Blood is a body fluid in humans and other animals that delivers necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells and transports metabolic waste products away from those same cells.

1. Blood
By - Nursing officer – Vikas chouhan

2.  Introduction
 Function of blood
 Classification
- Blood cells
- RBC – red blood cell
- WBC – white blood cell
- Platelets
- Plasma
- plasma protein
- Albumin
- Globulin
- Fibrinogen
By vikas chouhan

3. Introduction-
 Blood is a liquid connective tissue.
 It is a red color due to hemoglobin.
 Temperature of blood – 38* C ( 100.4* F )
 PH of blood - 7.45 ( Sligely Alkaline )
 Specific gravity -
Blood – 1.052- 1.062
Plasma – 1.022 – 1.026
Blood cells - 1.092 – 1.101
 Some important substance in the blood -
Glucose – 70 - 110 mg/dl
Createnine – 0.5 – 1.5 mg/dl
Cholesterol – up to 200 mg/dl
Plasma protein - 6.4 - 8.3 mg/dl
Billirubine – 0.3 - 1.5 mg/dl By vikas chouhan

4.  Blood is a 7 % of all body weight .
 Blood Adult - 5-6 liter / Body weight .
 Healthy male – 6 liter .
 Healthy female – 5.5 liter
 Blood matel – Iron .
 Blood formation – After birth – Bone marrow
- In Fetus – Spleen / liver
 Hemeatocyte is a blood cell maker cells in present in a
bone marrow . The hematocyte is a formation of blood
cells throw the microtic division .
By vikas chouhan

5.  Function of blood –
 Transportation
 Regulation
 Defense
 Blood clotting
By vikas chouhan

6.  Transportation -
• Blood transport oxygen from the lungs to different tissues and
carbon dioxide from tissue to the lungs .
• Blood carries nutrients like glucose , amino acids , liquids and
vitamins from the gestrointestinal tract to the body cells and
transport west product and heat formed during various
metabolic activities away from the cells .
• Blood also carries various hormones from the endocrine gland
to target organ in the body .
By vikas chouhan

7.  Regulation –
• Blood helps regulate the water balance of the body as it supplies
water to the tissue when needed and receives the excess water
formed in metabolic processes .
• Blood helps regulate body ph .
• Blood also plays a role in the regulation of normal body
temperature .
By vikas chouhan

8.  Defence –
• The white blood cell (WBC) Protect the body against the disease
and kill the microorganism and toxic substance of the body
( solgares of body )
By vikas chouhan

9.  Blood clotting –
• The platelets play a role in blood clotting and thus prevent
excessive loss of blood from the body after an injury .
By vikas chouhan

10.  Classification -
Blood
Blood cells (45%) Plasma (55%)
• Electrolytes
• Water (92%)
• Waste
• Nutrient
• Gases
• Protein (7%)
- Albumins
- Globulin
- Fibrinogen
Red blood cells
(95.1%)
White blood cells
(0.1%)
Platelets
(4.8%)
Granulocyte A granulocyte
Neutrophil
(60-70%)
Eosinophil
(2-4%)
Basophile
(0.5-1%)
Monocyte
(3-8%)
Lymphocyte
(20-25%)
T-lymphocyte B-lymphocyte
T- killer T- helper T- saprecer
By vikas chouhan

11.  Blood Cells –
• RBC –
- Red blood cells
- Red blood capsules
- Erythrocyte
- Normal amount in blood – 4.5 million/cu mm
- Work – carry oxygen
- Shape of RBC - Biconcave , Disk shape , Dumbal-
shape ,
- Diameter – 7.2 micron
- Life Span – Minimum – 20 Days
- Maximum - 120 Days
By vikas chouhan

12. - Erithropoisis - Origen , Development , and Maturation of RBC .
- Polycinthemia – Increge the number of RBC.
- Anemia - Decrees the number of RBC.
-RBC is a red color due to Hemoglobin .
- 1 RBC = 280 million Hemoglobin
- 1 Hemoglobin are carry 4 molecular of oxygen
- 1 Hemoglobin molecular is made up 4 Iron molecular
- 1 gm Hemoglobin contain 3.34 mg Iron .
- 100 mg blood = 50 mg Iron .
- Hemopoisis - Blood formation
By vikas chouhan

13.  Hemoglobin-
• Hemoglobin is a cytoplasm of the RBC .
• The Cytoplasm of the RBC contain hemoglobin molecules which
constitute about 33% of the cell weight .
• Hemoglobin At birth – 25 gm/dl
• Hemoglobin 1 year - 17 gm/dl
• Hemoglobin adult male – 15
• Hemoglobin adult female - 14.5
By vikas chouhan

14.  Distruction of Hemoglobin –
Destructions of Hemoglobin in Spleen
Heam Globins
Breakdown in Amino acid
Reuse for new
Protein Synthesis
Iron
(1HB = 4 Iron)
Biliverdin
( 1 st Bile Pigment in green color)
Bilirubin
(yellow color pigment)
Bilirubin + Albumin
The bilirubin and albumin inter the lever and then
albumin remove and bilirubin attach the glucornic acid
( Bilirubin + Glucornic acid )
Through Bile , Bilirubin inter intestine
Convert the Urobilinogen by bacterial action
Urine Stool
By vikas chouhan

15.  WBC –
• White blood cell
• White blood capsules
• Leukocyte
• Normal amount in blood - 4000-11000 cumm
• WBC is a color less.
• WBC is a nucleated cell.
• WBC is a solegars of the body and defense against infection .
• WBC is a play a very important role in defending the body against microbes
and other foreign materials.
• WBC is a no shape cell (Amoeboid shape).
• Diameter of WBC – 12-20 um.
• Life span of the WBC - 2-6 days.
By vikas chouhan

16.  Granulocyte –
• Eosinophil –
- Red orange color.
- Nucleated WBC.
- Bilobe nucleus.
- Eosinophil contained 1 type of granule with take red stain
by eosin.
- Eosinophil count has increase during parasitic infection
and allergic condition.
- The abnormal increase the eosinophil is called Eosinophilia,
it mainly accor in allergic condition .
By vikas chouhan

17. • Basophile –
- Blue – purple color.
- Healing process.
- Nucleated WBC.
- Bilobe nucleus.
- The basophile contain 1 type of granules with take blue
stain by basophile.
- Basophile enter to the tissue is non as Mast cell . The
mast cell are responsible for the secretion of chemical
mediator just like as : - Histamine
By vikas chouhan

18. • Neutrophils-
- Violet color.
- Defense the body.
- Nucleated WBC.
- The nucleus is a multi-lobe.
- Neutrophil contains two type of granules
one take red stain by eosin
second take blue stain by methylene blue.
- Neutrophil make first line defense of blood responsible
for fagocytosis of foran bodys just like as , Virus and
bacteria.
By vikas chouhan

19.  Agranulocyte –
• Monocyte –
- Horseshoe - shape , Been – shape , Kidney – shape.
- Monocyte are produced the bone marrow.
- Granules are absent.
- Monocyte is a largest WBC and largest blood cell.
- It is a also responsible for fagocytosis along with
neutrophil. Some time monocyte fuse together from
phagocytic cell.
By vikas chouhan

20. • Lymphocyte –
- Oval shape nucleus.
- This cell are responsible to provide immunity to the body.
- It is a nucleated.
- Granules are absent.
- Lymphocyte is a smallest cell of the WBC.
- 1% lymphocyte in the blood , and the other lymphocyte
are the rest lymph node , spleen , and other lymph
organs.
- Lymphocyte are two type –
:- T-lymphocyte
:- B-lymphocyte
By vikas chouhan

21. • T-lymphocyte –
- There are origin , development of the Bone marrow
and maturation of the Thymus gland.
- Main role play of solgers of the body.
- It has 4 type –
:- T-helper
:- T- killer
:- T-suppressor
:- T-memory
By vikas chouhan

22. • T-helper cell – CD4 cell-
- Attack infection foran body.
- It is responsible for helping the immune system
for the body.
- Normal – 500-1500 cells/mm
- HIV patient - 200 cells/mm
• T-killer cell – CD8 cell-
- Direct attack of microorganism and destroy them.
By vikas chouhan

23. • T-sapresare –
- Suppress the hyper activity of the T-killer .
• T-memory –
- It remains into lymphoid tissue and keep memory
for infection in next time by same organism.
By vikas chouhan

24. • B-lymphocyte –
- There origin , development , and maturation take place
in bone marrow.
- Final process of maturation in the liver .
- They are responsible for production of the anti-body and
immuno-globin .
:- IgG
:- IgM
:- IgA
:- IgE
:- IgD
By vikas chouhan

25. • IgA - Immunoglobin Alpha.
- Mother Brest Milk.
• IgG - Immunoglobin Gama.
- Fetus cross the placenta of mother.
• IgM - Immunoglobin Mu.
- Plasma cell in infection condition.
• IgE - Immunoglobin Epsion.
- Allergic and hypersensitivity reaction.
• IgD - Immunoglobin Delta.
By vikas chouhan

26.  Variation in the number or WBC –
WBC Increase WBC Decreased
Leucocytosis Leucocytopinea
Infection
Allergy
Bone marrow
depression
By vikas chouhan

27.  Platelets –
- Thrombocyte.
- Life span – 5-9 days.
- Diameter - 2.3 um
- Thrombopoyasis –
- Origen , Development , and Maturation
of platelets .
- Thrombopoition –
- It is a hormone secrete by liver and
stimulate the bone marrow for the
thrombopoyasis/ Thrombocytosis.
- Function -
- Help in the stopped bleeding.
By vikas chouhan

28. - Dead platelets are removed by fixed macrophages present
into spleen and liver.
-Decreased number of platelets called thrombocytopenia
and Increase number of platelets called thrombocytosis.
By vikas chouhan

29.  Plasma –
- Liquid like structure.
- No present in cell.
- It contain water, Gas , Nutrients, Protein , Hormones.
- When all types of cells removed from blood then
remaining colored liquid called Plasma.
- Total plasma 55% of all blood count.
 Plasma protein –
- Protein present in plasma is called plasma protein.
- Total plasma protein - 7.3 gm
- Plasma protein are 3 type :- Albumin
:- Globulin
:- Fibrinogen
By vikas chouhan

30. :- Albumin – 4.7gm
- Maintain the osmotic pressure of the blood.
- Water maintain.
:- Globulin - 2.3gm
- It is responsible of the formation of the antibody.
- Infection protect for the body.
:- Fibrinogen – 0.3gm
- Responsible for the blood clotting.
- All plasma protein are synthesis of the liver.
- Osmotic pressure of the blood - 36 mm/hg.
- Onpotic pressure of the blood – 28 mm/hg.
By vikas chouhan

31. Thanks for watching ……..
By vikas chouhan