IEEE Communications Magazine • March 201444 0163-680414$25.0.docx

IEEE Communications Magazine • March 201444 0163-
6804/14/$25.00 © 2014 IEEE
INTRODUCTION
The East Japan Great Earthquake on March 11,
2011 caused severe damage across the wide area
of Northern Japan. A massive 9.0 earthquake
destroyed a huge number of buildings and enor-
mous amounts of equipment, and the devastat-
ing tsunami, more than 15 m , swept over cities,
towns, villages, and coastal residential areas in
the northern part of the country, as shown in
Fig. 1. This tragedy shocked the world, and the
numbers of about 15,841 dead and 3490 missing
persons are still increasing today [1].
Many Japanese coastal residential areas were
also geologically isolated [2]. The communica-
tion networks such as Internet, cellular phones,
and fixed phones could not be used after the
huge shakes. Furthermore, there was a
widespread blackout over northern and central
Japan [3, 4]. The loss of the ability to transmit
disaster information caused delay in rescuing vic-
tims, conducting people to shelters, confirming
safe resident evacuation and urgent medical
treatment just after the disaster. In order to
quickly recover the information infrastructure of
several local government offices and evaluation
offices in the disaster areas, our disaster volun-
teer team, which was made up of our network

research laboratory students at Iwate Prefectural
University, went out to the disaster area.
Through the our recovery activity, we were able
to find serious problems with the information
network and system in the coastal areas, and we
learned that a new robust and resilient commu-
nications method was strongly required to trans-
port significant information even when severe
disasters occur.
In the following, the scale of the Great East
Japan Earthquake is explained. Next, our disas-
ter information network recovery activities in
several of the disaster areas are shown. Then,
through a posteriori investigation in the disaster
areas, the problems of information network
methods in disasters are precisely discussed.
After that, effective means of communication
during disasters are discussed.
EAST JAPAN GREAT EARTHQUAKE
AND TSUNAMI
In the history of of major earthquakes in world
history, the Great East Japan Earthquake was
the fourth largest earthquake, following the
Great Chile Earthquake in 1960 (M9.5), Great
Alaskan Earthquake in 1964 (M9.2), and Indian
Ocean Earthquake and Tsunami in 2004 (M9.1)
[5], as summarized in Table 1. Moreover, this
large-scale earthquake also brought serious sec-
ondary disasters such as blackout, fire, nuclear
crisis, and electrical power supply failure.
The disabling of information network systems
also brought many serious problems over a wide

area of Japan, such as the isolation of damaged
cities, lack of communication means, and delay
of rescue. Compared to recent historical severe
earthquakes in Japan, such as the Hanshin-Awaji
Great Earthquake in 1995 and Chuetsu Earth-
ABSTRACT
Recently serious natural disasters such as
earthquakes, tsunamis, typhoons, and hurricanes
have occurred at many places around the world.
The East Japan Great Earthquake on March 11,
2011 had more than 19,000 victims and destroyed
a huge number of houses, buildings, loads, and
seaports over the wide area of Northern Japan.
Information networks and systems and electric
power lines were also severely damaged by the
great tsunami. Functions such as the highly
developed information society, and residents’
safety and trust were completely lost. Thus,
through the lessons from this great earthquake,
a more robust and resilient information network
has become one of the significant subjects. In
this article, our information network recovery
activity in the aftermath of the East Japan Great
Earthquake is described. Then the problems of
current information network systems are ana-
lyzed to improve our disaster information net-
work and system through our network recovery
activity. Finally we suggest the systems and func-
tions required for future large-scale disasters.
LESSONS OF THE GREAT EAST JAPAN EARTHQUAKE
Yoshitaka Shibata, Iwate Prefectural University

Noriki Uchida, Saitama Institute of Technology
Norio Shiratori, Waseda University
Analysis of and Proposal for a Disaster
Information Network from Experience
of the Great East Japan Earthquake
SHIBATA_LAYOUT_Layout 3/4/14 11:12 AM Page 44
IEEE Communications Magazine • March 2014 45
quake in 2004, there were many different prob-
lems because lifestyles have been dramatically
changed by the recent highly developed informa-
tion society. Since cellular phone services have
greatly increased over one decade, the damage
and congestion of cellular phones caused serious
problems for rescue activity, resident safety con-
firmation, food distribution, and medical treat-
ment. The lack of disaster information is
considered a main reason for these delayed
activities. Moreover, the lack of fuel and elec-
tricity also caused the delay of rescue and sup-
port activities for the evacuators.
INFORMATION NETWORK
RECOVERY ACTIVITY
The authors’ volunteer team was organized
mainly by the graduate and undergraduate stu-
dents in our research laboratory of Iwate Prefec-
tural University for supporting evacuated local
governmental offices and residents in the coastal

areas just after the disaster in order to recover
information networks and support residential
lives in the evacuation shelters. They were well
trained for reconstructing information networks,
and setting client PCs and server systems to con-
nect to the Internet using wired and wireless
LANs, mobile 3G routers, and satellite IP net-
work devices as shown in Fig. 2.
Even after a week after the earthquake, there
was still less information on the coastal side of
Iwate prefecture at that time. Tragic tsunami
news were aired repeatedly, but there was a lack
of information about many residential lives and
damage in the area because phone, Internet, or
email communication could not perform their
functions in the coastal cities.
In our volunteers’ activities, many problems
had to be overcome to reach the severely dam-
aged area. First of all, it was difficult to obtain
gas for our truck. A lack of fuel, including gas
and heating oil, had spread throughout northern
and middle Japan, and the lines of cars waiting
for gas became over 3 km long around our uni-
versity. Thus, we spent one week obtaining fuel
for our truck to go out to the disaster areas.
Second, sudden lower temperature froze
mountain roads. Our university is located in the
middle of Iwate prefecture, and it is about 100
km away from the coast. However, our truck had
to cross over a mountain pass to get there, and
the frozen road made it very difficult for many
rescue vehicles to reach the disaster areas. Thus,
the lack of gas and frozen roads delayed our res-

cue activities on the coast.
One week after the disaster, our volunteers
could reach Miyako city, to participate in the
activities conducted by the self-defense force at
the tragic disaster scene. Our volunteer members
could quickly recover the information network
infrastructure in the local government offices
and evacuation shelters in various cities. Particu-
larly, our laboratory students could work well on
setting up network devices and servers to con-
nect to the Internet in the tragic disaster scene,
although some of our students suffered from
post traumatic stress disorder after going back
home.
Through the recovery activities, we found and
encountered many problems with information
network infrastructure in disaster areas. The
main problems of our network relief activities in
disaster areas are:
• Fuel shortage for cars delayed the rescue
activity.
• Electricity power supply and batteries for
information network systems were damaged.
• Network devices and servers were damaged.
• Wired networks were completely discon-
nected.
• The cellular phone system was damaged
and congested.
• The Government Disaster Radio System

broke down
Figure 1. The East Japan Great Earthquake in Iwate Prefecture,
Japan.
Table 1. Large-scale earthquakes in the world.
Year Disaster Magnitude Fatalities
1960 Great Chile Earthquake in 1960 9.5 2231
1964 Great Alaskan Earthquake 9.2 131
2004
2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake
and Tsunami (off the west coast
of northern Sumatra)
9.1 220,000~
2011 Japan Earthquake and Tsunami 9.0
Dead 15,841
Missing 3490
(12 21, 2011)
1952 Kamchatka Earthquake 9.0 0
2010 Great Chile Earthquake in 2010 8.8 525
1906 Ecuador-Colombia Earthquake 8.8 1000
1965 Rat Islands Earthquake, Alaska 8.7 0
2005
2005 Sumatra Earthquake,
Indonesia

8.6 1346
IEEE Communications Magazine • March 201446
• TV broadcasting could not be watched.
• Resident safety information and disaster
information were reported only by hand-
written papers at many evacuation shelters.
These problems should be precisely investi-
gated and analyzed to improve the current disas-
ter information system.
PROBLEMS OF INFORMATION
NETWORK MEANS ON DISASTER
T h e E a s t J a p a n G r e a t E a r t h q u a k e c a u s e d
many problems such as rescue, food distribu-
tion, and evacuation responses. Malfunction
of information network systems was a part of
major problems after the earthquake. In par-
ticular, the lack of disaster information such
as the safety of evaluated residents, damage
scale and degree of houses, buildings, lands,
roads, bridges, seaports, and so on brought
much confusion to various activities. Table 2
is a summary of various information networks
and their functional conditions in Iwate Pre-
fecture obtained through our network recov-
ery activities.

CELLULAR PHONES
O n e o f t h e m a i n p r o b l e m s o f i n f o r m a t i o n
network systems was traffic congestion due to
t h e r a p i d t r a f f i c g e n e r a t i o n o f t h e c e l l u l
a r
phone system. According to the Ministry of
I n t e r n a l A f f a i r s a n d C o m m u n i c a t i o n , t h e
numbers of call requests on cellular phones
just after the earthquake were more than 10
times larger than the usual case, and the max-
imum call control ratio of voice communica-
tion went up to 95 percent, which means that
only one person out of 20 people could use
phone service [6].
I n t h e n o r t h e r n p a r t o f J a p a n , h e a v i l y
damaged by the earthquake, the congestion
i n t h e c e l l u l a r p h o n e s y s t e m w a s s e v e r e l
y
heavy. The numbers of call requests went to
about eight times larger than the usual case,
a n d t h e m a x i m u m c o n g e s t i o n t i m e w a s
a b o u t 3 0 m i n j u s t a f t e r t h e e a r t h q u a k e a s
shown in Fig. 3.
Thus, cellular phone services were not avail-
able for a long time after the earthquake and
caused serious communication problems in a
wide area of Japan. As a result, not only the
damage of network devices but also the conges-
tion of cellular phones are considered as the rea-
sons the serious lack of disaster information,
such as about rescues, evacuation shelter, and
safety information occurred.

Moreover, in the disaster area such as the
coastal area of Iwate prefecture, many wired
networks and servers of the telecommunication
companies were broken down by the huge tsuna-
mi. Therefore, fixed phone, broadband Internet
services, and even the local government network
system were out of service. The public web ser-
vices and email systems in the Iwate prefectural
office as the countermeasures headquarters were
also down. This failure caused serious informat-
ics isolation of the coastal cities in Iwate prefec-
ture.
SATELLITE IP NETWORK
On the other hand, some information network
s y s t e m s w e r e c o n s i d e r e d u s e f u l i n d i s a s t
e r
areas. In our network recovery activities on the
coast of Iwate prefecture, satellite systems for
Internet such as IPSTAR and wireless LANs
functioned well for reactivating the network
communication systems. Although there were
problems with lack of electricity, both systems
were used to quickly reactivate in some evacu-
ation shelters and disaster countermeasure
headquarters.
WIRELESS LANS
Although a satellite system does not have higher
speed than a broadband network service such as
fiber to the home (FTTH), the main traffic on
the Internet under the emergency situation
information was text-based contents such as
email, web-based resident safety information,
and social network systems (SNS). Therefore, a

satellite system was practically useful even in
such an emergency situation because this system
could be used anywhere, even disaster areas,
with portable power supply. Wireless LAN also
worked practically for temporal network recon-
Figure 2. Network recovery by Iwate Prefectural University
students.
Figure 3. The numbers of calls by cellular phone on March 11,
2011 in North-
ern Japan.
9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00
19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00
struction since the inside of public buildings such
as local governmental offices were damaged by
the disaster.
RADIO BROADCASTING
Radio broadcasting, especially local community
FM broadcasting, was very useful. Since most
of the evacuation shelters and offices did not
have electricity just after disaster, radio broad-
casting was the only way to obtain local disaster
information. Community FM stations could
broadcast the required information specific for
the evacuators in the disaster areas such as resi-
dential safety information of families, medical
and hospital information, food distribution
information, and local administrative informa-

tion, while major radio stations broadcasted
more general disaster information such as life-
line information and transportation information
in the wide areas.
INTERNET
Th e I n t e r n e t w a s u s e d i n v a r i o u s w a y s f o r
m a n y a c t i v i t i e s i n t h e G r e a t E a s t J a p a n
Earthquake. Although the Internet utiliza-
tion rate was 74.7 percent before the earth-
q u a k e i n n o r t h e r n J a p a n , t h e r a t e g r e a t l y
decreased to about 20 percent just after the
earthquake. This was because many Internet
services in Northern Japan were unavailable
d u e t o t h e d a m a g e a n d c o n g e s t i o n o f t h e
i n f o r m a t i o n n e t w o r k s . T h e n i t t o o k a b o u t
from one to two weeks to reactivate temporal
network services around Morioka, Iwate pre-
fecture, Japan.
S i n c e m o s t o f t h e t e m p o r a r y h o u s e s f o r
evacuators were located on the mountainside,
Internet services were not originally provided.
Therefore, temporal communication cabling
w a s n e e d e d t o c o n s t r u c t n e t w o r k i n f r a -
structure for the area. There were many tem-
poral housing areas where Internet service by
wired networks such as FTTH were not avail-
able even after several months. However, a
s a t e l l i t e n e t w o r k a n d f i x e d w i r e l e s s a c c e
s s
(FWA) were installed for those areas support-
e d b y t h e M i n i s t r y o f I n t e r n a l A f f a i r s a n
d
Communications.

LOCAL GOVERNMENT OFFICE NETWORKS
The Iwate Information Highway, which was a
wired backbone information infrastructure in
Iwate prefecture and connected all of the local
government offices in the cities, towns, and
villages in Iwate prefecture, was severely dam-
aged by the earthquake. The local government
office networks of the cities and towns in the
coastal areas were also completely damaged by
t h e t s u n a m i . T h e y r e c o n s t r u c t e d t e m p o r a
l
LANs to communicate with the countermea-
sure headquarters in the prefectural office and
i n s i d e o r g a n i z a t i o n s s u c h a s f i r e s t a t i o n
s ,
s c h o o l s , h o s p i t a l s , a n d r o a d s u r v e i l l a n c
e
o f f i c e s . M o r e o v e r , s i n c e m o s t i n f o r m a t i
o n
servers of the local governments were dam-
aged, disaster information was not available to
the residents of Iwate prefecture. Therefore,
they used the Internet to share disaster infor-
m a t i o n t h r o u g h b l o g s a n d S N S a c o u p l e o f
days after the earthquake.
MEDICAL AND
DISASTER VOLUNTEERS NETWORKS
Medical organizations also used the Internet for
temporal communication between local and cen-
tral hospitals. Not only evacuation shelters. but
also all local hospitals and central hospitals were
disconnected from communication in Iwate pre-
fecture just after the earthquake; then temporal
LANs were quickly constructed between shel-

ters, local hospitals, and central hospitals to
enable use of the Internet.
Disaster volunteers used the Internet as the
communication means for their various activi-
ties. They shared disaster information by SNS,
disclosing the evacuated residents lists on each
evacuation shelter by web broadcasts and con-
firming road conditions by a GIS map. Com-
pared to the case of other previous Japanese
earthquakes, there were many new trials using
the Internet by the disaster volunteers on the
earthquake. Because of the recent developments
in information and communication technology
such as smart phones, tablet terminals, wireless
broadband services, web services, and SNS, were
well functional. Thus, the Internet is expected to
perform more important role as communication
tools not only in normal state but also in emer-
gent state.
Table 2. Large-scale earthquakes in the world.
System Conditions Details
Radio broadcasting ○
Local community FM stations
functioned particularly well.
TV broadcasting ×
Cannot be watched due to
widespread blackout.
Fixed phone ×

Line disconnection and damaged
central office and remote
electronics
Cellular phone (voice) ×
Traffic congestion and damaged
base stations
Internet (wired, wireless,
Worked depending on communi-
cation lines
Local government
information supper
highway
×
Line disconnection, power supply
failure, and damaged network
devices
LANs in local government
office ×
Line disconnection and damaged
network devices.
Local government radio
Damaged base stations and relay
stations
Personal analog radio

communication ○
Worked well between licensed
users
WLAN and FWA ○
Quickly recovered information
infrastructure after disaster
Satellite IP system
(Internet) ○
Quickly recovered information
infrastructure after disaster
EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATIONS
MEANS IN A DISASTER
A l t h o u g h t h e r e h a v e b e e n m a n y p r o b l e m s
regarding the information network and system
by the Great East Japan Earthquake, some
communication means could effectively work
i n p r a c t i c e t o r e a c t i v a t e t h e t e m p o r a l n e t
-
work. This could be important for future stud-
ies of disaster information systems. The main
useful network systems through our network
recovery activities in Iwate prefecture are the
following.
• The satellite IP system (IPSTAR) quickly

recovered Internet communication in many
disaster areas.
• A 3G router and a wireless network
(IEEE802.11 b/g/n) were used for many
governmental offices and evacuation shel-
ters in temporal regions.
• A wireless network (IEEE802.11 b/g/j/n)
could be used for covering the disaster area
quickly.
• A satellite phone system was fully used
(each local city government possessed two
phones).
• A cognitive wireless router by NiCT was
useful in the many shelters [5].
• Twitter, blogs, and SNS were practical for
realtime information sharing such as gas
station, transportation, foods, and ATM
information.
The authors’ volunteer team also used Twit-
ter for sharing disaster information about Tak-
izawa village in which our university is located,
and Morioka city, which is the capital city in
Iwate prefecture.
Through our Twitter services, we realized
that electricity, fuel, food, and public trans-
portation information as well as disaster infor-
mation were strongly required for the residents.
Thus, since most of the communication means

were unavailable for a couple of weeks, the role
of Internet usage was important for communi-
cating and sharing disaster information in Iwate
Prefecture.
REQUIRED SYSTEMS AND FUNCTIONS
FOR FUTURE LARGE-SCALE DISASTERS
CONNECTIVITY REQUIREMENTS FOR DISASTERS
Through our disaster recovery experience, we
learned that network connectivity is very impor-
tant, even though network conditions were worse
than usual. Under the network conditions just
after a large disaster, email and Twitter by send-
ing small numbers of packets were very helpful
and could reduce total network traffic. Besides,
initial disaster information such as resident safe-
ty and evacuation place information mainly con-
sisted of small text contents.
Figure 4 shows the network conditions just
after the disaster at Iwate Prefectural Universi-
ty. The network conditions were measured by
i s s u i n g P i n g p a c k e t s w i t h 6 4 b y t e s t o
www.google.com every hour. The horizontal axis
presents the total elapsed hours just after the
first earthquake, and the vertical axis presents
round-trip time (RTT) in milliseconds and pack-
et error rate (PER) by percentage. Just after the
e a r t h q u a k e , n e t w o r k c o n d i t i o n s b e c a m e
extremely worse, 100–150 ms RTT and 20–50
p e r c e n t i n P E R c o m p a r e d w i t h 2 0 m s a n d
a l m o s t 0 p e r c e n t u n d e r n o r m a l c o n d i t i o n s
.
Then, about 15 hours later, network conditions
became even worse. This is because network

access had been increased from early morning
in order to get disaster information on the web.
However, email and Twitter services could bare-
ly be used during this period, and it was very
helpful to collect and send disaster information.
Eventually, the electricity in Takizawa village
w a s r e c o v e r e d , a n d t h e n e t w o r k c o n d i t i o
n s
returned to normal.
Through observing the network conditions,
network connectivity is the most important for a
disaster information system even with smaller
throughput and larger delay. That is, data con-
nection should be kept robust, as shown in Fig.
5. In this figure, the wired network is easily
affected by disaster. The wireless network and
cognitive wireless network (CWN) are stronger
than the wired network, but are disconnected as
the scale of the disaster grows. On the other
hand, the never die network (NDN), explained
in the next section, can maintain robust data
connection even if the scale of the disaster is
quite huge.
For the proposed network, it is necessary to
provide minimal data transmission for text data
transmission, such as email or web services, even
after disasters.
REQUIRED RESILIENT NETWORK FOR DISASTER
By considering the above analysis, we propose a
resilient disaster network, the NDN, for Japan
because 70 percent of Japan land is active moun-
tains, and Japan surrounded by large oceans.
The NDN mainly consists of self-powered fixed

wireless network stations, cognitive mobile sta-
tions, and wireless balloon stations, as shown in
Fig. 6.
Furthermore, the fixed wireless network sta-
tions are constructed by cognitive wireless LANs
such as mobile 3G routers, IEEE 802.11b,g,n,j,
IEEE802.16, and a satellite IP network including
Figure 4. Network conditions in IPU under disaster.
Time (total hours)
20
50
N
u
m
b
er
s
0
100
150
200
250
0 40 60 80 100 120

RTT
PER
self-power, such as a combination of solar pan-
els, wind turbines, and fuel batteries to generate
electricity without time limitations.
The cognitive wireless network units are con-
trolled by a software defined network (SDN) to
be able to select the best wireless path and route
depending on changes in the network communi-
cation environment, such as electric power den-
sity, throughput, delay, jitter, and packet loss
rate, by disaster. Even though the worst case
occurred where the conventional power supply
and all the wireless LANs and 3G networks are
damaged, a satellite IP network could reliably
work and connect to the Internet. The fixed
wireless network stations are usually installed on
the roofs of local government offices and disas-
ter headquarters, and work as central base sta-
tions to cognitive mobile stations and wireless
balloon stations.
The cognitive mobile stations also consist of
different wireless LANs, 3G routers, and satel-
lite IP networks, and are used to provide com-
munication between mobile stations or mobile
station and the fixed wireless network station in

the disaster area. In order to cover a wide com-
munication area, SDN-based ad hoc and multi-
hop functions are supported, and their antenna
directions are dynamically controlled to maxi-
mize the electric power density using GPS data.
The electric power for those network devices is
supplied from the power generator on its car.
Using the cognitive mobile station, the disaster
information can be collected in the disaster area
and transmitted to the disaster headquarters in
real time.
A wireless balloon network station is used
in areas where cognitive mobile stations cannot
pass or villages are geologically isolated by the
disaster. In order to cover a wide communica-
tion area, SDN-based cognitive wireless sta-
tions with several LANs are also attached to an
oval shaped balloon to reduce the influence of
the wind and launched about 40–100 m high in
the sky. In addition, a cognitive wireless bal-
loon station has an auto configuration function
to horizontally and automatically connect to
other wireless balloons based on the power sig-
nal density. Therefore, by launching multiple
ballooned wireless network nodes, a horizontal
ad hoc network is automatically organized in
minimum spanning tree configurations depend-
ing on each power signal density in the sky.
T h u s , q u i c k c o m m u n i c a t i o n n e t w o r k i n f r
a -
structure in a disaster area can be realized and
connected to a fixed wireless network station.
Eventually, the local governmental officers in
the disaster area can access the local govern-
ment headquarters, and the residents under

the wireless balloon network can access the
Internet.
By combining these three different stations,
the information network infrastructure in a
seriously damaged area can be recovered quick-
ly and reliably even when the electric power
supply and wired network are completely and
severely damaged. Thus, the residents can com-
municate with each other using smartphones
and tablet terminals, and local government offi-
cers can collect, send, and share the disaster
information.
CONCLUSIONS
In this article, we describe the scale and charac-
teristics of the East Japan Great Earthquake and
Tsunami. We analyze the state of the informa-
tion network and systems in the disaster areas
through our information network recovery activi-
ty in the coastal areas just after the disaster. We
found both the weakness of the current informa-
tion networks, particularly wired networks, fixed
and cellular phone networks, and the govern-
mental information highways, and the usefulness
of satellite networks and WLANs. It is clear that
the connectivity of the information network is
the most important for residents who evacuate
to preserve their security and trust even though
some of the information network and systems
are damaged. Therefore, as we suggest in this
article, disaster information networks in the near
future should be constructed by combining wired,
wireless, and satellite networks to realize a
never-die-network environment in both normal
and urgent cases.

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Figure 5. Supported system failure by scale of disaster.
NDN
Wireless
Wired
Scale of disaster
C
o
n
n
ec
ti
vi
ty
Robust

connection
CWN
Figure 6. Never die network.
Satellite
Disaster
headquarters
Fire
stationMobile nodeResidence
Relay
station
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[7] Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communication, “About
How to Secure Communication Systems on Emergent
Affair Such as a Large Scale Disaster,”
http://www.soumu.go.jp/main_sosiki/kenkyu/saigai
/index.html.
[8] NICT, “Construction of Cognitive Wireless Router in Dis-
aster Area,” http://www.nict.go.jp/press/2011/04/13-
1.html.

[9] Japan Meteorological Agency, “Report of Past Great
Earthquake around Japan,” http://www.seisvol.kishou.
go.jp/eq/higai/higai1996-new.html.
[10] T. Takano, “Overview of the 2011 East Japan Earth-
quake Disaster,” The 2011 East Japan Earthquake Bul-
letin of the Tohoku Geographical Association, 9 April,
2011, http://wwwsoc.nii.ac.jp/tga/disaster/articles/e-con-
tents7.html.
BIOGRAPHIES
YOSHITAKA SHIBATA [M] ([email protected]) received
his Ph.D. in computer science from the University of Cal-
ifornia, Los Angeles (UCLA) in 1985. From 1985 to 1989,
h e w a s a r e s e a r c h m e m b e r a t B e l l C o m m u n
i c a t i o n
Research (former AT&T Bell Laboratory), U.S.A., where
he was working in the area of high-speed information
network and protocol design for multimedia information
services. From 1989 to 1998, he was with the Informa-
tion and Computer Science Department at Toyo Univer-
s i t y , J a p a n , a s a p r o f e s s o r , w h e r e h e c o n
d u c t s a n
intelligent multimedia network laboratory. Since 1998,

he is working at Iwate Prefectural University, Japan, as
an executive director of the Media Center and a profes-
sor of the Faculty of Software and Information Science
in the same university. His research interests include dis-
aster information networks, resilient networks, wireless
ad hoc networks, cognitive wireless networks, and new
generation networks. He is a member of ACM, the Infor-
mation Processing Society of Japan (IPSJ), and the Insti-
tute of Electronic and Communication Engineering in
Japan (IEICE).
NORIKI UCHIDA [M] received his B.S. degree from the
Univer-
sity of Tennessee in 1994, his M.S. degree in software and
information science from Iwate Prefectural University in
2003, and a Ph.D. from the same university in 2011. Cur-
rently he is an associate professor at the Saitama Institute
of Technology. His research interests include cognitive
wireless networks, QoS, and heterogeneous networks. He is
a member of IPSJ and IEICE.
NORIO SHIRATORI [F] is currently a professor at the Graduate
School of Global Information and Telecommunication Stud-
ies, Waseda University, Tokyo. He is a Professor Emeritus
and visiting professor of Tohoku University, Sendai. He is

also a board member of Hakodate Future University. He is
a fellow of the Japan Foundation of Engineering Societies
(JFES), IPSJ, and IEICE. He was President of IPSJ
(2009–2011), Chair of the IEEE Sendai Section (2010-2011),
and Vice Chair of the IEEE Japan Council (2013–2014). He
has received a Science and Technology Award (Research
Division from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports,
Science and Technology-Japan) in 2009, an Honorary Mem-
ber in 2012, IPSJ Honorary Member in 2013, and many
others.
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