Blockchain is the most promising and trustworthy decentralized distributed database technology where all the information is maintained on all the nodes and provide transparent and secure system. The number of applications uses Blockchain technology like cryptocurrency, banking, e-voting, Security of IoT devices, etc. The proposed paper lists the various features, structures, and prominent applications of Blockchain and its applications.

1. A Comprehensive study of various Blockchain and its Applications
Presented by:
Vivek Singh Sisodiya
M.Tech 1st Year
198150006
Vivek Singh Sisodiya
Dept. of Computer Engineering and Applications
GLA University
Mathura – INDIA
vivek.sisodiya_mtcs19@glac.ac.in
Hitendra Garg
Dept. of Computer Engineering and Applications
GLA University
Mathura – INDIA
hitendra.garg@gmail.com
Given By
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2. CONTENT
1
I n t r o d u c t i o n
F e a t u r e s o f
b l o c k c h a i n 2
3W o r k i n g o f
B l o c k c h a i n
4T y p e s o f
B l o c k c h a i n
5 A r c h i t e c t u r e
o f
B l o c k c h a i n
6
C o n s e n s u s
A l g o r i t h m
7
B l o c k c h a i n
A p p l i c a t i o n
8
C o n c l u s i o n
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3. O v e r v i e w
It all begins with Satoshi Nakamoto paper.
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4. I n t r o d u c t i o n
DATA DATA DATA
Block Chain Blockchain
DATA
Each “block” contains:
 Data of transaction
 Hash of block
 Hash of the previous block
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5. C o n t . .
Distributed
Ledger
Technology
Decentralized
Digital
Ledger
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6. F e a t u r e s o f B l o c k c h a i n
Decentralization
Open Source
Autonomy
Immutable
Anonymity
Fault tolerance
Transparent
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 Blockchain are decentralized in nature.
 Blockchain is open to everyone, anyone can check the records
fairly quickly.
 To switch the trust from one centralized authority to the whole
network without interference.
 No one can change the data or information inside a block of the
blockchain once it is written.
 Address of a miner is necessary for this element and no other
detail is required.
 A consensus protocol offers flexibility, thus maintaining a
consensus-participating breakdown node.

7. Ty p e s o f B l o c k c h a i n
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Public Blockchain Private Blockchain
Consortium
Blockchain
Types of
blockchain
Public
Blockchain
Private
Blockchain
Consortium
Blockchain

8. • Un-permissioned area, each and every node can send or read transaction and can take part in
the consensus process without the requiring any permission.
Public
• It comes under partial permission, only defined nodes can take part in the consensus process.
The permission to read or send may be made public or may be provided only to few authorized
nodes.
Consortium Area
• It is the permission area, only the organization to whom the network of blockchain belongs
can write transaction to it. Reading of transaction may be public or restricted to few nodes
depending upon the requirement. This type of system is generally deployed in industries.
Private
C o n t . .
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9. W o r k i n g o f B l o c k c h a i n
Distributed Nodes
1. Send transaction ‘t’ request to ‘B’
2. Accept request & update ledger
3. Compute Digital Signature (DS)
4. Broadcast Digital Signature
to Network
5. Compute PoW by all miner nodes and matched PoW to
all nodes and verify PoW and DS. If verified successfully
then miner node would be created for computing the PoW.
6. Forward transaction ‘t’ to B
7. Decrypt the content
8. Send ACK
A B
Miner Node
Normal Node
Ledger
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10. A r c h i t e c t u r e o f B l o c k c h a i n
Previous Block
• Parent Block Hash
• Timestamp
• Block version
• Other Information
Block header
Next Block
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Other Information:
 Digital Signature
 Nonce
 N bits

11. Commander
Lieutenant 1
Lieutenant 2
“Attack”
“Attack”
He said ‘retreat’
Traitor
1/3rd of the army is weaker by
force as Lieutenant 2 is a
traitor and this creates a lot
of confusion.
T h e B y z a n t i n e G e n e r a l s ’ P r o b l e m
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12. C o n t . .
Commander
Lieutenant 2
“Attack”
“retreat”
‘retreat’
Traitor
Now 2/3rd of the total army
has followed the incorrect
order and failure is certain.
Lieutenant 1
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13. C o n t . .
Lieutenant 1
Lieutenant 3
Y
Z
X
X
Y
Y
Y
Traitor
X
X
Lieutenant 2
Commander
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14. P r o o f o f W o r k
Transaction are
bundled together
into what we call
a block.
Miners verify
that transaction
within each block
are valid.
To do so, miners
should solve a
mathematical
puzzle known as
Proof-of-work
problem.
A reward is given
to the first miner
who solves each
blocks problem.
Verified
transaction are
stored in the
Public
Blockchain.
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15. Need Computing
Power
Computationally expensive
Energy intensive
Transaction Speed -
Average Wait Time
Bitcoin- New Block mined in ~9-10 Minutes.
Ehterum- New Block mined in ~10-15 Second.
C o n t . .
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16. BLOCKCHAIN
APPLICATIONS
Finance
Healthcare
IoT
Agriculture
e-Voting
B l o c k c h a i n A p p l i c a t i o n
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17. In proposed paper, the structure of Blockchain, their main components and
features are discussed.
The paper writes the comprehensive survey of basic blockchain technologies
and their possible applications.
Blockchain has been successfully implemented in various applications in the
fields of banking, education, security using IoT, agriculture, and e-voting.
C o n c l u s i o n
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18. C e r t i f i c a t e
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19. R e f e r e n c e s
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in 2017 IEEE international congress on big data (Big Data congress). IEEE, 2017, pp. 557–564.
2. “Bit coin / crypto currency,” https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf.
3. D. Larimer, “Transactions as proof-of-stake,” Nov-2013, 2013.
4. L. Lamport, R. Shostak, and M. Pease, “The byzantine generals problem,” in Concurrency: the Works of Leslie Lamport, 2019, pp.
203– 226.
5. L. Lamport, “The weak byzantine generals problem,” Journal of the ACM (JACM), vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 668–676, 1983.
6. T. Aste, P. Tasca, and T. Di Matteo, “Blockchain technologies: The foreseeable impact on society and industry,” computer, vol. 50, no. 9,
pp. 18–28, 2017.
7. D. Magazzeni, P. McBurney, and W. Nash, “Validation and verification of smart contracts: A research agenda,” Computer, vol. 50, no. 9,
pp. 50–57, 2017.
8. M. B. Taylor, “The evolution of bitcoin hardware,” Computer, vol. 50, no. 9, pp. 58–66, 2017.
9. L. A. Linn and M. B. Koo, “Blockchain for health data and its potential use in health it and health care related research,” in ONC/NIST
Use of Blockchain for Healthcare and Research Workshop. Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States: ONC/NIST, 2016, pp. 1–10.
10. G. Prisco, “The blockchain for healthcare: Gem launches gem health network with philips blockchain lab,” Bitcoin Magazine,
vol. 26, 2016.
11. K. Christidis and M. Devetsikiotis, “Blockchains and smart contracts for the internet of things,” Ieee Access, vol. 4, pp.
2292–2303, 2016.
12. P. Danzi, A. E. Kalor, C. Stefanovic, and P. Popovski, “Analysis of the communication traffic for Blockchain synchronization
of iot devices,” in 2018 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC). IEEE, 2018, pp. 1–7.
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