2. Definition
Prof. SVK
It is a contract by which the ownership of movable
goods is transferred from the seller to the buyer.
The term ‘contract of sale’ is defined in Section 4(1)
of the Sale of Goods Act as-
“A contract of sale of goods is a contract
whereby the seller transfers or agrees to
transfer the property in goods to the buyer for a
price”
The Sale of Goods Act extends to whole of India
except the State of Jammu and Kashmir
3. Essentialsof a Contractof Sale
Prof. SVK
(i) All requirements of a valid contract must be
fulfilled
(ii) Two Parties –
(iii) Goods
(iv) Transfer of Property
(v) Price
(vi) Includes both a ‘sale’ and ‘agreement to sale’
(vii)No formalities arerequired
8. (ii) Specific goods : Goods identified and agreed
upon at the time of the making of the contract of
sale are called ‘specific goods’ [Sec. 2(14)]. It may be
noted that in actual practice the term ‘ascertained
goods’ is used in the same sense as ‘specific goods,’
For example, where Aagrees to sell to Ba
particular radio bearing a distinctive number, there
is a contract of sale of specific or ascertained goods
Prof. SVK
9. (iii)unascertained goods :The goods, which are not
separately identified or ascertained at the time of the making of
the contract, are known as ‘unascertained goods.’ They
are indicated or defined only by description. For example, if
Aagrees to sell to B one bag of sugar out of the lot of
one hundred bags lying in his godown; it is a sale
of unascertained goods because it is not known which bag is to
be delivered. As soon as a particular bag is separated from the
lot for delivery, it becomes ascertained or specific goods.
Prof. SVK
10. (iv) Future Goods- Future goods are goods to be
manufactured or produced or yet to be acquired by seller.
There cannot be present sale in respect future goods because
the property cannot pass. This is applicable to goods which are
subject matter of the agreement to sale.
Example
(a)Aagrees to sell to Ball the milk that his cow may yield
during the coming year. This is a contract for the sale of future
goods.
(b)X agrees to sell to Yall the mangoes, which will be produced
in his garden next year. It is contract of sale of future goods,
amounting to ‘an agreement tosell.’
Prof. SVK
11. (v) Contingent Goods- Though a type of future goods,
these are the goods the acquisition of which by the seller
depends upon a contingency, which may or may not happen
[Sec. 6 (2)].
Example
Aagrees to sell specific goods in a particular ship to Bto be
delivered on the arrival of the ship. If the ship arrives but with
no such goods on board, the seller is not liable, for the contract
is to deliver the goods should they arrive.
i.e. the goods arriving by shipsetc.
Prof. SVK
12. Sale and
Prof. SVK
The ownership is
transferred immediately
Executed contract
A seller can sue for
price. He has all the
right of unpaid seller
Sale takes place in the
case of existing goods
usually.
A buyer bears the risk.
Agreement to sell
At some future date
Executory Contract
Aseller can sue for
damages.
An agreement to selltakes
place in the case of future
goods.
Aseller bears the risk.
13. Stipulation, Condition & Warranty
Prof. SVK
A representation which forms part of the contract of
sale and affects the contract, is called a stipulation.
A stipulation which is most important for
formation of the contract of sale is known as a
‘condition’.
A stipulation which is collateral or of least
importance for the formation of the contract of sale,
is known as a ‘warranty’.
14. Conditions
Prof. SVK
Section 12(2) of the Sale of Goods Act, 1930 defines
condition as, “a condition is a stipulation essential
to the main purpose of the contract, the breach of
which gives rise to right to treat the contract as
repudiated.”
Example: Buyer wanted a horse which could run at a
speed of 45 m.p.h.
15. Implied Conditions
Prof. SVK
(i) Condition as to Title [Sec14(a)]
(ii) Condition as to Description [Sec15]
(iii) Condition as to Sample [Sec17(2)]
(iv) Condition as to Sample as well as Description [Sec 15]
(v) Condition as to Quality or Fitness for Buyer’s purpose
[Section 16(1)]
(vi) Condition as to Merchantability
[Section 16(2)]
(vii)Condition as to Wholesomeness
16. Condition as to Title [Sec14(a)]
Prof. SVK
It is the most important implied condition in a
contract of sale that seller has the right to sell the
goods.
.
17. Condition as to Description [Sec15]
Prof. SVK
Whenever the goods are sold by description, the
implied condition is that the goods shall correspond
with the description.
’
18. Condition as toSample
Prof. SVK
In a sale by sample there is a implied condition that the
goods shall correspond with the sample in quality, and
the goods shall be free from the defects which render
them unmerchantable.
Sale by sample has following three conditions:
(i)Correspondence of Goods with sample in quality [sec
17(2)(a)]
(ii)Reasonable opportunity of comparing goods with the
sample [Sec 17(2)(b)]
(iii) Merchantability of Goods [Sec 17(2)(c)]
19. Condition as to Sample as well as Description
[Sec 15]
Prof. SVK
Sometimes, the seller shows sample to the buyer and
also gives him description. In such case, the implied
condition is that the goods shall correspond with
both, the sample as well description.
20. Condition as toMerchantability
[Section 16(2)]
Prof. SVK
The term merchantability means two things:
(i) If goods are purchased for resale, they should be
immediately re-saleable; &
(ii) If goods are purchased for self use then they should be
reasonably fit for the purpose for which they are
generally used.
.
21. Condition& Warranties
Prof. SVK
Condition
stipulation
is a
which is
essential to the main
purpose of the
contract.
It is of vital
importance
Warranties are subsidiary
or collateral to the main
purpose of the contract.
It is not of vital importance.
The main contract can be
completed even if warranty
is not fulfilled.
22. Condition& Warranties
Prof. SVK
In case of breach
condition, the buyer
may put an end to the
contract.
A breach of condition
may be treated as a
breach of warranty.
of In case of breach of
warranty, the buyer cannot
put an end to the contract.
He can only claim
damages from the seller.
Abreach of warranty
cannot be treated as a
breach of condition.
23. Doctrine of Caveat Emptor
[Sec16]
Prof. SVK
The doctrine of caveat emptor is a fundamental
principle of law of sale of goods. It means ‘Caution
Buyer’ i.e. ‘let the buyer beware’. In other words, it is
no part of the seller’s duty to point out defects in his
own goods. The buyer must inspect the goods to find
out if they will suit his purpose e.g. certain pigs are
sold ‘subject to all faults’. These pigs being infected
cause typhoid to the other healthy pigs of the buyer.
The rule of caveat emptor would apply.
26. UNPAID SELLER:-
Seller :- Aperson who sells the goods or agrees to sell the goods is called
seller.
Unpaid :- It means payment is not made or without
payment. In simple words, "Unpaid seller" means a person who has sold
the goods for a price but price has not been paid to him.
Salesact defines the "unpaidseller"in the following words :
Unpaid Seller Is APerson :-
i. To whom the whole price has not been paid or tendered.
ii.And where a bill of exchange or other negotiable instruments has been
accepted by him as a condition on which it was received has not been
fulfilled by reason of dishonor of the instrument or otherwise.
EXAMPLE: Party Asells a car on cash basis to party B
and the price has not been received yet.
Prof. SVK
27. Rights of unpaid seller
Right against goods Right against the buyer personally
When the property in the
goods has been transferred
Right of Lien
Right of stoppage in
goods in transit
Right to resale
When the property in the goods
has not been transferred
Right of withholding delivery
Suit for price
Suit for damages for non
acceptance
Suit for special damage
and interest
Prof. SVK
28. Rightagainstthe goods
A. When the propertyin the goods has been transferred
1.RIGHT OF LIEN[Sec 46(1)(a) and 47 to 49]
The right of lien means lawfully right to
retain the goods possession until the full price
is received. An unpaid seller can exercise his right of lien
in following cases.Sec47-49
I. Where the goods have been sold on the cash basis.
II. Where the goods have been sold on credit basis and
the termof credit has expired.
III.Where the buyer has become insolvent even if the
period of credit has not been expired.
Prof. SVK
29. Other rules to satisfy the conditions for this right are
I. The unpaid seller must be in actual possession of the
goods sold.
II.It can be exercised even If the documents of title have
been delivered to thebuyer.
III.It can be exercised for the price and not for
other expenses.
IV.If the seller delivers some goods, it can be exercised
on the remaining
Termination of right of lien
Seller’s right of lien is terminated in following cases.
1.When he delivers the goods to the carrier or other
bailey for transmission to the buyer
Prof. SVK
30. 2. When the buyer or his agent lawfully o
b
tains the
possession of the goods.
3. When seller waives his right of lien on the goods.
4. The right of lien once lost will not be restored.
5. When the buyer further sells the goods and the
seller agrees.
Example:
A seller “S” sells a TV set to “B” and delivers it
to “B” and since the TV set was not functioning
properly , “B” delivered it back to “S” for the
repairs. It was held that “S” can not exercise his
right of lien over TV set.
Prof. SVK
31. 2.RIGHT OF STOPPAGE IN TRANSIT[Sec. 50 to 52]
It means stoppage of goods while
they are in transit to take possession
until the price is paid(sec.50-52)
Unpaid seller can stop the goods in transit in
the following cases.
1. While the buyer becomes insolvent.
2. While the goods are out of actual possession of seller, but
have not reached buyer’s possession i.e. goods are in transit
with career.
3. The unpaid seller can stop the goods in transit only for
payment of the price of the goods and not for any other
charges.
Prof. SVK
32. The unpaid seller can not stop goods intransit in
Prof. SVK
following cases.
1. When the goods reaches the destination.
2. While the buyer or his agent takes possession of delivery
even if it is not reached destination.
3. In case the carrier is agent of the buyer, the transit comes
to an end the instance carrier receives the goods and seller
can not stop the transition.
4. Carrier’s wrongful refusal to deliver goods to the buyer
Example:”A” sells TV set to “B”.“A”delivers the TV to
the carrier to carry it to “B”. Later on gets news that “B”
has become insolvent;“A” can stopdelivery.
33. 3.RIGHT TO RE-SALE
If a buyer fails to pay or offer the price within a
reasonable time, the unpaid seller has the right to
resell the goods in the following circumstances.
1. Where thegoods are of perishable nature.
2. Where the unpaid seller has exercised his right of lien or
stoppage in transit and gives a notice to buyer of his
intension of resell the goods.
3. Where the unpaid seller has expressly reserved his right of
resale.
4. Where seller gives notice to the buyer of his intension to
resell and the buyer does not pay within a reasonable time,
he can
Prof. SVK
34. a) Recover loss on resale of thegoods, if any
b) Retain any surplus on resale of goods, if any
However if the seller sells with out the notice to
the buyer, he cannot
a) Recover any loss of the goods,if any
b) Retain any surplus on the resale of the goods, if
any
Example:“M” sells 100 blankets to “N” and gives him
one week for payment. “N” does not pay. “M” can
resell those to any otherperson.
Prof. SVK
35. B. When the property in goods has not been
transferred
RIGHT OF WITHHOLDING DELIVERY
If the property in the goods has not passed to the
buyer, the unpaid seller cannot exercise right of lien ,
but gets a right of withholding the delivery of goods,
similar to andco-extensive with lien.
Prof. SVK
36. Rightsagainstthe buyer personally
Prof. SVK
There are some rights which an unpaid seller may
enforce against the buyer personally. These rights are
called RIGHTS IN PERSONAM
SUIT FOR PRICE[Sec. 55]
Where ownership of the goods has passed to the buyer and
the buyer refuses to pay the price according to the terms
of the contract, the seller can sue the buyer for price,
irrespective of delivery of the goods.(Sec. 55)
37. SUIT FOR DAMAGES FOR NON-DELIVERY[Sec.56]
Prof. SVK
Where the buyer refuses to accept and pay for the goods, the
seller may sue him for damages for non acceptance. The seller
can recover damages only and not the full price (Sec. 56)
SUIT FOR SPECIAL DAMAGES AND INTEREST
[Sec.61]
The seller can sue the buyer for special damages where the
parties are aware of such damages at the time of contract. The
unpaid seller can recover interest at a reasonable rate on the total
unpaid price of goods, from the time it was due until it is paid.
(Sec. 61)
