NURSING THEORY Slides 1.pptx

NURSING THEORY
C.I. NURSING 1
DOCTOR FRANCA CERQUA
Traslational Medical Sciences Department
NURSING BACHELOR’S COURSE
Professor Eva Lieto
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Dott.ssa Cerqua Franca

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 HOW WAS NURSING BORN?
 HOW AND FROM WHOM WERE THE MAIN THEORIES THAT LED TO MODERN NURSING CARE BORN?
 WHAT IS THE HOLISTIC APPROACH TO TREATMENT?

WE WILL TRY TO ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS BY TALKING TO YOU
ABOUT THE HISTORY OF OUR PROFESSION AND MORE
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IN THIS COURSE ABOUT NURSING THEORY I HELP YOU UNDERSTAND WHAT
COMPRISES A NURSING THEORY AND ITS IMPORTANCE, PURPOSE, HISTORY, TYPES
OR CLASSIFICATIONS AND GIVE YOU AN OVERVIEW THROUGH SUMMARIES OF
SELECTED NURSING THEORIES.
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THE NURSING THEORY
NURSING IS A HUMANISTIC SCIENCE THAT ALLOWS NURSES TO UNDERSTAND THEIR
CLIENT'S CARE NEEDS AND TO PROPOSE AN INDIVIDUALIZED RESPONSE CAPABLE OF
SATISFYING THEM
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NURSING
NURSING, AS A PROFESSION, IS COMMITTED TO RECOGNIZING ITS OWN
UNPARALLELED BODY OF KNOWLEDGE VITAL TO NURSING PRACTICE—NURSING
SCIENCE. TO DISTINGUISH THIS FOUNDATION OF KNOWLEDGE, NURSES NEED TO
IDENTIFY, DEVELOP, AND UNDERSTAND CONCEPTS AND THEORIES IN LINE WITH
NURSING. AS A SCIENCE, NURSING IS BASED ON THE THEORY OF WHAT NURSING IS,
WHAT NURSES DO, AND WHY. NURSING IS A UNIQUE DISCIPLINE AND IS SEPARATE
FROM MEDICINE. IT HAS ITS OWN BODY OF KNOWLEDGE ON WHICH DELIVERY OF
CARE IS BASED.
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WHAT ARE NURSING THEORIES?
“NURSING THEORIES ARE ORGANIZED BODIES OF KNOWLEDGE TO DEFINE WHAT
NURSING IS, WHAT NURSES DO, AND WHY DO THEY DO IT. NURSING THEORIES
PROVIDE A WAY TO DEFINE NURSING AS A UNIQUE DISCIPLINE THAT IS SEPARATE
FROM OTHER DISCIPLINES (E.G., MEDICINE). IT IS A FRAMEWORK OF CONCEPTS
AND PURPOSES INTENDED TO GUIDE THE PRACTICE OF NURSING AT A MORE
CONCRETE AND SPECIFIC LEVEL”. (JILL WAYNE, 2020)
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NURSING THEORIES
NURSING THEORIES ARE TOOLS THAT HELP NURSES DISCOVER NEW
PERSPECTIVES AND USE THE RESULTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF PROFESSIONAL
PRACTICE. THE THEORY CONTRIBUTES TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF KNOWLEDGE TO
IMPROVE PRACTICE BY DESCRIBING, EXPLAINING, PREDICTING AND CONTROLLING
PHENOMENA. THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE INCREASES THE POWER OF THE NURSE
AS SYSTEMATICALLY DEVELOPED METHODS ARE MORE LIKELY TO BE SUCCESSFUL;
FURTHERMORE, IF THE NURSE QUESTIONS WHAT HE DOES HE BECOMES MORE
AWARE OF IT
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FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING THEORY
THEORY AND RESEARCH
THEORY: IS A SET OF CONCEPTS, DEFINITIONS, AND PROPOSITIONS THAT PROVIDE
A SYSTEMATIC IDEA OF PHENOMENA, ARRANGING SPECIFIC INTERRELATIONSHIPS
BETWEEN CONCEPTS WITH THE AIM OF DESCRIBING, EXPLAINING, PREDICTING,
AND / OR CONTROLLING THE PHENOMENA THEMSELVES.
RESEARCH: IT IS A RIGOROUS APPLICATION OF THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD TO OBTAIN
A VALID AND RELIABLE KNOWLEDGE OF REALITY. RESEARCH CAN GENERATE
THEORY IF YOU FOLLOW AN INDUCTIVE METHOD, OR VERIFY IT IF YOU FOLLOW A
DEDUCTIVE METHOD. THUS THE PURPOSE OF SCIENCE IS TO INCREASE THE TRUTH
CONTENT OF OUR THEORIES.
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CARE: MEANINGS
 FROM THE LATIN TO ADMINISTER, TAKE CHARGE,
MANAGE
 MEDICINE TO CURE THERAPY, TREATMENT, HEALING
 NURSING TO CARE - CARING FEELING OF: - CONCERN -
SOLICITUDE - PROTECTION - ATTENTION TO THE NEEDS AND
SUFFERING OF OTHERS = "TAKE CARE" RELATIONSHIP
 MODERN MEDECINE…

NURSING CARING
“PRACTICE THAT IS ACHIEVED THROUGH COMPETENT ACTIONS AND WILLINGNESS
TO INTENTIONALLY TAKE CARE AND WORRY ABOUT THE PERSON BEING ASSISTED”
J.CORBIN, 2008
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NURSING CARING
• ATTITUDE TO TAKE CARE
• ATTITUDE OF CONCERN
•RESPECT
•EMOTIONAL INVOLVEMENT
• INTENSE INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIP
CORBIN J. IS CARING A LOST ART IN NURSING? INTJ NURSSTUD. 2008 FEB;45(2):163-5.
FINFGELD-CONNETTD. QUALITATIVE CONVERGENCE OF THREE NURSING CONCEPTS: ART OF NURSING, PRESENCE AND CARING. J
ADV NURS. 2008 SEP;63(5):527-34.
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Operators
 Acting on the context to make it facilitating
 Competent action • Words of care
 Gestures of care • Invisible care
 Empathy • The look that cares
 Presence that cares
L. Mortari – L. Saiani, Gestures and Thoughts of Care, McGraw-Hill, 2013

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Patients
 Receive information
 Smile and kindness
 Timely responses (time!)
 Feel supervised, feel closeness, even physical, feel safe, protected
 Feel understood and feel that you care
 Feel that your thinking is considered
 Feel respect for your body and modesty
 See promises kept
Canzan, Saiani, Mortari, Ambriosi, When patients talk about care: a qualitative phenomenological study,
Assist InfermRic, 2013

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The taking care
Conjugate:
-Scientific knowledge
-Technical expertise
- Human interest for the sick person
M. Leininger

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The nurse capable of taking care has:
-Knowledge
-Expert clinical skills
- Ability to solve problems and decision making
-Technical skills
- Specific relational and emotional skills
JulietCorbin, 2008

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The discipline and the elements

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 Discipline"…. part of knowledge that is the subject of
theoretical or practical teaching and study "," ... doctrine,
science, matter ... "
 Scientific "... which concerns science, which has science as
its object ..."
 Science "... speculative activity intended to analyze, define,
interpret reality on the basis of rigorous and consistent
criteria ...", "... knowledge, the set of knowledge acquired by
mankind ..."

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Scientific Discipline
A structured field of knowledge, which seeks knowledge that is
to be maximally objective and rigorous, even if not uniformly
definable once and for all
D.F. Manara

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Logical empiricisme (scientific world view)
1.Material Field
2. Methodological solidity
3. Field of Application
4.Historical Reason

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1. Material field: which set of knowledge of the discipline (object of study)
2. Methodological solidity (theoretical compactness): what capacity of the
discipline to develop tools and methods of investigation and research,
suitable for verifying its own contents

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Continuous methodological solidity
 Conceptual structure
Set of theories, concepts, paradigms that
constitute the "body of knowledge" of the discipline
 Syntactic structure
Set of methodologies, criteria, tools, techniques used
in investigations conducted within the discipline

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3. Field of application: which experimental field of investigation
4. Historical reason: socio-political-economic reason that
justifies its existence

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The elements of the nursing discipline

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1. Material field
It is man with his nursing care needs.
2. Methodological solidity
Set of theories developed by nurses, who seek an interpretative
model, starting from practical experience. In elaborating the
theories, the authors analyze the four fundamental concepts
(metaparadigma): man, health, environment and nursing.

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Continuous methodological solidity
2. Method
It is the nursing care process and the tool is the
care plan.
2. Purpose
It is the satisfaction of nursing care needs.

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3. Field of application
This is the place where assistance is applied, essentially in
every living environment of man himself.
4. Historical reason
Its existence is justified, in its formation, by the social, historical
and cultural conditions which determined its development.
Company name to exist

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Conceptual structure
STRUCTURE LEVELS OF KNOWLEDGE
Jacqueline Fawcett2005
• METAPARADIGM
• PHILOSOPHIES
• CONCEPTUAL MODELS
• THEORIES: GREAT THEORY - THEORY - MEDIUM RANGE THEORY
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METAPARADIGM
• “It is the most global perspective of a discipline and acts as an
encapsulating unit, or a structure, within which the narrowest
structures develop”. Eckberge Hill, 1979
• “The broader perspective, which allows you to understand what a
particular discipline is about, its field, its boundaries, its aims and
what differentiates the disciplines from each other”.
J. Fawcett, 1984

METAPARADIGMA OF NURSING
ALL NURSING THEORIES, HOWEVER DIFFERENT FROM EACH OTHER,
ALWAYS HAVE IN COMMON 4 FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS (METAPARADIGMA):
 PERSON
 ENVIRONMENT
 HEALTH
 NURSING
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PHILOSOPHIES
• Theoretical elaborations related to one or more projects of the
metaparadigma
They try to answer: What is Nursing? What is the nature of
caring among human beings? What is the nature of nursing
practice? What is the social purpose of nursing practice?

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CONCEPTUAL MODELS
• Broad conceptual frameworks or paradigms that give a general vision and
perspective for nursing practice. It constitutes a point of view from which to look at
the person being assisted, specifies the approach to be adopted to provide
assistance and structures critical thinking, reasoning, decision making p critical
thinking, reasoning, decision making for the '' activity practical activity. practice.
(C. Calamandrei, 2005)

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THEORIES
• "A set of concepts, definitions and propositions that project a systematic
view of phenomena through the identification of specific correlations between
concepts in order to describe, explain and predict" (Chinn, 1987)
• Less extensive set of related concepts propose results characterized by
greater specificity

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Features Theories
• Relate concepts to create a specific way of looking at a particular
phenomenon
• They provide the basis for hypotheses that can be proven
• Provide specific guidance on practice
• They can describe a particular phenomenon: Descriptive Theory
• Explain the relationships between phenomena: Explanatory Theory
• Predict the effects of one phenomenon on another: Predictive Theory
• Produce or control a desired phenomenon: Prescriptive Theory

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Models - Theories
They express professional practice as seen by the mind of a scholar,
influenced by his ideal of nursing and his conception of the world

DEVELOPMENT OF NURSING THEORIES
1860 FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE - MODERN NURSING (PHILOSOPHY)
1950 HILDEGARD E. PEPLAU - PSYCHODYNAMIC NURSING (INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIP)
1960 JEAN ORLANDO - DISCIPLINED PROF ANSWER (INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIP)
1960 ERNESTINE WIEDENBACH - THE NURSING ART OF CLINICAL NURSING (PHILOSOPHY)
1960 LYDIA E. HALL - MODEL OF RELATIONSHIP, ASSISTANCE, CARE (PHILOSOPHY)
1960 VIRGINIA HENDERSON - DEFINITION OF NURSING (PHILOSOPHY)
1960-1970 FAYE GLENN ABDELLAH - 21 NURSING PROBLEMS (PHILOSOPHY)
1960-1970 LEVINE MYRA ESTRIN - THE 4 PRINCIPLES OF CONSERVATION (ENERGY FIELD)
1970 JOYCE TRAVELBEE - MALE-TO-HUMAN RELATIONSHIP MODEL (INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIP)
1970-1980 MARTHA E. ROGERS - HUMANS AS GLOBAL ENTITIES (ENERGY FIELD)
1970-1980 KATHRIN E. BARNARD - MODEL OF PARENT-CHILD INTERACTION
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1970-1980 IMOGENE KING - THEORY OF ACHIEVING THE GOAL (INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIP)
1970-1980 BETTY NEUMAN - SYSTEMS MODEL (SYSTEMS)
1970-1980 DOROTHEA E. OREM - THEORY OF INADEQUATE SELF-CARE (INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIP)
1970-1980 JOYCE J. FITZPATRICK - LIFE PERSPECTIVE MODEL (ENERGY FIELD)
1970-1980 SISTER CALLISTA ROY - ADAPTATION MODEL (SYSTEMS)
1979-1980 MARGARET A. NEWMAN - MODEL OF HEALTH (ENERGY FIELD)
1980 EVELYN ADAM - CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF NURSING (PHILOSOPHY)
1980 JOAN RICHL SISCA - SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM (INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS),
1980 HELEN ERICKSON, MARY ANN SWAIN, EVELIN TOMLIN - MODELING AND ROLE MODELING
(INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS)
1980 DOROTHY E. JOHNSON - MODEL OF THE BEHAVIORAL SYSTEM (SYSTEMS)
1980 ROSEMARIE RIZZO PARSE - MAN-LIFE-HEALTH (PHILOSOPHY)
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“THEREFORE, ONCE AGAIN, WE REALIZE THAT BEING A NURSE, THEREFORE HELPING, IS NOT AN
EASY JOB. AUGER REMINDS US THAT "NO ONE GIVES WHAT HE DOES NOT HAVE HIMSELF ..." TO
UNDERSTAND ANOTHER PERSON, ONE MUST FIRST UNDERSTAND ONESELF, AND TO LOVE
ANOTHER PERSON, ONE MUST BEGIN TO LOVE ONESELF. NOBODY EVER KNOWS EACH OTHER
TOTALLY: NOBODY UNDERSTANDS HIMSELF OR RESPECTS HIMSELF ENTIRELY, BUT THE
KNOWLEDGE WE HAVE OF OURSELVES INFLUENCES THE QUALITY OF THE CARE WE GIVE. IT
SEEMS THAT THERE IS A DIRECT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE ABILITY OF THE ONE WHO HELPS
TO UNDERSTAND THE OTHER AND HIS ABILITY TO UNDERSTAND HIMSELF. IN SUMMARY, THE
HELPING RELATIONSHIP - THAT IS, A WAY OF PROCEEDING SUITED TO FREEING THE OTHER AND
WHICH REVEALS SOME INNER ATTITUDES OF THE ONE WHO HELPS - COMMON TO SEVERAL
PROFESSIONS, IS THE SINE QUA NON OF EFFECTIVE NURSING CARE. WHATEVER THE PURPOSE
SHE SEEKS - INDEPENDENCE ACCORDING TO HENDERSON, ADAPTATION ACCORDING TO ROY
OR BALANCE ACCORDING TO JOHNSON, TO NAME BUT THREE - THE NURSE STRIVES TO GIVE
HER PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITIES A "COMMUNICATION THAT HELPS ".
EVELYN ADAM, BEING A NURSE)
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“WHERE DOUBT DIES AND CERTAINTY PREVAILS,
THERE IS YOUR DEATH AND THOSE YOU ATTEND”
(VIRGINIA HENDERSON)
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In the night she
carried a lamp so she
was called “The Lady
with the Lamp”

NURSING THEORY Slides 1.pptx

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NURSING THEORY Slides 1.pptx