1. Vitamins and Minerals
Lecture 5

2. Mineral Supplements
• Macrominerals
– Found in [] greater that 100 ppm in animal
body
• Ca, P, Mg K and S
Microminerals
Found in [] less than 100 ppm in animal body
Cu, Fe, I, Mn, Se, Zn, and Co

3. Salt
• Most commonly fed mineral supplement
– Salt based supplements
• Blocks
• Loose form
– Additional substances often included in Salt supplements
» Macro and Micro minerals
» Medications
» Therapeutic agents (Foot rot treatment, Anti bloat
agents, and wormers.
– Mineral premixes
– Boluses
– Liquid supplements

4. Salt cont’d
• Factors influencing salt requirements
– Mineral content of water
– Amount of active and sweating
– Milk being produced
– Temperature and Humidity
• Feeding levels
– Ruminants = 0.5 – 1.0 % of ration
– Swine & Poultry = 0.25 – 0.5% of ration
– Amounts in Supplements 1 to 3 %

5. Calcium Supplements
• Calcium only
– Limestone
– Oyster shells
– Calcium Carbonate
• Calcium and Phosphorus
– Dicalcium Phosphate
– Bone Meal
• Dolomite limestone also supplies Mg

6. Phosphorus and Mineral Supplements
• Sodium Phosphate
• Monoammonium phosphate
• Phosphoric acid
• Forms of minerals commonly used
– Carbonates
– Oxides
– Sulfates

7. Selenium
• Most highly regulated
– Most toxic (approx. 10 times requirement level)
– 0.1 –0.3 ppm in complete ration
– Salt mixtures
• 90 ppm for sheep
• 120 ppm for cattle
– Feed ingredients from areas high in selenium
• North and South Dakota

8. Chelated Minerals
• Defined: Medicine. To remove (a heavy metal, such as lead or
mercury) from the bloodstream by means of a chelate, such as
EDTA.
• A chemical compound in the form of a heterocyclic ring, containing
a metal ion attached by coordinate bonds to at least two nonmetal
ions.
• Proteinates (complexes with AA or peptides)
• Polysaccharide complexes
• Mineral atom bound to an organic substance
• Reduces the amount of the mineral binding to an
insoluble complexes. Hence, more available.

9. Mineral Utilization and Content
• High Ca reduces P utilization
• 20-33% of Ca in Alfalfa forms oxalates and
in unavailable to ruminants. Ward et.al.
• Cu is more available from silage sources
than hay. Cu a problem in some AZ areas.
• Highly fertilized forages causes the N to
reduce Mg utilization and increased Ca
needs in Sheep
• Highly fertilized (Manure) forage increase
K levels in Forages

10. Take Home Message
• Minerals are very expensive to supplement.
• Mineral supplements do not necessarily
contain the needed supplements
• Mineral sources must be provided in the
form available to the animal.