Pilot plant scaleup techniques.ppt

UNIT I
PILOT PLANT
SCALE- UP TECHNIQUE

Contents
• Definition
• Objectives
• General considerations
• GMP considerations
• Advantages and Disadvantages
• Scale up of liquid dosage forms.
• Scale up of semisolid dosage forms.
• Contract manufacturing.

• Plant:- It is a place were the 5 M’s like money,
material, man, method and machine are brought
together for the manufacturing of the products.
• Pilot Plant:- It is the part of the pharmaceutical
industry where a lab scale formula is transformed into
a viable product by development of liable and
practical procedure of manufacture.
• Scale-up:- The art for designing of prototype (full
size plant) using the data obtained from the pilot plant
model.
Definitions

Objectives
• To try the process on a model of proposed plant
before committing large sum of money on a
production unit.
• Examination of the formula to determine it’s
ability to withstand Batch-scale and process
modification.
• Evaluation and Validation for process and
equipments

• Guidelines for production and process control.
• To provide master manufacturing formula with
instructions for manufacturing procedure.
• To avoid the scale-up problems.
• To perform trials experiments on small scale to
find out critical parameters, mistakes and
investigations on a small scale from making
profits on large scale.
Objectives

Significance of Pilot Plant
1. Requirement of physical space and the layout for
related functions to provide scale-up efficiency.
2. Availability of raw materials that consistently meet the
specifications required to produce the product.
3. Evaluation, validation and finalization of production
process controls.
4. Various records and reports to support Good
Manufacturing Practices (GMPs).
5. Development of data for production process,
equipment and training.
6. To identify critical features of a scale up process.

Why conduct Pilot Plant Studies?
• A pilot plant allows investigation of a product
and process on an intermediate scale before large
amounts of money are committed to full-scale
production.
• It is usually possible to predict the effects of a
many-fold increase in scale.
• It is possible to design a large scale processing
plant from laboratory data alone with any degree
of success.

A pilot plant can be used for
Evaluating the results of laboratory studies and making
product and process corrections and improvements.
Producing small quantities of product for sensory,
chemical, microbiological evaluations, limited market
testing or furnishing samples to potential customers,
shelf-life and storage stability studies.
Providing data that can be used in making a decision on
whether or not to proceed to a full-scale production
process; and in the case of a positive decision,
designing and constructing a full-size plant or
modifying an existing plant

Checklist for Pharmaceutical Scale-up
1. The Right people: The target product profile
needs to be defined as it relates to quality,
safety and efficacy, route of administration and
dosage form.
2. The Right Equipment
3. The Right System
4. The Right Price
5. The Right location

General Consideration for Pilot Plant Scale Up:
1. Processing Equipments
2. Production Volume
3. Process Optimization and Validation
4. Master Manufacturing Procedure
5. Good Manufacturing practices
6. Transfer of Analytical Methods

1. Processing Equipments : Most of the development work at this
scale is performed on simple and small size laboratory equipment.
Thus, the equipment must be simplest, most economical and efficient
as well as most capable of consistently producing products within the
predefined specifications and should be evaluated for the known
processing features of the product. The equipment size optimization
and the ease of cleaning should be given enough consideration.
General Consideration for Pilot Plant Scale Up:

2. Production Volume : The chemical attributes of the product, its
quality and efficacy should be maintained even though the production
process is modified as a result of sample size increase and equipment
changes.
3. Process optimization: It critically evaluates the process and
optimizes its performance of that evaluation. Processes under rate of
addition of excipients evaluation should be examined for parameters
such as order of adding components and their amounts, mixing
speed and time, and intermediates, heating and cooling rates, drying
rate etc.

4. Master Manufacturing Procedure: Master
manufacturing procedure involves the manner in which
manufacturing procedures are to be followed to facilitate
easy compliance and understanding by the process
operators. These procedures are categorized as
manufacturing directives, chemicals weighing sheets,
sampling directions, in-process and finished product
specifications etc.

5. Good Manufacturing Practice: A list of GMP items that should be
part of pilot plant scale up include equipment qualification, process
validation, regular preventative maintenance schedule and process
review and revalidation, relevant written Standard Operating
Procedures (SOPs) etc. It must include competent and technically
qualified personnel, provision for training of personnel, a well-
defined technology transfer system, validated cleaning procedures
and a sequential arrangement of equipments for easy material flow
and prevention of cross contamination.

6. Transfer of Analytical Methods: In the scale up of a new product,
all the analytical test methods developed at laboratory Scale must be
transferred to the quality assurance (QA) department. The QA
personnel should review the process to make sure that the proper
analytical instrumentation is available and the personnel employed is
trained to perform these tasks.

Significance of Personnel Requirements

Significance of Raw materials
•The materials received for processing in pilot plant
should not be taken for granted.
•Drugs and excipients needs to be approved and
validated.
•Does not guarantee a smooth transition.
•Formulation trials may not meet the requirements of
large volume shipments of raw materials used in full scale
manufacturing.
•Various properties of materials such as particle size,
shape, or morphology, handling properties such as
differences in density, static charges, rate of solubility,
flow properties etc.

Pilot plant scale up considerations for solids

The following points to be carefully consider
during scaling up the solid dosage forms;
1. Batch size from intermediate to large scale
production.
2. Each stage of operation.
3. Different types of equipment.
4. Use of sophisticated instruments with larger
volume load.
5. Various sizes of equipment.

1. Material Handling:
The characteristics of materials like density, size, shape
must be taken into consideration while adopting the
processing steps like;
• Lifting and tilting of drums
•Vacuum loading system
• Metering pump systems.
•cross contamination must be prevented
•validated cleaning procedure for the equipment.

2. Chemical Weighing:
•Incorrect ingredients and quantities lead to cross
contamination and misbranded brand during
chemical weighing.
•A central weighing department should have for
all the processing areas due to following
advantages;
1. Centralization of responsibility
2. Avoidance of duplicating weighing facility
3. Lower labour cost.

•A chemical weighing department should be
designed with necessary facilities viz. supervision
or checkers, lightening, dust collection, adequate
sanitation, proper weighing equipment, supply of
sink and drain board, cabinets, vacuum supply
system, printing scale facility and meters for
liquids weighing
•For weighing of dye and high potent drugs, a
separate room must be equipped.

3. Tablet blending and Granulation:
i. Blending and Granulation:
• Well blending to ensure good drug distribution.
•Inadequate blending may produce either high or
low in potency to avoid drug content variation.
•Ingredients should be free of lumps and
agglomerates can be removed by doing screening or
milling of the ingredients
•In blending, segregation and mixing operation
takes place which depends on particle size, shape,
hardness and density.

ii. Dry Blending and Direct Compression:
•Different blenders used in blending are V- blender, double cone
blender, Ribbon blender, Slant cone blender, Bin blender,
Orbiting screw blenders, vertical and horizontal high intensity
mixers are used for dry blending.
•Factors optimization of blending operation to be checked:-
 Order of addition of components to the blender.
 The mixing speed – Planetary type mixer, Tumbling Mixer,
Cone Type Mixer.
 The mixing time -Affects compressibility of Finished
Material.
 The mixing action – Determined by the Mechanics of the
Mixer.
 Blender load

iii. Slugging (Dry Granulation):
•The dry powder cannot be compressed directly due to poor
flow and compression properties.
•The slugging is done by using the Tablet Press.
•After compression, slugs are broken down by Hammer
Mill with suitable particle size distribution.
•The granulation by dry compaction can also be achieved
by passing powders between two roller to produce flowable
granules.

iv. Wet Granulation:
The most common reasons given to justify granulating are;
•To impart good flow properties to the material,
•To increase the apparent density of the powders,
•To change the particle size distribution,
•Uniform dispersion of active ingredients.
• Sigma blade mixer and Heavy-duty planetary mixer, tumble
blenders equipped with high-speed chopper blades.
The factors to be monitored in Granulator are-
1. Process Inlet Air Temperature
2. Atomization Air Pressure
3. Air Volume
4. Liquid Spray Rate
5. Nozzle Position and Number of Spray Heads
6. Product and Exhaust Air Temperature
7. Filter Porosity

v. Drying:
•It continues with the circulating hot air oven, is either steam or electricity.
•If the granulation bed is too deep or too dense, the drying process will be
inefficient, and if soluble dyes are involved, migration of the dye to the surface of
the granules.
Hot air oven
• airflow
• air
temperature
• depth of the
granulation
on the trays.
Fluid Bed
Dryer
• optimum
loads
• rate of
airflow
• inlet air
temperature
and humidity
Tray Dryer
• Air flow
• Air temperature
• Depth of the
granulation on
the trays
• Monitoring of
the use of
moisture and
temperature
probes

vi. Reduction of Particle size:
•factors affects the particle size distribution are flow ability,
compressibility, uniformity of tablet weight, content uniformity, tablet
hardness, and tablet color uniformity.
•First step in this process is to determine the particle size distribution
of granulation using a series of “stacked” sieves of decreasing mesh
openings.
•Also carried out by oscillating granulator, hammer mill, mechanical
sieving device.
•some of these additives, especially magnesium stearate, tend to
agglomerate when added in large quantities to the granulation in a
blender.

vii. Granulation Handling and Feed System:
•Handling is either by Hand scooping for small scale or by
sophisticated automated handling system with vacuum or
mechanical system for large scale.
•For efficient cleaning, sophisticated material handling
systems like long lengths transfer tubes, valves, vacuum and
pneumatic pumps should be used.

viii. Tablet Compression:
The tablet press performs following functions during the compression
are;
1. Filling of an empty die cavity with granules.
2. Pre-compression of granulation.
3. Compression of granules.
4. Ejection of the tablet from the die cavity.
•Trial runs at press speeds is generally adopted to find out the
problems like sticking to the punch surface, tablet hardness, capping,
and weight variation.

During selection of high speed press criteria that should be considered
are;
1. Granulation feed rate.
2. Delivery system should not change the particle size distribution.
3. System should not cause segregation of coarse and fine
particles.
•The die feed system must be able to fill the die cavities adequately in
the short period of time.
•The smaller the tablet, the more difficult it is to get a uniform to fill
high press speeds.
•For high-speed machines, induced die feed systems with a variety of
feed paddles and variable speed capabilities, are necessary.

GMP CONSIDERATION
• Equipment qualification
• Process validation
• Regularly schedule preventative maintenance
• Regularly process review & revalidation
• Relevant written standard operating procedures
• The use of competent technically qualified personnel
• Adequate provision for training of personnel
• A well-defined technology transfer system
• Validated cleaning procedures.
• An orderly arrangement of equipment so as to ease material
flow & prevent cross- contamination

Advantages
• Members of the production and quality control
divisions can readily observe scale up runs.
• Supplies of excipients & drugs, cleared by the
quality control division, can be drawn from the
more spacious areas provided to the production
division.
• Access to engineering department personnel is
provided for equipment installation, maintenance
and repair.

Disadvantages
• The frequency of direct interaction of the
formulator with the production personnel in
the manufacturing area will be reduced.
• Any problem in manufacturing will be
directed towards it’s own pilot-plant
personnel's.

Liquid orals
• The physical form of a drug product that is pourable
displays Newtonian or pseudo plastic flow behavior and
conforms to it’s container at room temperature.
• Liquid dosage forms may be dispersed systems or
solutions.
• In dispersed systems there are two or more phases, where
one phase is distributed in another.
• A solution refers two or more substances mixed
homogeneously.

Steps of liquid manufacturing process
• Planning of material requirements:
• Liquid preparation:
• Filling and Packing:
• Quality assurance:

Critical aspects of liquid manufacturing
➢ Physical Plant:
• Heating, ventilation and air controlling system:
The effect of long processing times at suboptimal
temperatures should be considered in terms of
consequences on the physical or chemical stability of
ingredients as well as product.

Formulation aspects of oral liquids
Suspensions:
Purpose
Facilitating the connection
between API and vehicle
Protecting the API
Maintaining the suspension
appearance
Masking the unpleasant
taste/smell
Agent
-wetting agents
Salt formation ingredients
- Buffering-systems, polymers,
antioxidants
Colorings, suspending agent,
flocculating agent.
Sweeteners, flavorings

Particle Size Solid particles, Droplet
particles
Buffering-systems,
antioxidants, polymers
Colorings, Emulsifying
agents, Penetration
enhancers, gelling agents
Sweetners, flavorings
Protecting the API
Maintaining the appearance
Taste/smell masking
Emulsions:
Purpose Agent

Buffers, antioxidants,
preservatives
Colorings, stabilizers, co-
solvents, antimicrobial
preservatives
Maintaining the
appearance
Taste/smell masking Sweeteners, flavorings.
Solutions:
Protecting the API

Equipments
• Mixer
• Homogenizer
• Filteration assembly
• Bottling assembly

General flow chart
Raw Materials Measured and
weighed
Mixing
Filling
Packing
Distilled water
Finished products storage
Quality Assurance

Quality assurance
• Dissolution of drugs in solution
• Potency of drugs in suspension
• Temperature uniformity in emulsions
• Microbiological control
• Product uniformity
• Final volume
• Stability

Scale-up of semisolid dosage forms

Semisolid dosage forms
• In general, semisolid dosage forms are complex
formulations having complex structural elements.
• Often they are composed of two phases (oil and water),
one of which is a continuous (external) phase, and the
other of which is a dispersed (internal) phase.
• The active ingredient is often dissolved in one phase,
although occasionally the drug is not fully soluble in the
system and is dispersed in one or both phases, thus
creating a three-phase system.

• The physical properties of the dosage form depend
upon various factors, including the size of the
dispersed particles, the interfacial tension between the
the active
the product
phases, the partition coefficient of
ingredient between the phases, and
rheology.
•These factors combine to
determine
the release
as other
characteristics of the drug, as well
characteristics, such as viscosity.
Semisolid dosage forms

Critical manufacturing parameters
• For a true solution, the order in which solutes are added
to the solvent is usually unimportant.
• The same cannot be said for dispersed formulations,
however, because dispersed matter can distribute
differently depending on to which phase a particulate
substance is added.
• In a typical manufacturing process, the critical points
are generally the initial separation of a one-phase
system into two phases and the point at which the
active ingredient is added.

• Because the solubility of each added ingredient is
important for determining whether a mixture is visually
a single homogeneous phase, such data, possibly
supported by optical microscopy, should usually be
available for review.
• This is particularly important for solutes added to
the formulation at a concentration near or exceeding
that of their solubility at any temperature to which the
product may be exposed.

• Variations in the manufacturing procedure that occur
after either of these events are likely to be critical to the
characteristics of the finished product.
• This is especially true of any process intended to
increase the degree of dispersion through reducing
droplet or particle size (e.g., homogenization).
• Aging of the finished bulk formulation prior to
packaging is critical and should be specifically
addressed in process validation studies.

General stability consideration
• The effect that SUPAC changes may have on
the stability of the drug product should be
evaluated. For general guidance on conducting
stability studies, see the FDA Guideline for
Submitting Documentation for the Stability of
Human Drugs and Biologics.

• For SUPAC submissions, the following points should
also be considered:
1. In most cases, except those involving
stability data from pilot scale batches
acceptable to support the proposed change.
scale-up,
will be
2. Where stability data show a trend towards potency
loss or degradant increase under accelerated
historical
conditions, it is recommended that
accelerated stability data from a representative
prechange batch be submitted for comparison.

• It is also recommended that under these
circumstances, all available long-term data on
test batches from ongoing studies be provided
in the supplement.
• Submission of historical accelerated and
available long-term data would facilitate
review and approval of the supplement.

3. A commitment should be included to conduct
long-term stability studies through the
expiration dating period, according to the
approved protocol, on either the first or first
three (see section III-VI for details) production
batches, and to report the results in subsequent
annual reports.

The Role of In Vitro Release Testing
• The key parameter for any drug product is its efficacy
as demonstrated in controlled clinical trials.
• The time and expense associated with such trials
make them unsuitable as routine quality control
methods.
• Therefore, in vitro surrogate tests are often used to
assure that product quality and performance are
maintained over time and in the presence of change.

• A variety of physical and chemical tests commonly
performed on semisolid products and their components
(e.g., solubility, particle size and crystalline form of the
active component, viscosity, and homogeneity of the
product) have historically provided reasonable
evidence of consistent performance.
• More recently, in vitro release testing has shown
promise as a means to comprehensively assure
consistent delivery of the active component(s) from
semisolid products.

combined effect of several physical
• An in vitro release rate can reflect the
and
chemical parameters, including solubility and
particle size of the active ingredient and
rheological properties of the dosage form. In
most cases, in vitro release rate is a useful test
to assess product sameness between prechange
and postchange products.

• However, there may be instances where it is
not suitable for this purpose. In such cases,
other physical and chemical tests to be used as
measures of sameness should be proposed and
discussed with the Agency.
• With any test, the metrics and statistical
approaches to documentation of “sameness” in
quality attributes should be considered

• The evidence available at this time for the in vitro-in
vivo correlation of release tests for semisolid dosage
forms is not as convincing as that for in vitro
dissolution as a surrogate for in vivo bioavailability
of solid oral dosage forms.
• Therefore, the Center’s current position concerning in
vitro release testing is as follows:

1. In vitro release testing is a useful test to assess
product “sameness” under certain scale-up and
postapproval changes for semisolid products.
2. The development and validation of an in vitro
release test are not required for approval of an
NDA, ANDA or AADA nor is the in vitro release
test required as a routine batch-to-batch quality
control test.

3. In vitro release testing, alone, is not a surrogate test
for in vivo bioavailability or bioequivalence.
4. The in vitro release rate should not be used for
comparing different formulations across
manufacturers.

Definition of contract manufacturing
• Production of goods by one firm, under the label or
brand of another firm.
manufacturers provide such service to
(even competing) firms based on their
the customers' designs, formulas,
Contract
several
own or
and/or
label
specifications. Also called private
manufacturing.

Contract manufacturing
• Contract manufacturing is a process that established a
working agreement between two companies.
• As part of the agreement, one company will custom
produce parts or other materials on behalf of their
client.
• In most cases, the manufacturer will also handle the
ordering and shipment processes for the client.
• As a result, the client does not have to maintain
manufacturing facilities, purchase raw materials, or hire
labour in order to produce the finished goods.

Contract manufacturing.
• The basic working model used by contract
manufacturers translates well into many different
industries.
• Since the process is essentially outsourcing production to
a partner who will privately brand the end product, there
are a number of different business ventures that can make
use of a contract manufacturing arrangement.
• There are a number of examples of pharmaceutical
contract manufacturing currently functioning today, as
well as similar arrangements in food manufacturing, the
creation of computer components and other forms of
electronic contract manufacturing.

• Even industries like personal care and hygiene
products, automotive parts, and medical supplies are
often created under the terms of a contract manufacture
agreement.
• In order to secure contract manufacturing jobs, the
contract manufacturer usually initiates discussions with
the potential client.
• The task is to convince the prospective customer that
the manufacturer can use their facilities to produce
quality goods that will meet or exceed the expectations
of the customer.

•
At the same time, the manufacturer will demonstrate how the
overall unit cost of production to the customer will be less than
any current production strategies in use, thus increasing the
amount of profit that will be earned from each unit sold
• There are several advantages to a contract manufacturing
arrangement.
• For the manufacturer, there is the guarantee of steady work.
• Having contracts in place that commit to certain levels of
production for one, two and even five year periods makes it
much easier to forecast the future financial stability of the
company.

• For the client, there is no need to purchase or rent
production facilities, buy equipment, purchase raw
materials, or hire and train employees to produce the
goods.
• There are also no headaches from dealing with
employees who fail to report to work, equipment that
breaks down, or any of the other minor details that
any manufacturing company must face daily.

• All the client has to do is generate sales, forward orders to the
manufacturer, and keep accurate records of all income and
expenses associated with the business venture.
• The general concept of contract manufacturing is not limited to the
production of goods. Services such as telecommunications,
Internet access, and cellular services can also be supplied by a
central vendor and private branded for other customers who wish
to sell those services.
• Doing so allows the customer to establish a buy rate from the
vendor, then resell the services at a profit to their own client base

Scopes of contract
manufacturing
• The scope of the Contract Manufacturing
Procurement business scenario outlined in this
documentation only concerns the customer side
(OED -The Office of Enterprise Development ).
• This business scenario does not cover how an ERP
(Enterprise Relationship Management) system
on the supplier's side (that is, the contract
manufacturer's side) receives messages sent by the
customer, and how it deals with the additional
information (for example, components) submitted
with these messages.

• Mappings are only provided for A2A communication
(between the OED's ERP system and SAP* SNC*) from IDoc
to XML and vice versa.
• This business scenario does not cover the tracking of the
manufacturing process (production phases) that takes place at
the contract manufacturer's site - it does not take into account
the current production phase at the contract manufacturer' site.
• Consequently, the OED planner cannot predict the supply
situation of finished goods.
* SAP- Supply Network Planning
* SNC- Supply Network Collaboration
Scopes of contract manufacturing

• The Contract Manufacturing Procurement business
scenario has the following limitations:
– Once a schedule line in the ERP purchase order is
changed, the date and quantity data originally requested
are lost. Even if the information is stored in SAP SNC, it
is not possible to send this information to the CM.
– The Contract Manufacturing Procurement business
scenario is based on functions introduced in SAP ERP
6.0. For lower releases, you need to develop a customer
modification.
Limits of contract manufacturing

– No data import control functions are provided for messages
sent from the CM to SAP SNC.
– The bill of material (BOM) is not available in SAP SNC.
– New purchase order items cannot be created in SAP SNC.
– Product substitution is not supported.
– Scheduling agreements for the subcontracted material are
not allowed.

– A supplier should be able to update the component
consumption in SAP SNC until a good receipt has
been posted in the customer ERP back-end system.
– The subcontracting scenario of the Rosetta
Network Order Management Program as described
in the PIPs* 7B5 (Notify of Manufacturing Work
Order), 7B6 (Notify of Manufacturing Work Order
Reply), and 7B1 (Work In Process Notification) is
not included in the scope of SAP SCM*.
* PIP- Partner Interface Process
* SCM- Supply Chain Management

Questions asked in University Question Paper 2023.
1. Define plant, pilot plant & scale-up.
2. What are the objectives of scale up?
3. What is the purpose of SUPAC?
4. List various documentation maintained in pilot plant.
5. What is SUPAC? Explain different level of changes according to SUPAC.
6. Discuss in detail pilot plant scale up considerations for solids.
7. What is limit of contract manufacturing.

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