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Prescribing guidelines for pregnancy and lactation
1. PRESCRIBING GUIDELINES FOR PREGNANCY AND LACTATION
Duringthe 40 weeksof pregnancytotal bodywaterisincreasedbyapproximately8liters,leadingto
altereddrugdistribution.Pregnancyalsoincreasescardiacoutput,the rate of livermetabolism,
plasmavolume,glomerularfiltrationandfatstores.These physiological changescause drug
concentrationstobe reducedinpregnancythrougha combinationof haemodilutionandincreased
distribution,metabolismandexcretion.
Pharmacokinetic changes inpregnancy that may require adjustments in
medicationdosing or frequency :
Absorption:
Slowedgastrointestinal motilitymaydelayabsorptionof oral agents.
Renal clearance :
Glomerularfiltrationratesincrease inpregnancyto150% of normal range;manymedicationsthat
are renallyclearedrequire dosage alterationsinpregnancy.Forexample,digoxindosesmayneedto
be increasedtoas much as 1.0 mg bythe endof the secondtrimester.
Hepatic clearance:
An increase inhepaticclearance of pharmacologicagentsisoftenseenduringpregnancy.
Volume of distribution:
Plasmavolume increasesto150% of normal by 24 to 28 weeks’gestation,increasingthe volumeof
distribution.Drugsmayrequire dosage adjustments.
Protein binding :
Dilutionof serumproteins—causedbythe increase infree waterthatisresponsibleformostof the
increase inbloodvolume duringpregnancy—mayleadtoincreasedfree druglevelsforaparticular
total serumlevel.
Safer drugs during Pregnancy
Some medicationsare commonlyusedinpregnancy.
A dailydose of 400 microgramfolicacid shouldideallybe startedpreconceptuallyand
continuedthroughthe first12 weeksof pregnancytoreduce the riskof neural tube defects.
Womenwithgastro-oesophagealreflux shouldbe advisedtoeatsmalleramountsof food
more frequentlyandavoidaggravating,richfoods.However,antacidsare oftenrequired
and can be usedat any stage of pregnancy.
Ferroussulphate iscommonlyprescribedforirondeficiencyanaemiainpregnancybut
alternative saltformulationscanbe triedif there ispoorgastrointestinal tolerance.If the
response tooral treatmentispoorthenwomenmayneed to be referredforparenteral iron.
Reducedgastrointestinalmotilityinpregnancycanleadtoconstipation.
2. Lifestyle changesare againfirst-line management,withemphasisonincreasingfluidsand
dietaryfiber.A bulklaxativesuchasispaghulaand/or anosmoticlaxative suchaslacunose
can be safelyprescribed,butstimulantlaxativesshouldbe avoided.
Penicillin'sandcephalosporin'sare consideredsafe touse inpregnancy.
Vaginal candidaciesismore commoninpregnancyandcan be treatedwithtopical antifungal
such as clotrimazole,butoral antifungal agentsincludingfluconazole,itraconazole and
terbinafineshouldbe avoided.
Methldopaissaferantihypertensive druginpregnantwomans.
Antibiotics that canbe usedin pregnancy InfectionSuggestedtreatment :
Urinary tract infection : Cephalosporin(e.g.cefalexin), Amoxicillin(if sensitive),
Nitrofurantoin(avoidnearterm).
Acute pyelonephritis :Cephalosporin.
Co-amoxiclav:ChestinfectionAmoxicillin,Erythromycin.
Skininfection :Flucloxacillin, PenicillinV, Erythromycin
Pelvicinflammatorydisease:Erythromycinplusmetronidazole
Bacterial vaginosis :Metronidazole, Topical clindamycin.
o Paracetamol isconsideredasafe analgesicthroughoutpregnancy.
o For more powerful analgesiaopiatessuchascodeine canbe prescribed,butitshouldbe
rememberedthatif theyare usedtowardstermthentheyrunthe risk of inducingneonatal
respiratorydepressionandwithdrawal syndrome.
o Low dose ibuprofenmaybe the safestoptionbutgenerallyNSAIDsshouldnotbe prescribed.
o Lithiumuse isa particularconcernbecause of the associationwithcongenital cardiac
defects.
o Sodiumcromoglycate eye dropsandnasal corticosteroidscanbe safelyprescribedin
pregnancyforhay fever.
o Chorphenaminehasagood safetyrecordinpregnancyand shouldbe prescribedaheadof
non-sedatingsecondgenerationantihistamines,suchascetirizine,onwhichthere isless
data.
o Womenwithasthmashouldbe stronglyencouragedtocontinue theirmedicationswhen
pregnant.Shortandlong‐actingbeta‐2 agonistsandinhaledsteroidsall appearsafe,
althoughleukotrienereceptorantagonistssuchasmontelukastshouldbe continuedonlyif
theyare essential.Oral steroidsshouldnotbe withheldincasesof severe asthma.
Breastfeeding
A woman'sphysiologyreturnsclose towithinnormal parameterswithindaysof delivery,anddrug
dosesare usuallyreturnedtobaselinewithinthe firstthree daysafterchildbirth.Breastfeeding
providesmanyshortandlongterm benefitstomotherandbaby.Eventhoughmanydrugspass into
breastmilk,feware presentinsufficientquantity tocause anyadverse effects. Some drugsare