Legal and Operational definition of ZLW

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Gujarat Pollution Control Board
Seminar and Training Workshop on “Zero Liquid Discharge” Policy Experience and Emergent Technologies Mahatma Mandir, Gandhinagar (January 27 – 28, 2014)

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Gujarat Pollution Control Board
CONTENTS
Day 1 – 27th January, 2014 ...................................................................................................
List of Dignitaries ................................................................................................................ 5
List of Speakers.................................................................................................................... 5
Inaugural Session............................................................................................................. 6
Inauguration by Shri Ganpatsinh Vasava, Hon’ble Minister – Forests & Environment, Government of Gujarat ................................................................................................... 6 Shri H. K. Dash, IAS, Additional Chief Secretary – Forests & Environment, Government of Gujarat ........................................................................................................................ 7 Dr. K. U. Mistry, Chairman, GPCB .................................................................................. 7 Vote of Thanks by Shri Hardik Shah, Member Secretary, GPCB ....................................8
Technical Session .................................................................................................. 8 Industrial Pollution Management: Green Economy addressing challenges and seizing opportunities by Dr. Prasad Modak, Dean, IL&FS..........................................................8 Industrial Pollution Management: International Trends and Experiences by Prof. Pratim Biswas, Washington University, St. Louis.......................................................... 9
Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) – Concept, Evolution and Technology Options by Prof. Viatcheslav Freger, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Israel............................10 Overview of Industrial Pollution Management policies in India and context of ZLD by Shri Hardik Shah, Member Secretary, GPCB................................................................ 10 Case studies on ZLD – Indian Experience by Mr. Robinson, TWIC................................ 11 Innovative and Cost Effective Zero Liquid Discharge Technology by Dr. Leif Ramm- Schimdt, Finland ............................................................................................................ 11 Approach to ZLD – Special Reference to Textile and Paper Sectors by Shri Debajit Das, Technical Advisor, GIZ ................................................................................................... 11
Panel Discussion on ZLD...................................................................................... 12
Day 2 – 28th January, 2014................................................................................................13

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List of Speakers .................................................................................................... 13
Training Session .................................................................................................. 13 ZLD Concept, ZLD Economics, Hierarchy of Technology Options and Associated Strategies by Dr. Prasad Modak, Dean, IL&FS ..............................................................13 Basic of Membrane Technology by Prof. Viatcheslav Freger, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Israel ......................................................................................................13 Basics of Nanotechnology – Global Business Potential by Prof. Pratim Biswas, Washington University, St. Louis ..................................................................................14 Development and Advancing Membrane Technologies by Prof. John Fortner, Washington University, St. Louis ..................................................................................14 Indian Case Studies on ZLD by TWIC.............................................................................14 International and Indian Case Studies on ZLD by Dr. Leif Ramm-Schimdt, Finland....15 Question/Answer Session...............................................................................................15 Dr. K. U. Mistry, Chairman, GPCB ................................................................................16
Concluding Remarks by Shri Hardik Shah, Member Secretary, GPCB .............................16
Summary and Outcome of two daysWorkshop..................................................................17

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Gujarat Pollution Control Board
List of Dignitaries
Name
Organization
Designation
Shri Ganpatsinh Vasava
Government of Gujarat
Hon’ble Minister – Forests and Environment
Shri H.K. Dash, IAS
Forests and Environment Department, Government of Gujarat
Additional Chief Secretary
Dr. K.U. Mistry
Gujarat Pollution Control Board (GPCB)
Chairman
Dr. Prasad Modak
IL&FS
Dean IAAD and CSO IL&FS Ltd.
Mr. Alok Bhargava
IL&FS
CEO (Strategic Support Group)
Prof. Pratim Biswas
Washington University at St. Louis, USA
Professor
Shri Hardik Shah
Gujarat Pollution Control Board (GPCB)
Member Secretary
List of Speakers
Name
Topic of Presentation
Dr. Prasad Modak, IL&FS
Industrial Pollution Management: Green Economy addressing challenges and seizing opportunities
Prof. Pratim Biswas, Washington University,USA
Industrial Pollution Management: International Trends and Experiences
Prof. Viatcheslav Freger, Technion, Israel
Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) – Concept, Evolution and Technology Options
Shri Hardik Shah, GPCB
Overview of Industrial Pollution Management policies in India and context of ZLD
Shri Robinson, TWIC
Case Studies on ZLD – Indian Experience
Dr. Leif Ramm-Schmidt, Finland
Innovative and Cost Effective Zero Liquid Discharge Technology
Shri Debajit Das, GIZ
Approach to ZLD – Special Reference to Textile and Paper Sectors

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Gujarat Pollution Control Board
Inaugural Session
Inauguration by Shri Ganpatsinh Vasava, Hon’ble Minister – Forests & Environment, Government of Gujarat
The seminar began through a warm welcome to all the dignitaries and participants.
Shri Ganpatsinh Vasava, Hon’ble Minister – Forests & Environment, Government of Gujarat
Shri Ganpatsinh Vasava welcomed dignitaries on the dais and audience. He started by saying that Gujarat has seen a major development in industrialization, commercialization, urbanization and green revolution. He also said that in today’s world there is an immense need and scope for technological development. He highlighted on the fact that most of the industries in Gujarat are aware about the reuse of waste water and appreciated the initiatives and the efforts of the state of Gujarat to implement newer and advanced environmental technologies. He said that some industries discharge more waste into the water than the permissible range which has resulted in increased levels of water pollution and that ZLD would be a useful technology to overcome this problem. He concluded by saying that the state government along with GPCB has taken a good initiative on keeping this seminar on ZLD which could be used as a platform for brainstorming and discussing various methods to overcome the waste water generation problem not only in the state, but across the nation.

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Gujarat Pollution Control Board
Shri H. K. Dash, IAS, Additional Chief Secretary – Forests & Environment, Government of Gujarat
Shri H. K. Dash, IAS welcomed the distinguished speakers and greeted the audience. He reiterated the fact that the nation saw tremendous growth in the industrial sector. To support this growth, various policies and laws have been formulated. Such developments have put immense pressure on the companies to reduce the discharge of pollutants into the water. Gujarat was not only a pioneer in the Industrial Revolution but also in the environmental revolution in the country. He highlighted a point spoken by the Hon’ble Chief Minister of Gujarat that the 20th century marked the way for the Information Technology and now the 21st century would mark the way for the environmental technologies. He insisted on an increase use of reused and recycled waste water. He also mentioned that waste water treatment business should be seen as an opportunity in the coming days since industries would be forced to minimize the discharge of pollutants into the water.
Dr. K. U. Mistry, Chairman, GPCB
Dr. Mistry expressed his gratitude towards all the dignitaries present in the inaugural session of the seminar. He reinstated the enforcement of use of local languages in the literature. He mentioned that in spite of the knowledge of treating the wastes properly, the industries do not execute it as per the requirements. He insisted to focus on the positives of the development of industries, i.e. more production, more employment, etc. rather than the negatives. He mentioned the three advantages of industrial growth – more production, more income for the governments through different types of taxes and, employment generation. But all this comes at the cost of– accidents and pollution. To tackle these disadvantages or ill effect, the government has put into place certain laws and acts. He summarized by

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Gujarat Pollution Control Board
saying that there is a need for a conducive environment, one which promotes sustainable industrialization and growth. In wake of these things, such seminars are extremely important and should be benefited from. He insisted to derive legal and operational definition of ZLD and also stressed to adopt holistic approach and focus on the “Zero Waste Discharge” instead on ZLD. Then, Shri Hardik Shah, GPCB and Dr. Prasad Modak, IL&FS were invited for signing of MOU on special platform.
Signing of MoU between GPCB and IAAD
Vote of Thanks by Shri Hardik Shah, Member Secretary, GPCB
Shri Shah expressed his sincere gratitude to the Hon’ble Minister, Shri Ganpatsinh Vasava and appreciated the support from Dr. K. U. Mistry, Dr. Prasad Modak, Shri H.K.Dash, IAS and all the other speakers and delegates for attending the seminar.
Technical Session
Industrial Pollution Management: Green Economy addressing challenges and seizing opportunities by Dr. Prasad Modak, Dean, IL&FS
Dr. Modak began by highlighting the importance of the framework and perspective of Industrial Pollution Management. He continued that the framework should not only focus on promotion of growth and livelihood creation but also on preservation of resources. He reiterated that there are certain speculations that the industrial output will decline in the next 100 years, due to factors such as decline in resources and food availability and rise in pollution and population. He stated that there exists a

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linear economy model is followed where industries take resources, make products, sell them to consumers and dispose of the waste. Instead he suggested a circular economy (CE) model should be adopted which is based on systems thinking, applied to people and their relationship to supporting ecosystem services, material resources, energy, money and finance. He gave the example of RICOH’s CE Business model. There is a need for a multi-pronged, multi level approach and to involve the academia, industry and regulators in taking certain decisions to overcome the current situation of industrial pollution. He ended his session by suggesting a hierarchy of waste and recommended rethinking and redesigning of the models to promote lesser carbon emissions.
Industrial Pollution Management: International Trends and Experiences by Prof. Pratim Biswas, Washington University, St. Louis
Acknowledging the efforts of GPCB, Prof. Biswas started on a lighter note suggesting renaming of GPCB to Gujarat Byproduct Use Board. He suggested a paradigm shift in the way the industries function and should increasingly focus on process, improvement of efficiency and minimizing waste rather than products. He alarmed that the Byproduct Management strategy is imperative at this moment of time. He mentioned that the air pollutants constituted only 1.4% of the total pollutants whereas the water pollutants constituted of 24.3% of the total pollutants. He also showed his concern on the growth of e-waste since 80-85% of the e-products are discarded. He highlighted that nanotechnology could play a major role in industrial pollution management. He summarized by stating that the industries should explore opportunities to recycle and reuse waste water and should deploy state-of- the-art pollution control technology.

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Gujarat Pollution Control Board
Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) – Concept, Evolution and Technology Options by Prof. Viatcheslav Freger, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Israel
Prof. Freger started his presentation by giving a background about ZLD. He then pointed out the drawbacks of ZLD like: high cost, need for bespoke design and difficulty to deal with complex streams. He mentioned about the conventional ZLD technologies that were based on evaporation and crystallization but involved high operational and capital costs due to high energy consumption, use of chemicals and expensive corrosion resistant materials. He then highlighted new hybrid ZLD technologies such as Reverse Osmosis (RO), Nanofiltration, ElectroDialysis (ED), etc. He summarized by giving a broader outlook that progress is being made to lower the capital costs and find alternatives to energy intensive evaporation/ crystallization systems and to focus more on hybrid system approach.
Overview of Industrial Pollution Management policies in India and context of ZLD by Shri Hardik Shah, Member Secretary, GPCB
Shri Shah began by saying that there is immense need for ZLD due to water scarcity, strong enforcement of environmental regulations, improper disposal points of wastes, highly polluting environment industry, etc. He highlighted the benefits of ZLD such as water conservation, reduction of waste water discharge, prevention of exploitation of hydraulic capacity of disposal system, ease in getting environmental permissions, etc. He mentioned that approximately 10% industries were responsible for around 80% of the pollution. He then highlighted the key process steps for ZLD: Pre-treatment, membrane filtration, evaporation, crystallization and solids recovery and the applications of treated waste water like: industrial cooling, reuse in parks, play grounds, etc., industrial washing operations, mechanic seal of pumps, preparation of lime slurry for ETPs, etc. He informed all the initiates taken by GPCB to promote ZLD via Fast track auto renewal of consent to operate, More 1 and 2 years validity of consents to ISO 14001 and RC logo holding industries respectively. He also appreciated and congratulated industries who have intiated and adopted ZLD across the State. He concluded by mentioning the way forward for ZLD by highlighting crucial points aspects like recovery of valuable products/ by- products, green chemistry, co-processing and incentives to industries having ZLD.

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Gujarat Pollution Control Board
Case studies on ZLD – Indian Experience by Shri Robinson, TWIC
Mr. Robinson started with an introduction of TWIC and touched upon the need and importance of water reuse and urban waste water. He then shared the concepts, benefits and challenges of ZLD, which were further explained through case studies from Vellore and Tirupur.
Innovative and Cost Effective Zero Liquid Discharge Technology by Dr. Leif Ramm-Schimdt, Finland
Dr. Leif started by highlighting the fact that the rivers have become polluted in India with the industries playing a major role in it. He justified the need of ZLD by mentioning that conventional treatment is not enough to remove the pollutants sufficiently. Similar to prior presenters, he touched upon the drawbacks of conventional evaporation including scaling and fouling. He gave examples of various new evaporation technologies such as 4-effect evaporation, Mechanical Vapour Recompression (MVR) evaporation, etc. which can have more savings than the operational costs.
Approach to ZLD – Special Reference to Textile and Paper Sectors by Shri Debajit Das, Technical Advisor, GIZ
Shri Das gave some sectoral statistics. Although the municipal usage accounted for more than 75% of water, it caused very less pollution compared to that caused by industries and commercial users which accounted for only around 25% of water. He focused on the driving forces of water such as restriction on disposal to any recipient media, competitive users in proximity, etc. This was followed by stating initiatives by GIZ on Textile and Pulp & paper sector.

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Gujarat Pollution Control Board
Panel Discussion on ZLD
Panellists
Name
Organization
Designation
Dr. Prasad Modak (Moderator)
IL&FS
Dean
Prof. Pratim Biswas
Washington University
Professor
Shri Hardik Shah
Gujarat Pollution Control Board (GPCB)
Member Secretary
Dr. Leif Ramm-Schimdt
Finland
Expert
Prof. Viatcheslav Freger
Israel Institute of Technology, Israel
Technion
Shri Shailesh Patwari
Gujarat Chamber of Commerce & Industry
Expert
Shri Dinesh Yadav
Arvind Envisol Pvt. Ltd.
Director
The panel discussion began with a Q&A round where audiences’ questions/ comments were discussed, followed by reflection on the seminar topics and discussions by each panelist. The following were the prominent observations/conclusions:
• Designing of the process of ZLD should be done analytically since each and every situation is unique
• Experience sharing and knowledge transfer should be promoted between countries facing similar problems of industrial waste water generation
• Industries’ incompetency to convert the raw materials into products without taking into consideration proper measures and guidelines laid by the governments
• Try and think of beginning-of-the-pipe solutions rather than using end-of-the-pipe solutions

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Gujarat Pollution Control Board
Day 2 – 28th January, 2014
List of Speakers
Name
Topic of Presentation
Dr. Prasad Modak, IL&FS
ZLD Concept, ZLD Economics, Hierarchy of Technology Options and Associated Strategies
Prof. Viatcheslav Freger, Israel
Basic of Membrane Technology
Prof. Pratim Biswas, USA
Basics of Nanotechnology
Prof. John Fortner, USA
Development and Advancing Membrane Technologies
Shri Robinson, TWIC
Indian Case Studies on ZLD
Dr. Leif Ramm-Schmidt, Finland
International and Indian Case Studies on ZLD
Training Session
ZLD Concept, ZLD Economics, Hierarchy of Technology Options and Associated Strategies by Dr. Prasad Modak, Dean, IL&FS
In Dr. Modak’s opinion, there is a need for a multi-pronged, multi level approach for waste water management and involvement of the academia, the industry and the regulators in the same. He suggested a hierarchy of waste and recommended innovation in rethinking and redesigning of the models to promote lesser carbon emissions. He insisted the industries to take on a strategic approach. He suggested some technology options for organic, inorganic and heavy metals/ complex wastes and touched upon certain technologies such as MBR, Ultrafiltration, Reverse Osmosis, etc.
Basic of Membrane Technology by Prof. Viatcheslav Freger, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Israel
Prof. Freger started by introducing membrane processes and highlighted pressure-driven, electro-driven processes and other processes such as gas separation, prevaporation, membrane distillation, etc. He also touched upon the materials for membranes such as natural, synthetic, inorganic and advanced materials. He also discussed the membrane fouling caused by various deposits on the external and internal membrane surface. He summarized that membranes have become an important part of the

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separation toolbox and also stated that polarization, fouling and biofouling were the main problems in membrane technology and that the use of membranes was expected to increase and expand in future.
Basics of Nanotechnology – Global Business Potential by Prof. Pratim Biswas, Washington University, St. Louis
Prof. Biswas threw light on a new dimension - usage of Nanotechnology in industrial pollution management. He shared the importance of the impact of nanoparticles on human health and environment and that they are critical to meet our future energy needs. He also stated that, Science should be used to tackle the environmental challenges and concluded by saying that in order to avoid pitfalls and mistakes made on rapid introduction of a new technology, impacts on health, the environment and the society must be understood at the early stage before widespread use of nanoparticles.
Development and Advancing Membrane Technologies by Prof. John Fortner, Washington University, St. Louis
Prof. Fortner started by explaining membrane technologies and touched upon various types of membranes such as microfiltration/ultrafiltration membrane, reverse osmosis membrane, common commercial membranes, advanced nano-enabled membranes, etc. He also deliberated on various topics such as Aerosol synthesis, Binary CGO Nanocomposites, Ternary GOTIM Nanocomposites, fabrication of CGO membrane, filtration and photocatalytic reaction, etc. and a case study on Magnetite Thin Film.
Indian Case Studies on ZLD by Mr. Robinson, TWIC
Mr. Robinson emphasized on the main motivators for the need of ZLD – water scarcity, water economics and regulatory pressures. He then shared the concepts, benefits and challenges of ZLD, which were further explained through case studies from Vellore and Tirupur. Then he highlighted that ZLD was a technological challenge and the focus must be on Zero Waste Disposal (ZWD). He concluded that extensive research and piloting was necessary for every single case of technology selection and financial viability.

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Gujarat Pollution Control Board
International and Indian Case Studies on ZLD by Dr. Leif Ramm- Schimdt, Finland
Dr. Leif started by highlighting the fact that the rivers have become polluted in India with industries playing a major role in it. In his opinion, evaporation is the most powerful tool for removal of dissolved pollutants but with a higher cost whereas Mechanical Vapour Recompression (MVR) has a benefit of reducing the operational costs. He introduced polymeric film technology which reduces the investment and operational costs and allows easy management of scaling and fouling.
Question/Answer Session
The session began with a Q&A round where participants’ questions/ comments were discussed, followed by reflection on the topics and discussions by each panelist. The following were the prominent observations/conclusions:
• Create a knowledge base of all the information available
• State governments across the country to work in conjunction to find the best possible ZLD technology and facilitate knowledge migration
• Dr. Leif was impressed about the fact that ZLD concept was also prominent in India
• Dr. Modak suggested that an innovation park should be set up which would look at the frontier technologies which could be piloted and new emerging technologies can be tested

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Dr. K. U. Mistry, Chairman, GPCB
Dr. Mistry summarized the two days by saying that there was a need to define ZLD and instead of “Zero Liquid Discharge”, the industry focus should be on “Zero Waste Discharge”. He also mentioned that these type of seminars should be carried out in regional languages so that people get the clear message that need to be conveyed.
Concluding Remarks by Shri Hardik Shah, Member Secretary, GPCB
Shri Shah thanked all the dignitaries and the participants present and acknowledged that the biggest breakthrough of the seminar was the clarity in the definition of ZLD. He concluded that the concept should be taken further for more viable options for the industries for sustainable development.

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Gujarat Pollution Control Board
Summary and Out-come of two days workshop on “Zero Liquid Discharge”
Parameters
International Speakers
04
Domestic Speakers
04
Participant
On First Day
On Second day
• Various Stakeholders
400 +
• Various Stakeholders
325 +
• GPCB Officials
• GPCB Officials
OOuutt –– ccoommee ooff WWoorrkksshhoopp
 Industries should explore incentive schemes which have been put in place by the Government/ GPCB along with the subsidies allowed in the infrastructures like Water Audit reimbursement, Common Environmental Facility subsidy, Auto renewal – Fast track consent renewal, additional one year consent to units having ISO 14000 series, additional two year extended consent to units having Responsible Care Certification
 Government should draw Legal and Operational definition of ZLD or ZLW (Zero Liquid Waste)
 Government/ GPCB should form a platform/ Forum/ Working Group on ZLD with various Stakeholders from industries who already implemented ZLD, Industries Associations, Regulatory authorities , Academia and Experts
 GPCB should identify issues, hurdles in the path of ZLD implementation and provide experts guidance i.e VOC, Solvent recovery and other to various sectors of industries.
 GPCB may have “Beyond Compliance Desk” at GPCB level to facilitate the industries for ZLD like existing “Clinic approach” and “Help Desk”. Which are good success.
 GPCB may compile and publish successful case studies on ZLD ( Country level, State level)
 GPCB should prepare knowledge Dissemination Materials, Guidance Manual with matrix conditions, integrated concepts from planning to operating stages, decision making processes for industries who wants to adopt ZLD

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 Universities should focus on need of more Research and Development on energy audit, life cycle assessment, energy conservation, material/resources utilization, wastage recovery etc and also develop research environment at Universities level and permanent set-up to promote researches on innovative technologies like membrane technology, nano technology etc.
 GPCB/ Government/ Industries should work for Field evaluation of ZLD plants and study benefits of ZLD units located within the country and also worldwide
 GPCB/ Government/ Industries Associations should set-up Innovation Park/ Research and Piloting to demonstrate emergent technologies and validation centre
 GPCB should provide a kind of platform with academia, experts through IT enabled support system.
 Government/ Academic Institutions/ Universities should explore possibilities of students exchange program with Washington University at St. Louis for wider R &D scope and experiences of innovative technologies.
 GPCB/ Government should organize more workshops and trainings on ZLD for Consulting Firms to strengthen technical support to industries.
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