FROM WORLD COLLECTION REPORT

2. DENGUE FEVER
THE PRESENT DAY
HEALTH PROBLEM IN
PAKISTAN

3. CONTENTS
1. What is dengue fever?
2. Causes
3. How the Ades transmit the
disease
4. Symptoms of dengue fever
5. Prevention of dengue fever
6. Treatement of Dengue fever
7. Measures by College
Administration

4. What is Dengue Fever?
Dengue Fever also known
as Break bone Fever is an
illness caused by an
infection with a virus
(Flavivirus) transmitted
by the mosquitoe Ades
aegypti and rarely by
Ades albopictus.

5. How Does
it
Look Like?

6. One distinct physical feature is
Black and white stripes on its
body and legs

7. ADES AEGYPTI

8. ADES ALBOPICTUS

9.  Only the female Ades mosquitoe feeds on
blood
 Male mosquito feeds on plant nectar .
 On average, a female Ades mosquito. can
lay about 300 eggs during her life span of 14
- 21 days.

10. BITES IN DAY LIGHT USUALLY
AT DAWN AND DUSK

11. LAYS ITS EGGS IN CLEAN
AND STAGNANT WATER.

12. Spread by mosquitoes that
thrive in and near human
lodgings.
When mosquito bites an
infected person , the virus
enters the mosquito.
CAUSED BY DENGUE FEVER VIRUS

13. When infected
mosquito bites
another person, the
virus enters that
person’s blood.
Risk increases with
second, third or
fourth onset.

14. SYMPTOMS OF DENGUE FEVER
 Fever
Headaches
Pain in Muscles & Joints
Skin Rash
Vomiting
Low Platelets count
Bleeding From gums or nose
Pain behind the eyes

15. Severe abdominal pain.
Blood in urine, stools or
vomit.
Bleeding under the skin
which might look like
burning.
Cold or clammy ( wet and
cold) skin.
Fatigue.

16. Irritability or restlessness.
If severe, dengue fever can
damage the lungs, lever or
heart. Blood pressure can
drop to dangerous levels
causing shock and in some
cases death.

17. Symptoms of Dengue Fever

18. PREVENTION OF DENGUE FEVER
1)- Personal prevention
Use of repellents
Mosquito nets
Cover exposed area of
your skin
Avoiding Endemic areas

19. 2)- Prevent Ades
from breeding
This can be done
by removing
stagnant water

20. Treatment of Dengue Fever
Take extra fluid.
Take Rest
Avoid Aspirin & Non
steroidal anti inflammtory
drugs
Monitor Blood Pressure,
Platelet count & Level of
Consciousness

21. Eat papayas or drink a glass
of papaya juice with a little
lemon juice 2 or 3 times
daily.
Can also extract juice of
papaya leaves without the
stalk. Drink 2 tsp 2 times a
day.
PAPAYA

22. In case of severe
bleeding provide fresh
blood to the patient
Give platelet rich
plasma transfusion,
when platelet counts
are below 20,000 is
dangerous.

23. Carryout frequent fumigation.
Make sure there is no stagnant
water. Keep all the drains dry.
Keep all the wire gauze doors
locked and tightly sealed.
Keep all bathrooms/toilets dry.
MEASURES BY THE COLLEGE
ADMINISTRATION

24. Ensure use of oil repellant by
the Cadets.
College SMO to closely
monitor all Cadets having
dengue fever symptoms.
Isolate all cases of fever from
other Cadets.
Ensure that Cadets do not
leave any part of the body
exposed.

25. Report immediately to the doctor
on appearance of the symptoms.
Keep mess kitchens tightly
sealed.
Look for such mosquitoes in
flower pots, tree, holes, roof tops,
tyres, drains etc.
Any other measure to prevent the
onset and spread of dengue fever.

29. LARVA STAGE

30. PUPA STAGE

37. CHEMICAL CONTROLL
 Larvicides may be used to kill immature aquatic
stages .
 Through fumigation against adult mosquitoes.

40. Can dengue fever be cured?
Is dengue fever contagious?
Is dengue a high risk fever?
How long does it take to recover?
What are the bite timings?
 What is a platelet? Normal Count &
When does it become dangerous?
Who are more exposed?
What to do?
SOME QUESTIONS

41. What is dengue fever?
Dengue is a disease caused by any
one of four closely related viruses
(DENV 1, DENV 2, DENV 3, or DENV
4). The incubation period of dengue
fever normally ranges from three to
four days. It is estimated that there
are over 100 million cases of
dengue worldwide each year.
QUESTIONS & SOLUTIONS

42. What is dengue hemorrhagic
fever (DHF)?
DHF is a more severe form of
dengue infection. It can be
fatal if unrecognized and not
properly treated in a timely
manner. DHF is caused by
infection with the same
viruses that cause dengue
fever. With good medical
management, mortality due
to DHF can be less than 1%.

43. How are dengue and dengue
hemorrhagic fever (DHF) spread?
Dengue is transmitted to people by the
bite of an Aedes aegypti mosquito (or,
more rarely, the Aedes albopictus)
mosquito. The mosquito becomes
infected when it takes the blood of a
person infected with the virus. After
about one week, the mosquito can then
transmit the virus while biting a healthy
person. Dengue cannot be spread
directly from person to person.

44. What are the symptoms of dengue fever and
dengue hemorrhagic fever?
Dengue fever is characterized by the sudden
onset of fever, (which can last up to 7 days)
and is accompanied by intense headache,
body aches, joint pains, loss of appetite,
nausea, vomiting and the development of skin
rashes. A blood test will often show low
platelets. Dengue hemorrhagic fever presents
similarly to dengue fever but is associated
with more bleeding problems (e.g. gum
bleeding, nose bleeding and bleeding into
internal organs) along with evidence of
plasma leakage (indicated by a low platelet
count).

45. What is the treatment for dengue?
There is no specific medication
for treatment of a dengue
infection. Persons who think
they have dengue should rest,
drink plenty of fluids, and
consult a physician. If their
condition worsens (e.g., if they
develop vomiting and severe
abdominal pain) in the first 24
hours after the fever declines,
they should immediately seek
treatment

46. Is there an effective treatment for
dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF)?
As with dengue fever, there
is no cure for DHF. It can
however be effectively
treated by fluid replacement
therapy if an early clinical
diagnosis is made. DHF
management frequently
requires hospitalization.

47. Does being previously infected by
the dengue virus provide immunity?
Only in a limited sense.
There are four strains of
dengue virus. Infection with
one strain will provide
protection against only that
particular strain. Future
infection by other strains is
possible.

48. Can dengue fever or dengue
hemorrhagic fever lead to death?
Yes. Death can occur in
a small minority of
persons especially if
the infection is not
recognized early or
early treatment is not
sought.

49. Where can outbreaks of
dengue occur?
Outbreaks of dengue occur
primarily in areas where Aedes
mosquitoes live. This includes
most tropical urban areas of the
world. Dengue viruses may be
introduced into areas by travelers
who become infected while visiting
areas where dengue commonly
exists.

50. What is the mosquito's
habitat?
 The mosquitoes thrives in and close
to areas of human population.
 The dengue mosquito lays its eggs on
the walls of water-filled containers
inside the house, on verandahs,
patios, gardens, and surrounding
areas of dwellings.
 The eggs hatch when submerged in
water. Eggs can survive for months.
 Female mosquitoes lay dozens of
eggs up to 5 times during their life
time.

51.  The mosquito life cycle, from egg to
larvae, pupae, and to an adult mosquito,
takes 8 days and occurs in water. Adult
mosquitoes live for one month.
 Adult mosquitoes “usually” rest indoors
in dark areas (closets, under beds,
behind curtains); only female
mosquitoes bite humans.
 Here it is protected from wind, rain and
most predators, which increases its life
expectancy and the probability that it
will live long enough to pick up a virus
from one person and pass it on to the
next
CONTINUE

52. The dengue mosquito can fly up to
200 meters looking for water-filled
containers to lay their eggs.
A few mosquitoes per household
can produce large dengue
outbreaks.
The dengue mosquito does not lay
eggs in ditches, drains, canals,
wetlands, rivers or lakes; pouring
chlorine into these habitats is
useless. Chlorine is harmful to
aquatic life.
CONTINUE

53.  Aedes aegypti is a daytime feeder:
It bites in the morning and then
again from mid-afternoon until dusk.
Because it bites humans when they
can see them, it has evolved into a
nervous and temperamental biter.
The slightest movement will make it
interrupt its feeding and fly off to
bite someone else. This survival
mechanism has made Aedes aegypti
a very highly efficient epidemic
vector mosquito. It is a very
successful species.
CONTINUE

54. What can be done to reduce the
risk of acquiring dengue?
There is no vaccine. The
best preventive measure for
residents living in areas
infested with Aedes
mosquito is to eliminate the
places where the mosquito
lays its eggs, primarily in
still water.

55. Items that collect rainwater or
are used to store water should
be covered or properly
discarded. Watering containers
and vases with fresh flowers
should be emptied and cleaned
(to remove eggs) at least once
a week. This will reduce the
number of mosquitoes present
in these areas.
CONTINUE

56. Using air conditioning or window
and door screens reduces the risk
of mosquitoes coming indoors.
Proper application of mosquito
repellents containing 20% to 30%
DEET as the active ingredient on
exposed skin and clothing
decreases the risk of being bitten
by mosquitoes. Long-sleeved
clothing and bed nets provide good
protection.
CONTINUE

57. What should I do if I suspect I
have dengue?
If you suspect you have dengue,
please see a doctor
immediately. To diagnose
dengue fever, your doctor will:
Evaluate your signs and
symptoms
Test your blood for evidence of
a dengue virus
Review your medical and travel
history

58. Laboratory tests, usually using a
sample of your blood, are needed to
confirm a diagnosis of dengue fever. If
you have dengue fever, your blood may
reveal the virus itself. If not, blood tests
known as hemagglutination inhibition
(HI) assay, enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and
reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain
reaction (RT-PCR) can detect antigens,
antibodies or nucleic acids specific to
the viruses. These tests may take
several days.
CONTINUE

59. THANKS
MAY ALLAH BLESS
US ALL WITH
GOOD HEALTH