in reforms and
unemployment increased during this period. These were distinct periods which saw
uneven trends of income and thus contributing in increase inequality in Australia.
The recent developments in these fields suggest that the Australia has basked on the
increased prosperity since 1990s and this has equally supported the economy of the

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Reforms in Australia since 1980s have been arguable and they seem to have annulled
the earlier social and economic policies. Reforms during this period were vested in
the material self interest and this materialistic culture is now what the current
pursuit is (Judt, 2010). The current reality of materialisation which seems natural
today that is obsession of wealth accumulation, the current existing craze of
privatization and continuously growing disparity among rich and poor, started from
1980s. McLean (2012) supports the argument as he says that Australia was
characterised by growth enhancing policies for economic instability, innovation and
institutional adaptability before 1980s but not since 1980s. Successive governments

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The situation got worse in between 1970s to 1990s, when the wages dipped,
unemployment increased and full-time employment population ratio of male dipped
by 25 percent. But after the 1990s, the effect of changed reforms became visible and
the previous scenario of unemployment reversed. Later years of 1990s became
golden age of Australia and it became one of the fastest growing and developing
economies in the world (Goot, 2013). These trends helped in increased and
enhanced living standard of the people in Australia. The trends of inequality in
Australia are driven by the distribution in earning. The distribution of income earned
is affected by inequality in rate of wages and more importantly on accessing to
earning and number of work hours. The increase in inequality during 1980s and

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All the above discussions suggest that since 1990s, when the reforms started
changing in Australia with the establishment of successive governments, inequality
grew in Australia. The privatization of government industries played an important
role in the process and the gap between earnings widened. So the change in reforms
in the later phases of 20th century, after 1980s can be regarded as the major reason

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Citizenship is actually the status of a person, which is recognised under the law and
duties bestowed by the nation to the individual which allows him/her to carry out
and abide by the duties of the citizenship. Citizenship can be described in many
ways, as in liberal view, it is seen as legal status which is based on the nationality of a
person and bestows certain legal rights related to that place (Marshall & Bottomore,
1992). In republican view, citizenship gives people right to vote and also the right of

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Citizenship includes basically three rights, which are social, political and civil rights.
Civil right includes the freedom of faith, speech and thought, while political right
includes freedom to participate in voting. Social right gives a whole range of
freedom, starting from share of economic welfare for living in a civilised society
(Marshall, 1992). Citizenship involves identity and is not only limited to it but the
citizens should be ready for sacrifice as well in favour of their community (Calhoun,
2007). Citizenship and human rights are closely knitted (Nash, 2000). There is a
strong argument in this regard as Benhabib (2004) argues that, citizenship is now
gradually becoming cosmopolitan, especially in Europe. She argues that this nature
of citizenship is due to the globalisation of human rights. There is a development of

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The legalisation of human rights is increasing and these are transforming the
international laws. But there is an uneven distribution of human rights and mostly in
the cases where it is most needed. Mostly it is seen in cases of security and
immigration context of unpopular minorities. It is often seen in the analysis of
human rights and citizenship in Europe, there is a development in statuses produced
out of the interaction of human rights and citizenship (Nash, 2000). The differences
between citizens and non-citizens have become far more complex. Currently existing
cosmopolitan citizenship is characterised on the status group’s proliferation. There

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When we look at the actual aspect of human rights, it is supposed to provide equal
status to citizens as well as to non-citizens across all the states. Equal status in terms
of both civil rights and economic and social right together, is the most important
criteria for correct distribution of human rights. But there is a clear difference in the
current status of Europe and U.S. Civil rights in terms of equality in front of laws are
quite established in Europe and US, but when we talk about social and economic

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Feminization of labour means the increasing participation of female workforce in
workplace and its actual effect on the gender composition in terms of occupation
(Jensen, Hagen and Reddy, 1988). The role of women has changed since their
participation in the workforce and it has also changed the social way of thinking
about the role of women in society.

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The continuation of women entering the labour market has contributed in their
increased percentage in workforce participation as. The department of labour,
United States (1995) suggests that by the end of 2005, the participation of women
workers will be 47 percent of the total workforce in United States. Feminization
of labour is not only limited to the quantitative increase in the female
participation in the workforce, rather it also underlines the qualitative aspect of
the process (Morini, 2007). The participation of women in workforce has not only
increased in recent times, but their participation in earlier considered male
dominated workforce has also increased significantly. The analysis of the figures
support these statements as there was 3 percent of constitution of women as
lawyers in 1960, which increased to more than 20 percent by 1988 similarly their

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The analysis of these stats gives a clear picture that the participation of women in
previously male dominated occupation has increased and this provide them with
better chances of parity as their representation in the workforce as a whole. But
there is a question which need be answered as whether a particular line of work
becomes feminized, when the compensation and wages start declining. It is often
characterised by the flight of men from the workforce and increased participation of
women, which further eats away its pay and status (Reskin and Roos, 1990). These
include occupational institutions like teachers, pharmacists, book editors, bank
tellers and many more. But there are strong chances that the increasing numbers of

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So, it is quite clear from above discussions that the presence of women in all
important sectors of occupation cannot be neglected and the day by day growing
numbers are set to increase the status quotient of women in workforce. There are
some aspects like lesser pay and hours of work, which make a little concern but with
the constantly increasing participation of women in the workforce, companies will be