Extraction :- types and their process

1. EXTRACTION PROCESS
By
VISHWA S.PADOLE
LECTURER, NAGPUR COLLEGE OF
PHARMACY, NAGPUR

2. 1. Definition of – a) Extraction
b) Menstrum
c) Marc
d) Galanicals
2. Process Used for Extraction a) Infusion
b) Decoction
c) Maceration
d) Percolation
e) Digestion
3. Continuous Hot Percolation

3. DEFINITIONS

4.  Extraction - Extraction is the process of removal
of active constituents from plant or animals tissue
(crude drug) by the treatment with solvent. The
various process used for extraction are infusion,
decoction, maceration, percolation, digestion.

5.  Marc- The inert insoluble material that
remains after the process of extraction is
known as marc.
 Menstrum- The solvent used in the
process of extraction is known as
menstrum.
 Galanicals – The preparation obtain by
using the process of infusion, decoction,
maceration, digestion and percolation
are known as galanicals.e.g. spirit,
extract, elixirs.

6. SOLVENTS USED IN
EXTRACTION

7. WATER
 ADVANTAGE
1. It is cheap.
2. It has wide solvent action.
3. It is non-toxic.
4. It is non- inflammable.

8.  DISADVANTAGE
1. It dissolves wide range of
substances which might be
undesirable.
2. It helps in mould and bacteria
growth.
3. It may cause hydrolysis of many
substances.
4. Large amount of heat is required to
concentrate the aqueous preparation
than the non-aqueous preparation.

9. ALCOHOL
 Alcohol is a solvent of alkaloid salts,
glycosides, volatile oils and resins.
 ADVANTAGE
1. The mould and bacteria cannot grows
in solution in which alcohol
concentration is 20% or more.
2. It is neutral.
3. It is non-toxic.
4. Less heat is required to make
concentrated preparations.

10.  DISADVANTAGE- The main
disadvantage of alcohol as solvent is
its cost . It is costly

11. Process Used For Extraction
1. Infusion :- it consist of pouring water
over the drugs and then allowing it to
keep in contact with water for stated
period ( usually 15 minutes) with
occasional stirring and finally filtering
off the liquid. The boiling water is
commonly used as solvent. Infusion
pot is used for the preparation of
infusion.

12. Types of infusion
A) Fresh infusion:- it is an
aqueous solution of active
constituents. The process
consist of treating powdered
crud drug in a menstrum for
10- 15 min with occassional
shaking. It should be used
within 12- 24 hrs.
B) Concentrated Infusion:- they
are prepared by double or
triple maceration process.
Alcohol in the concentration
of 20-25% is used as
menstrum.

13. Decoction
 Decoction is process of extraction of
hard or woody drugs by using water
as menstrum. In this process drug is
boiled with menstrum for about 10 -15
minutes.

14. Digestion
 In this process drug is extracted by
heating at particular temperature and
pressure . This will increase the
penetration power of the menstrum
and causes complete extraction of the
drug.

15. Continous Hot Percolation
Process/ Soxhlet Extraction/
Soxhelation
 Principle:- When active constituents of
the drug are not easily soluble in the
menstrum then the process of
extraction is done by using soxhlet
apparatus and hot menstrum

16. Construction:- Soxhlet apparatus
consist of three parts
A. Round Bottom Flask – containing
the boiling solvent.
B. Soxhlet Extractor - in which drug to
be extracted is packed .it has side
tube which carries the vapours of
the solvent from the flask to the
condensor, and a syphon tube
which syphons over the extractor to
the flask.
C. A condenser – in which the vapours
of the solvent are condensed again
into solvent.

17. CONDENSOR
Round Bottom Flask
Side arm
Thimble
Siphon Tube

18. Procedure
1. The menstrum is placed in round bottom flask.
2. The drug to be extracted is packed in a filter paper
and placed in body of soxhlet extractor.
3. Solvent is boiled on heating the flask.
4. The vapours enters into the condenser to the side
tube.
5. The vapours get condensed into hot liquid which
falls on the column of the drug.
6. The extractor gets filled with the solvent. Hot solvent
extracts the active constituents of the drug.
7. The solvent having active constituents run into the
flask through siphon tube.
8. Alternate process of filling and emptying the body of
extractor goes on continuously.
9. This process continuous till the drug get exhausted.

19. Limitations
1. Physical Character of the drug – Drug
can block the soxhlet apparatus eg:- opium,
gum, resin, orange peel etc.
2. Solvent – Only pure solvents or constant
boiling mixtures can be used.
3. Chemical Constituents of the drug - The
process is unsuitable for drugs having the
thermolabile active constituents eg:-
enzymes, alkaloids etc.

20. SIMPLE MACERATION
PROCESS

21.  Simple maceration is a maceration process
for tinctures made from organized drugs.
 In this process, the drug is placed with the
whole of the menstruum in a closed vessel
for seven days.
 During this period, shaking is done
occasionally.
 After seven days, the liquid is strained and
marc is pressed.
 The expressed liquid is mixed with strained
liquid. It is then filtered to make a clear liquid.
 The final volume is not adjusted.
 The tinctures made by simple maceration
process are Tincture of Orange, Tincture of
Lemon, Tincture of Squill, etc.

22.  A wide mouth bottle or any
other container which can
be well stopper is used .
 A closed container is
essential to prevent the
evaporation of menstrum
which is mostly
concentrated alcohol
otherwise this may lead to
variation in strength as no
adjustment in volume is
made

23. Working
 The drugs is kept with men strum in a closed
container for 7 days.
 Occasional string is desired to replace saturated
layer of menstrum around drug .
 After seven days the liquid is strained and marc
is pressed.
 The strained liquid and pressed liquid is mixed .
 It is them filtered to make a clear liquid .
 The final volume is not adjusted .
 USES- This method is used for organized drug
i.e having well defined cellular structure e.g.
tincture of orange tincture of lemon.

24. MACERATION WITH
ADJUSTMENT/
MACERATION OF
UNORGANIZED DRUGS

25.  The unorganized drug is placed with 4/5 (80%)
of menstrum for 2-7 days in a closed container
the period for maceration is 2-7 days as
unorganized drug act as chemical which can
dissolve in solvent easily.
 The quantity of menstrum ais around 80% of
volume of mestrum as the volume of
preparation can be increased by dissolving
soluble active constituents of drugs in
menstrum.
 After maceration volume is made with rest of
the menstrum by passing through unorganized
drug. there is no change in the concentration of
the drug by the adjustment of the volume.
 Marc is not pressed as compact and gummy
matter can not retain menstrum.
 e.g. – tincture of tolu compound tincture of
benzoin.

26. MULTIPLE MACERATION
PROCESS/ MACERATION
PROCESS FOR
CONCERNTRATED
PREPARATION

27.  This is done to achieve maximum
extraction of active constituents as
well as complete exhaustion of drugs.
 Double maceration:
 It is carried in the same way as
simple maceration.
 The menstruum is divided in two
parts.
 The quantity of menstruum required
for two macerations are calculated as.

28. Double Maceration
 It is carried in the same way as
simple maceration.
 The menstruum is divided in two
parts.
 The quantity of menstruum required
for two macerations are calculated as.

29. The volume of menstrum to be retained by the drug is
determined by experiment in a test batch of drugs.

30. PROCEDURE
 The whole drug is macerated for 48 hrs with the
quantity of menstrum required for first
maceration.
 Strain the liquid and press the marc.
 Macerate again for 24 hrs with remaining
menstrum required for second maceration.
 Again strain the liquid and press the marc.
 Mix the liquid obtained from second maceration
and allow it is stand for 14 days and then filter.
 Eg.1. concentrated infusion of orange
2.concetrated compound infusion of chirata
3. concentrated compound gentian infusion

31. TRIPLE MACERATION
PROCESS
 In this maceration process the drug is
macerated thrice by using the
menstrum which is divided into three
parts
 The quality of menstrum required for
triple maceration is calculated as
follows-

32. 2

33. Procedure
 The whole drug is kept in contract with first part of
menstrum for one hours and strain.
 Macerate again for 1 hr with second part of menstrum
and strain.
 Macerate again for 1 hr with a part of menstrum
required for third maceration and strain.
 Press the marc lightly.
 Combine the liquid obtained from second maceration
and third maceration and evaporate it to specified
volume.
 Mix it with liquid obtained from first maceration.
 Adjust the volume with water or menstrum.
 Allow it to stand for 14 days and filter.
 Eg.1.concentrated infusion of Quasia
2.liquid extract of senna
3. liquid extract of glycerhiza

34. PERCOLATION

35. 1. Simple percolation / percolation
process for tinctures.
2. Percolation process for concentrated
preparations such as:-
a. Reserve percolation process
b. Modified percolation process
3. Continuous hot percolation /
soxhelation

36. 1. Simple Percolation
Process
 Apparatus
1. Conical percolator:- made up of
glass/metal ( copper tinned
inside)
 it is conical shape having the
lower diameter not less than half
of the upper diameter.
 There are less chances of
choking of conical percolator in
case the drug swells up
because drug can slope against
the wall of percolator.
 Disadvantage:- loss of
menstruum due to evaporation
because of bigger upper

37. 2. Cylindrical percolator:- it is
cylindrical in shape i.e. upper
and lower diameter are same.
 These are used in case of
those drugs which are difficult
to get exhausted and there
are less chances of swelling
of drug after imbibitions.
 When a higher concentration
of alcohol or other volatile
solvent is used as menstruum
.

38. 3. Steam jacketed percolator:- when
percolation is carried at a higher
temperature , in order to increase the
solvent action of menstruum, the
percolator is heated by steam.

40. METHOD
A. Imbibition
1. Drug is kept is moistened with sufficient
quantity of menstruum.
2. Allow to stand for 4 hr.
 Significance:
1. It allow the swelling of tissue of drug before
packing.
2. It is imbibed for uniform packing in
percolator.
3. It allows the entrapped air to escape.
4. Quantity of menstrum required can be
reduced.

41. B. Maceration
 The moistened drug is left in contact with
menstruum for 24 hrs.
 During this period, menstruum dissolves
the active constituents of the drug.
C. Percolation
 It consists of downward displacement of
the saturated menstrum formed in
maceration and extraction.
 After collecting 3/4th volume of product
then marc is pressed.
 Mix the liquids.

42. RESERVE PERCOLATION
METHOD
 In this process a part of percolate, generally 3/4th
volume of the finished preparation is reserved.(contains
high solute concentration)
 Then the percolation process is continued till the drug is
completely exhausted.
 The percolate is subjected to evaporation or distillation
to convert in to soft extract .
 Distillation will help to recover the costly solvent.
 Hence the major portion of active constituents of the
drugs are saved from deterioration
 This soft extract is dissolved in reserve portion of
percolate and sufficient menstruum is added to make up
the volume.

43. MODIFIED PERCOLATION
PROCESS
 Modified Percolation: In percolation process
for tinctures drug percolate (d/p) ratio is1:4.
 The drug/percolate ratio is reduced to 1:3 by
modifying percolation process. Thus saves lot
of heat, time and menstrum.
 It is proved that the menstrum remaining in
contact with the drug dissolves more active
constituents than the flowing menstrum.
Hence simple percolation process requires
more menstrum to exhaust the drug.
 But if continuous percolation stage has
suitable breaks by short maceration stages,
the d/p ratio can be reduced to 1:3.

44.  In Simple Percolation process:
 Drug→ Imbibition → Maceration → Percolation
(200gm) (4hrs.) ( for 24 hrs.) collect the Percolate,
i.e.3/4th of the
volume of finished
product.

45. In modified percolation process:
Drug → Imbibition → Maceration → Percolation-
(1000gm) (for 24 hrs.) collect
1000ml of
percolate
→ Maceration → Percolation-
(for 12 hrs.) collect
1000ml of
percolate
→ Maceration → Percolation-
(for 12 hrs.) collect
1000ml of
Percolate
Drug : Percolate
1000gm : 3000ml
d/p = 1:3
After exhaustion of the drug, the percolate is evaporated and then
mixed with main percolate.
Final volume is made by adding more menstrum.

46. QUESTIONS
 Define the following term 1) Marc, 2)
Menstruum 3) Extraction 4)Glanicals.
 Differentiate between maceration for
organized drug and maceration for
unorganized drug.
 Describe the stages of percolations.