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1. ETHC 445 Final Exam
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1. (TCOs 2, 4, 5, 6) The idea that the assisted suicide of
terminally ill patients should be allowed simply at the
patient’s direction reflects what type of ethics? (Points :
5)
Hobbes’ State of Nature
Rand’s Objectivism

2. Aristotle’s concept of Virtue
Thomas Aquinas’ concept of conscience
Socrates’ concept of excellence
2. (TCOs 1, 2, 7) What is the moral ideal of
temperance? (Points : 5)
Exercising control over one’s own desires and
inclinations
Keeping one’s temper under control
Minimizing the impact of one’s decisions
Seeking the good of others before one’s own
Overcoming one’s passions
3. (TCOs 1, 2) One of the common errors in Ethics is that
of the hasty conclusions. Hasty conclusions consist of
what? (Points : 5)
Rushed work under pressure
Comparing unknown cases to known ones to find
precedents
Embracing conclusions before examining cases fully
Judging cases by the source of their origin
Belief that first impressions are valid until challenged
4. (TCO 2) Prescriptive language is commonly used in
ethics for what reason? (Points : 5)
To indicate what is prohibited or impossible
To indicate that one choice is better than others
To show what actions are legal
To convey requirements and obligations
To indicate that there are really no choices available
5. (TCOs 7, 8) Ethical Egoism proposes that all decisions
should be made to promote what? (Points : 5)

3. Our fiduciary responsibilities
The good will of others
Our self-interests
The welfare of the community
Stronger relationships
6. (TCOs 2, 4, 9) Free people are motivated toward
forming social structures according to a social contract
in order to overcome what problem identified by
Thomas Hobbes? (Points : 5)
The need to overcome disagreements
A perpetual state of warfare
The establishment of a monarchy
Taxation to support the costs of government
Organized ways to select leaders
7. (TCOs 3, 6) Agricultural biofuels are not properly a
renewable source of energy in the environmental ethics
debate. Which of the following also is not a renewable
source of energy? (Points : 5)
Windmill turbines
Hydroelectric power
Tidal flow generators
Biomass waste systems
Solar cells
8. (TCOs 3, 6, 7) The notion that the only thing good
without qualification is a good will is attributed to
whom? (Points : 5)
St. Thomas Aquinas
Socrates
John Locke
Immanuel Kant

4. Oliver Cromwell
9. (TCOs 8, 9) Which ethical concept is organized and
directed toward following the greatest happiness
principle? (Points : 5)
Natural ethics and law
Justice and mercy
Rights and responsibilities
Virtue-ethics of excellence
Principle of utility
10. (TCOs 3, 6, 7) Syllogisms in formal deductive logic
are called “valid” when: (Points : 5)
the correct form of the syllogism style is used.
the premise statements are true.
the syllogism is first determined to be “sound.”
the verbs are written in present tense.
the conclusion proceeds from the premises.
11. (TCOs 1, 2) When choosing one course of action
while working with a dilemma, the other courses of
action are lost and become unavailable. This makes
ethical choices in dilemma situations particularly
what? (Points : 5)
Incoherent
Complicated
Illogical
Painful
Cruel
12. (TCOs 1, 2, 7) What is the role of conscience as
Thomas Aquinas sees it? (Points : 5)
To teach ethical principles
To disclose and build religious faith

5. To enable rational thought about consequences
To align personal ethics with those of others
To guide actions through a view of right and wrong
13. (TCOs 2, 8) The rule or principle to be applied in
making decisions is an example of which kind of ethical
discovery process? (Points : 5)
Principle of utility
A posteriori rationality
A priori rationality
Empirical rationality
Scientific method
14. (TCOs 1, 2, 5) The Social Contract theorist whose
troubled childhood was most clearly reflected in his
theories was who? (Points : 5)
Thomas Aquinas
Thomas Jefferson
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Thomas Hobbes
John Locke
15. (TCOs 3, 6, 7) Kant’s concern that people choose to
observe universal laws as their duty is expressed
through what actions? (Points : 5)
Their habits
Their maxims
Their desires
Their loves
Their loyalties
16. (TCOs 2, 7, 8) Aristotle’s Ethics of Virtue have found
modern application for business and industry through
what practice? (Points : 5)

6. Resolution models applications
Goals and objectives
Core values of organizations
Business models
Professional codes of discipline
17. (TCOs 2, 8) Professional codes of conduct serve what
function for business and industry? (Points : 5)
Allow businesses to avoid training professional staffers
Enable transfer of valued employees across state lines
Enable contracting of temporary employees
Specify continuing education needs and requirements
Providing assurance of the professional qualifications of
members
18. (TCOs 2, 7) Aristotle’s Ethical Doctrine of the Mean
measured personal virtues on a scale that included the
virtue itself, the excess of it, and the deficiency of it.
If the virtue is COURAGE and the deficiency is
COWARDICE, what is the excess?
(Points : 5)
Wisdom
Moderation
There is no excess
Recklessness
Love
19. (TCOs 8, 9) In personal or organizational conflict,
what benefits accrue to all parties when a leader or
consultant employees one of the ethical conflict
resolution models of Week 6? (Points : 5)
Objectives of what winning the conflict means get
refined and better understood

7. Conflict management gets slowed down and settled.
Conflict can be handled in a sequential, step-by-step
manner
Parties can be reconciled without solving the issues
Personal relationships can be separated from issues
20. (TCOs 1, 2) The Latin term a priori describes the
origin of knowledge developed rationally, and the
term a posteriori describes knowledge developed
through observation and experience. What is an
example of ethics is best described as discovered in an a
postiori manner? (Points : 5)
Social ethics
Care-based ethics
Consequentialist ethics
Theological ethics
Operational ethics
Page 2 – Essays
1. (TCOs 1, 2, 3, 7) In support of TCO #7 and in the Week
7 discussions, you developed and placed into the
threaded discussions your personalized ethics
statement of what has become important to you in the
practice of ethics as you have practiced ethics during the
course. Your first task in this question is to briefly
present that personalized statement in just a few
sentences before continuing with the question. Much of
the rest of the exam will involve your working with that
personalized statement through brief applications and
cases.

8. Use your ethical philosophy to solve the following
ethical situation. Explain how your philosophy helped
you make your decision.
Should citizens have an ethical obligation to serve their
country when it is at war? Under what circumstances, if
any, is it ethical for a person to refuse to serve?
A significant number of people believe war is always
wrong, and that no circumstances justify one nation’s
taking up arms against another. Is this view ethically
sound? How about realistically? Please state which side
you agree with, and why. Explain and defend your
position using your ethical position statement.
In answering, be sure to look at both sides of war: that
is, a country defending itself against aggression and of a
strong country coming to the aid of a weaker country
that has been attacked unjustly. Then, explain how your
ethical philosophy affected how you answered this
problem. (Points : 30)
2. (TCOs 1, 2, 7) Analyze the following ethical situation
using YOUR ethical philosophy. Read the situation and
then in your answer, explain why this is an ethical
situation, what the “issues” are, and how an “ethical”
person would resolve them. Explain how YOUR ethical
philosophy has helped you read a conclusion about how
to resolve or analyze this situation.
Employees’ worth to their employers may diminish
before they are eligible for retirement. In such cases,
the employer is faced with the dilemma of choosing
between retaining an old and trusted yet unproductive

9. worker for 5 or 10 more years, or firing that worker and
jeopardizing his or her retirement benefits.
1. Should an employer have an ethical obligation to
keep such unproductive, but loyal employees? What if
the employee had been a problem his or her entire
career? Are there certain circumstances where your
answer to these questions would be different?
2. What is the duty of an unproductive employee to his
or her employer? Is there an ethical obligation to retire
when productivity begins to wane? If a person is simply
“coasting” for his or her last few years, is that person
“unethical?” Be sure to explain your answer. (Points :
30)
3. (TCOs 1, 7, 9) How do you feel St. Thomas Aquinas
would have solved the above ethical situation differently
or the same as you did using your philosophy? Please
explain the reasons for the similarities or differences.
(Points : 40)
4. (TCOs 1, 2, 4, 9) A first-term junior senator has placed
a bill before the Senate that promises to correct tax
inequities that affect thousands of workers. However,
the bill is being held up in committee. The senior
senator who serves as Sub-Committee Chairperson is
responsible. The senator, however, has learned of a
secret scandal in the Chairperson’s personal life. The
junior senator visits the Chairperson and tells him that
unless the bill is released from committee, he will
divulge the scandal to the press. The Chairperson then

10. releases the bill from committee and it is passed—and
becomes law.
Identify and tell what ethical philosophy the senior and
junior senators are using, if any.
Now, use your ethical philosophy to analyze the
situation. Explain how, using your philosophy, you
would have solved this situation either the same way as
the characters in the situation did, or differently. Why?
(Points : 30)
5. (TCOs 5, 6) You work for a grocery store and a new
manager is hired to oversee your department. He comes
into your department (the butcher shop) and explains to
you that for the past 6 months, your department has
been losing money for the store because of the waste
and spoilage going on from having to discard unsold
meat and poultry. He tells you that from now on, he
wants you to package ground meat in smaller, more
compact packages, with older meat on the bottom of the
package (so it is not visible to the customer) and the
fresher meat on the top, where it is visible to the
customers. In this way, you can move more of the older
meat and still receive the top dollar for it. As he leaves
the department where you were having the discussion,
he turns and says, “And by the way, one more month of
losses like we had last month from this department, and
you can kiss your job goodbye.”
Will you repackage the meat in the way he requested?
Why or why not? Explain what ethical analysis you used
to come to this conclusion. (Points : 30)

11. 6. (TCOs 6, 8) Analyze your answer above using the
Front Page of the Newspaper ethical dilemma resolution
model. Show your steps. (Points : 40)