The document discusses transfer of training, which refers to applying skills learned in one context to another. It reviews factors that affect transfer, including training design, trainee characteristics, and work environment. While research has examined some input and trainee factors, it lacks theoretical frameworks and consistent criteria. Future research directions are proposed to better understand how training conditions trainees' thinking and the interactive effects of multiple factors on transfer. More focus on job relevance and developing content validity for measuring transfer is also recommended.

1. Transfer of Training Article
Waqas Anjum MS Management Science 17-NTU-5132
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2. Transfer Of Training
“Ability of a trainee to apply the behavior,
knowledge, and skills acquired in one learning
situation to another”
Or
“Application of the knowledge , skills and attitudes
gained in the training context to the job”
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3. Transfer
Conditions for transfer
Generalization of learned material
Maintenance of trained skills over time
Much of Fails to transfer
American Industries spends annually $100
Billion….only 10% Exp. transfer…..
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4. Purpose
 Critique On Existing transfer Research &
suggest future directions
 Review existing factors effecting transfer
 Present critique of research and highlight
the Gap
 Specify type of research which need to
improve our understating to tr…
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7. Training Design
Four Basic principal of transfer
1)Identical Elements by Thorndike & Woodworth
(1901) (Physical & Psycholo…)
2)Teaching of General Principles (Not Just taught.)
McGehee & Thayer 1961
3)Stimulus Variability (variety of….) (Ellis 1965)
4)Various Conditions of Practices (Massed…..)
(Over lear….McGehee & Thayer 1961)
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8. Trainee characteristics
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 Ability
 Personality
 Motivation
 Locus of Control (Internal Vs External)
Navy Diving Training (A man of honour)

9. Work Environment Characteristics
 Favorable Climate (Freedom to set goal..)
 Org. Decisions of Compensation also …
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10. Previous Research
Overview
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 TRAINING INPUT FACTORS:-
 Stimulus variability……
 TRAINEE CHARACTERISTICS:-
 Demographic, motivation….
i) Problem is Lack of theoretical framework ii) Lack of
criterion measure of transfer
 ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS:-
 Perception of climate
 Opportunity
Problems
 Static nature of research
 Criterion problem

11. OVERALL CRITIQUE OF THE RESEARCH
“ We know a few things but not very much”
(Campbell 1971)
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12. Future research directions
Training Design
 What type of training trainees are conditioned to think
that specific behaviors…
 Sales representa….
 Situation (Request and Order)
 Small Part of memory not fidelity
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13. Future research directions
Trainee Characteristics
 Ability , motivation…….limited to
 Selecting individuals have certain personality..
 Expectancy framework stress on dynamic
prespective...
 Effect of past training not examined
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14. Future research directions
Environment Characteristics
 Not Checked factors inhibit or ….
 Supervisory Support not….
 Employees imitate the powerful supervisors
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16. Conclusion
 Variety of linkages to be examined as not mentioned
 Literatures neglected by the industrial training research:-
 Buddy System (Karol & Richards 1978)
 Booster Session (Ashby & Wilson 1977)
 Relapses prevention (Marx 1982)
 Need to interactive prospectus (as existing on input…)
 Not Know which input has dominant ipmact
 In future research need to focused on job relevance of
Training Skills before examining other factor
 Content Validity developed ( Ford & Wroten 1984)
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